An investigation into english reading comprehension strategies used for vietnamese first year students at vocational schools in thua thien hue province

TABLE OF CONTENTS SUB COVER PAGE STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF APPENDICES ABSTRACT .8 CHAPTER – INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Research aims and objectives .9 1.3 Research questions .10 1.4 Research significance 10 1.5 Structure of the thesis 11 CHAPTER – LITERATURE REVIEW 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Related recent researches 12 2.3 Reading comprehension .14 2.3.1 Definition of reading comprehension .14 2.3.2 Understanding vocabulary in reading comprehension texts 14 2.3.3 The improvement of reading comprehension 15 2.4 Strategies in reading comprehension 17 2.4.1 Definition of strategies 17 2.4.2 Types of reading strategies 17 2.4.3 Difficulties with reading comprehension strategies faced by students at Vocational Schools 23 2.4.4 Students and teachers‟ roles in reading comprehension 24 2.4.4.1 Students‟ roles in reading comprehension 24 2.4.4.2 Teachers‟ roles in reading comprehension 26 CHAPTER – METHODOLOGY .30 3.1 Research methods .30 3.2 Participants 30 3.2.1 Questionnaire participants .30 3.2.2 Interview participants 30 3.3 Data collection 31 3.3.1 Questionnaire design .31 3.3.2 Interviews design 31 3.4 Data analysis 32 3.5 Research procedure 33 CHAPTER - FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 34 4.1 Students' points of view on reading comprehension strategies 34 4.1.1 The importance of reading comprehension strategies 34 4.1.2 Common kinds of reading comprehension strategies .38 4.1.3 Teachers' roles in reading comprehension strategies 38 4.1.4 Factors related to practising reading comprehension strategies .40 4.1.5 Teachers' attitudes in teaching reading comprehension strategies 42 4.2 Students' use of reading comprehension strategies in their technical reading lessons .46 4.2.1 Frequent practice of reading comprehension strategies 48 4.2.2 Capacity of evaluating students' reading comprehension strategies .47 4.2.3 Evaluation of the results of implementing reading comprehension strategies49 4.3 Advantages of reading comprehension strategies in students' learning process 48 4.3.1 Students with reading comprehension strategies' practices 48 4.3.2 Importance of reading comprehension strategies in students' learning 49 4.3.3 Advantages of reading comprehension strategies 53 4.4 Disadvantages of reading comprehension strategies in students' learning process 55 4.4.1 Affirmation of difficulties in reading comprehension strategies 55 4.4.2 Difficulties students encountered in using reading comprehension strategies55 4.4.3 Ways of overcoming difficulties in reading comprehension strategies 55 CHAPTER - CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 58 5.1 Conclusions 58 5.2 Implications 61 5.2.1 To students 61 5.2.2 To teachers 62 5.3 Limitations 63 5.4 Suggestions for further research .63 REFERENCES 64 APPENDICES ABBREVIATIONS ESP: English for Specific Purposes VS: Vocational Schools LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 Common kinds of reading comprehension strategies 36 Table 4.2 Advantages of reading comprehension strategies 51 Table 4.3 Difficulties students encountered in using reading comprehension strategies 53 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1 The importance of reading comprehension strategies 35 Figure 4.2 Teachers' roles in reading comprehension strategies 38 Figure 4.3 Factors related to practising reading comprehension strategies 40 Figure 4.4 Teachers' attitudes in teaching reading comprehension strategies 42 Figure 4.5 Frequent practice of reading comprehension strategies 44 Figure 4.6 Students' evaluation of reading comprehension strategies 45 Figure 4.7 Results of implementing reading comprehension strategies 47 Figure 4.8 Difference between students who employ reading comprehension strategies' practices and students who not 48 Figure 4.9 Importance of reading comprehension strategies in students' learning 50 Figure 4.10 Ways of overcoming difficulties in reading comprehension strategies55 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1A: Questionnaire for students Appendix 1B: Results from the questionnaire for students Appendix 2A: Interview questions for students Appendix 2B: Results from the interview for students Appendix 3A: Interview questions for teachers Appendix 3B: Interview results for teachers Appendix 4: Questionnaire for teachers ABSTRACT The thesis is an investigation into reading comprehension strategies used by ESP Students at Vocational Schools in Thua Thien Hue Province The purpose of this research paper is to analyze the difficulties encountered by students in learning English technical reading and by teachers in teaching the suitable reading strategies in English for specific purposes This is of great significance for reading comprehension is part of English tests and exercises in the English training program at VS in Thua Thien Hue Province Thus, when students learn the strategies for the reading, it is important for them to develop the abilities of critical reading to improve their reading as well In terms of methods and data collection, the thesis employs both quantitative and qualitative approaches together with questionnaires and face-to-face interviews The findings show that most of the students are aware of the advantages of using reading comprehension strategies From the findings, some implications are suggested for students to learn more effectively with reading comprehension and for teachers to improve students' learning abilities of these strategies CHAPTER – INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale For non- native English speakers, English reading has been considered as one of the necessary skills that they need to achieve I have discovered that students at Vocational Schools have encountered some difficulties in English reading due to some factors The students are capable of employing some kinds of strategies in dealing with reading texts, however, they not know how to use the strategies appropriately in order to enhance their reading comprehension skill Besides, both teachers of English and ESP teachers know that when reading English texts, many students meet difficulties in understanding the text properly This has been attributed to the fact that some students have problems with words and grammar structures of the reading comprehension exercises or tasks As a teacher of English at a Vocational School in Thua Thien Hue Province, I have recognized that reading comprehension is an important language skill for students at Vocational Schools in their technical field In addition, using Strategies for students in teaching reading comprehension in the technical context is necessary as well On the other hand, not many students realize the importance of strategies in their learning and of implementing those strategies efficiently Therefore, I am motivated to choose the topic “An investigation into English reading comprehension strategies used for Vietnamese first-year students at Vocational Schools in Thua Thien Hue Province” for my research thesis and I hope to increase the students‟ awareness of the importance of English reading comprehension strategies and improve the students‟ reading comprehension abilities 1.2 Research aims and objectives 1.2.1 Research aims This research aims to: Build up English comprehension strategies that are suitable for Vietnamese students Enhance the students‟ awareness for the importance of reading English documents 1.2.2 Research objectives Investigate the attitudes of the first year students at Vocational Schools on reading comprehension strategies employed in their reading comprehension texts' practice; Identify students' difficulties when they implement reading comprehension strategies in their technical reading texts; Find out how students solve the difficulties concerning reading comprehension strategies in their learning process 1.3 Research questions The research paper is an investigation into English reading comprehension strategies used for Vietnamese first-year students Its purpose is to build up English reading comprehension strategies that suit Vietnamese students, how students and teachers can use reading comprehension strategies What are the attitudes of the first year students at VS in Thua Thien Hue Province towards reading comprehension strategies in their reading comprehension texts' practices? What are the difficulties encountered by first year students at VS in Thua Thien Hue Province in reading technical texts? How can they solve the difficulties? What are some suggestions to improve the students‟ awareness of reading comprehension strategies? 1.4 Research significance This research aims to increase the students‟ awareness of reading comprehension strategies and help students implement their reading comprehension strategies efficiently in developing their learning In addition, implications for students to learn more effectively with reading comprehension and 10 apply the reading strategies in the reading texts Since reading comprehension strategies are strange and hard so students can not have enough abilities to apply in the reading texts For example, the good students can understand the strategy of making connections to read the texts, but the bad students who have less ability to know this strategy for each reading text can not apply this strategy in reading Meanwhile, 25% of the students chose the answer "they find it hard to concentrate on the long reading lessons" This problem was that reading strategies were difficult for them to catch the content of each long reading lesson so students need to have their knowledge of reading strategies in each texts Actually, students had insufficient time for learning and they were not instructed by their teachers about meanings and the strategies to understand the texts Moreover, English is the second language for them so they can not remember the English words easily in the reading lessons Some students in the research supposed that they needed the time to learn Reading Strategies and make use of the strategies to support the reading comprehension texts To gain the true strategies of reading comprehension, students should make efforts to practise these strategies gradually in reading any texts in their learning process The table 4.3 also shows that the minority of students said "they are not instructed on how to use reading comprehension strategies in your learning process in an effective way", accounting for 18% admitted that students did not like to read the long texts It is certain that students often encountered the vocabulary problems in each reading texts What is more, as explained above, students did not have their abilities for applying the strategies into reading comprehension texts Thus, to help them be easy to understand reading lessons, it is necessary for teachers to give the clues of the new words for them to comprehend and then ask them to apply any reading strategies to the tasks It is essential to have some effective ways to give the reading strategies to aid students to comprehend the content of the reading texts This will be useful for students to decrease their boredom in learning any reading lessons; in particular, their long technical reading lessons in their field of learning at their technology school 54 4.4.3 Ways of overcoming difficulties in reading comprehension strategies To answer the question about students' ways in solving the difficulties of reading comprehension strategies the figure below provides some different students' opinions on dealing with the problems 100 90 80 70 60 53 50 43 40 30 21 20 10 0 Ask friends Ask teachers Solve the matters by themselves Ignore the matters Others Figure 4.10 Ways of overcoming difficulties in reading comprehension strategies Through the findings, more than half of the total students (53%) mentioned that they chose " ask friends" for their answers Students said that they used to exchange the reading texts each other to get the main ideas and solve the tasks Besides, when doing reading comprehension exercises, students interchanged together to realize the beneficial points for understanding the whole exercises appropriately In the interview, many students agreed that they often faced with the difficulties in reading comprehension strategies and they thought that overcoming these problems was really complex and hard Thus, students need to ask their friends first to have some opinions on how to understand the texts and what to apply in learning In fact, the ideas from their friends are also useful and reliable to find out what should learn or not 55 If the reading problems are too difficult for their friend to answer and interchange together, the best way is to ask their teachers for help Thus, 43% of the respondents chose the answer " ask their teachers" as the way to solve the matters about practising reading comprehension Teachers were the instructors for students' learning problems, especially reading comprehension strategies Besides, teachers could guide their students to understand the related things in students' reading comprehension lessons The figure also reveals that 21% of the total students thought the way to resolve the difficulties in reading was "solve the matters by themselves" This means that students were independent and they made effort for their learning Students can be in charge of what they learn so they not need the help of anyone else Therefore, students can find out the expected solutions for every difficulty Additionally, they often depend on their learning abilities and if necessary, they can find the answers from their friends or teachers for their reading practices On the other hand, a low percentage of 3% of the students chose " ignore the matters" as a way to cope with the difficulties These students proved that they could not solve these matters and they did not have any ways to give any solutions These difficulties might be far away from their understandable capacities about reading comprehension strategies in the reading texts This question also was mentioned in the interviews for students Seven students shared their thoughts of these matters by their reading comprehension knowledge but in fact, they themselves found it hard to deal with the difficulties in using the suitable reading strategies In reality, students need to exchange the strategies together to solve the problems of understanding the reading texts' contents It is necessary to have a lot of students to share the ideas and give the appropriate answers because it is difficult to one student to comprehend and resolve the problems If the students together not solve the matters of reading strategies, they can ask their teachers for helping them to learn comfortably Teachers are 56 those who are ready to give the solutions for students' learning, especially in their reading comprehension problem In short, this chapter gives the results through the questionnaires and interviews to solve the three research questions The whole findings are concerned with the opinions of what need to research about reading comprehension strategies and to improve students' capacities of using reading comprehension strategies Chapter Five will present the conclusions and implications to students and teachers in learning and teaching in order to better students' learning process 57 CHAPTER - CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The chapter draws conclusion of the findings and gives the implications for the improvements of students' abilities in approaching reading comprehension strategies at Vocational Schools The limitation of the study and suggestion for further research is also included 5.1 Conclusion From the concepts and awareness of the benefits of reading comprehension strategies in learning process, much focus has been given to practice the reading strategies Reading comprehension strategies are the essential techniques for students to gain successfully in their learning process With the importance of these strategies, students will be interested in this problem The research confirms that a remarkable percentage of students realize the reading comprehension strategies' concepts A high percentage proves students' positive perspectives of these strategies Therefore, it was believed that students would try their best to practice and apply these strategies better in their reading process According to the facts, it can be said that a number of students have been equipped with appropriate ways of reading comprehension and there are still some other students who not have the awareness of reading comprehension strategies and not mention the use of these strategies In fact, reading comprehension strategies were difficult for them to use suitably Good students can be more active and attentive to find out what strategies are good for their reading so they make effort to apply the reading strategies into their reading texts These students enable teachers to try to increase their knowledge of reading comprehension strategies and instruct them to discover the useful ways of learning in their reading text Simultaneously, teachers need to give students to give enough information for learning and implement reading comprehension strategies 58 The results of this study shows the frequency of practicing reading comprehension strategies of students Many of them chose "always" and "sometimes" for employing these strategies in reading text This proves that students recognized that thanks to reading comprehension strategies, they had many advantages to assess their learning The more they practice these strategies, the more effective they are in obtaining their learning results With reference to the importance of reading comprehension strategies, a high percentage of students regarded reading comprehension strategies as an "important" tool in their learning Also, only a meaningful part of students admitted that these strategies were very important in reading comprehension Besides, a minority of students did not notice at these strategies The consequence is that they might not be able to improve their reading due to they did not have ability of applying these strategies When posing the questions for students about students' points of view about the importance of reading comprehension strategies, both teachers and students realized that these strategies could help students to enhance their knowledge of reading comprehension In fact, students can have a lot of specific ways to comprehend reading texts The findings also illustrates that students thought about reading comprehension strategies' advantages The data shows that students supposed that reading comprehension strategies were useful These strategies help students have capacities of understanding the content of the reading text in their learning and improving reading comprehension From the data, I found that though students knew a lot of strategies, they could not apply them actively and well Using these strategies positively that is beneficial for students to understand the text But in fact, students are difficult to use these strategies well to enhance their comprehension of the text in their reading process The data states a large number of answers about students' main elements of reading comprehension strategies According to the findings, it is practical to give some suggestions that are mentioned to supply students with essential knowledge to implement students' roles about reading comprehension strategies 59 The findings also mentions the attitudes to teachers about reading comprehension strategies The researcher agreed that teachers' roles were very necessary and important in students' learning of these strategies If there were not the teachers' roles of instructing reading comprehension strategies, there would lead to negative consequences in students' learning To understand reading comprehension strategies sufficiently, teachers need to guide students to find out the right way of receiving these strategies Teachers are also considered as facilitators to show students good method about practicing these strategies Teachers should pay attention to evaluate students' ability as an enthusiastic role and they can interpret these strategies specifically to make students to comprehend the text Thus, students can be easy to improve their reading strategies to learn better The data illustrated in the research gives many difficulties that students confronted in using reading comprehension strategies such as unknown words, difficulty in concentrating on the long reading text or the difficulty of applying reading strategies Those difficulties affected the receiving reading comprehension strategies The findings also shows that students were ready to meet with and make efforts to resolve the problems According to students, reading comprehension strategies were essentials to apply reading and they could not gain good results if they did not make use of these strategies into their independent learning of reading text I found that a lot of students did not have their own experience with reading comprehension strategies because they hardly implement them sufficiently and frequently Students used to encounter the difficulties with different factors like: vocabulary, grammar structures and so on when reading comprehension Besides, students who were instructed more often reading strategies learn better than those who had insufficient guide and so they did not know how to solve with them in learning In short, this research gives the whole ideas of reading comprehension strategies practices of the first - year students at VS in Thua Thien Hue Province In fact, from the findings, it is shown that students' reading ability was improved with the application of the strategies in their reading comprehension On the other hand, there is a need to discuss that in fact, students have been unable to gain the 60 knowledge of these strategies to their reading text suitably so it is necessary to persist and make efforts to obtain the aim of using reading comprehension strategies The purpose of this study was to implement reading comprehension strategies in an attempt to improve students' learning so by improvement, students must comprehend the ideas and vocabulary of the fields of content on an instructional level (Smith, 1997) 5.2 Implications Through the findings of the research, it is necessary to draw some implications for both students and teachers with the aim to improve students' abilities of using reading comprehension strategies in their reading process 5.2.1 To students This study gave a lot of suggestions for students to become good learners with using reading comprehension strategies in their reading text Some ideas supposed that students found the necessity and advantages of these strategies practices and so they could apply these strategies in their learning and did not depend on the others Another suggestion is that students need to enhance reading comprehension strategies by the use of reading comprehension exercises to develop their reading ability at their school They are responsible for their own learning and they should have active, independent and positive factors to help them succeed For the advantages and disadvantages of reading comprehension strategies, it is suggested that students should practice frequently When they practice more gradually, they will have more experience to solve the problems they encounter Practising reading comprehension strategies needs the contribution of other members such as learning with their friends because it is useful for them to learn together and to find good ideas and thoughts or ways Furthermore, teachers should give the instructions of the ways in which they can deal with the obstacles when implementing the reading text Teachers have the role of facilitators to help students realize the necessary strategies and advise them the ways to practice and improve their reading strategies 61 Reading strategies can bring the advantages for students If students not practice these strategies, they will not the reading tasks well and effectively Students should know how to use the appropriate kinds of reading strategies for their reading text I hope that some suggestions above can be useful and important to students for gaining the effectiveness of language learning process 5.2.2 To teachers Practising reading comprehension strategies well is the effort of students in their reading and of teachers who are considered as instructors in supplying the methods of reading comprehension Thanks to teachers' instruction, students could achieve the consistent effectiveness in reading Teachers need to give specific instructions for students to help them learn autonomously because students often wait for their teachers who show the problems before they read Also, teachers should encourage students to create the use of reading comprehension strategies in reading text and students use their knowledge to ameliorate their reading ability Moreover, teachers should be enthusiastic in supplying some reading materials about reading comprehension strategies for students to read more They could recommend students the kinds of materials to read suitably and give more exercises or tasks for students as well as ask them to use the strategies to After each task, teachers need to check students' answers and give many ways if students did not well Teachers also show students the opportunity to resolve the matters by their own capacities If students find it difficult to the tasks, teachers must instruct fully Additionally, teachers should encourage students to overcome difficulties Teachers' teaching ways affect students' thoughts of reading comprehension strategies What is more, the findings also reveals that students are also embarrassed in the use of these strategies Therefore, teachers should help students be familiar with these strategies Teachers need to supply necessary and useful instructions for students to reading comprehension strategies Teachers' advice to students is very precious When students are aware of the importance of reading comprehension strategies 62 practices, they will have their attitudes to apply the strategies appropriately and know the strengths and weaknesses of their reading Students also should assess their reading as well In short, teachers' role in increasing students' awareness of reading comprehension is very necessary Teachers provide constant guidance and they are facilitators in encouraging students to realize their language learning and show reading strategies effectively for reading It might be useful for gaining students' good reading comprehension strategies abilities These implications for teachers can be beneficial in enhancing students' capacities of reading comprehension strategies 5.3 Limitations Though there were a lot of efforts to implement this study, shortcomings were unavoidable The shortage of the reference materials was the cause for some limitations in this study Though the information collected was quite interesting, the findings were only discussed in relation to some major themes concerning the topic Thus, with the aim of bettering the study, the contributions and comments from the readers are all welcomed 5.4 Suggestions for further research My research paper deals with the problem of using reading comprehension strategies by the first year students at Vocational Schools It 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