Computer science is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications. It is the systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression, and mechanization of the methodical procedures (or algorithms) that underlie the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication of, and access to information, whether such information is encoded as bits in a computer memory or transcribed in genes and protein structures in a biological cell.[1] A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems.[2] Its subfields can be divided into a variety of theoretical and practical disciplines. Some fields, such as computational complexity theory (which explores the fundamental properties of Computational and intractable problems), are highly abstract, while fields such as computer graphics emphasize real-world visual applications. Still other fields focus on the challenges in implementing computation. For example, programming language theory considers various approaches to the description of computation, whilst the study of computer programming itself investigates various aspects of the use of programming language and complex systems. Human-computer interaction considers the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans.
[...]... array The algorithm gets its name from the way smaller elements "bubble" to the top (i.e the beginning) of the list via the swaps.Because it only uses comparisons to operate on elements, it is a comparison sort This is the easiest comparison sort to implement Here are the presentations of bubble sort algorithm a By words Step 1: Get the length of the list : N and the list: list[1],list[2], .,list[N]... otherwise, the result is "0" OR : Compares 2 bits and if either or both bits are "1", then the result is "1", otherwise, the result is "0" XOR : Compares 2 bits and if exactly one of them is "1" (i.e., if they are dierent values), then the result is "1"; otherwise (if the bits are the same), the result is "0" Logical operators between two bits have the following truth table AND y x OR y x y x x 1 1 1 1... registers, passing them to the Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) to calculate the result and writing the result back to a register A condition signal is sent back to the control unit by the ALU if it is involved Store results The result generated by the operation is stored in the main memory, or sent to an output device Based on the condition feedback from the ALU, the PC is either incremented to address the. .. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SCIENCE Binary division follow the same rules as in decimal division Figure 1.8 1.2.4 Logical operations on Binary Numbers Logical Operation with one or two bits NOT : Changes the value of a single bit If it is a "1", the result is "0"; if it is a "0", the result is "1" AND: Compares 2 bits and if they are both "1", then the result is "1", otherwise, the result is "0" OR : Compares... place or next place to the left is the ten's place, the third place is the hundred's place, and so on The place-value of the place immediately to the left of the "decimal" point is one in all place-value number systems The place-value of any place to the left of the one's place is a whole number computed from a product (multiplication) in which the base of the number system is repeated as a factor... another memory in computer, which is called Read Only Memory (ROM) Again it is the ICs inside the PC that form the ROM The storage of program and data in the ROM is permanent The ROM stores some standard processing programs supplied by the manufacturers to operate the personal computer The ROM can only be read by the CPU but it cannot be changed The basic input/output program is stored in the ROM that examines... Disk: is made of magnetic material Magnetic disks used in computer are made on the same principle It rotates with very high speed inside the computer drive Data is stored on both the surface of the disk Magnetic disks are most popular for direct access storage device Each disk consists of a number of invisible concentric circles called tracks Information is recorded on tracks of a disk surface in the. .. 1.3 Computer Systems 3 A computer is an electronic device that performs calculations on data, presenting the results to humans or other computers in a variety of (hopefully useful) ways The computer system includes not only the hardware, but also software that are necessary to make the computer function Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including the digital circuitry, as distinguished... program is running the executable binary le is copied from the disk drive into memory The process of program execution is the retrieval of instructions and data from memory, and the execution of the various operations .The cycles with complex instruction sets typically utilize the following stages : Fetch the instruction from main memory The CPU presents the value of the program counter (PC) on the address... address bus The CPU then fetches the instruction from main memory via the data bus into the Memory Data Register (MDR) The value from the MDR is then placed into the Current Instruction Register (CIR), a circuit that holds the instruction so that it can be decoded and executed Decode the instruction The instruction decoder interprets and implements the instruction Fetch data from main memory Read the eective