Jon Hird with Jonathan Marks I Grammar Companion Upper Intermediate � MACMILLAN Macmillan Education Between Towns Road, Oxford OX4 3PP, UK A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN-10: 1-4050-8208-9 ISBN-13: 978-1-4050-8208-2 Text© Macmillan Publishers Limited 2006 Design and illustration© Macmillan Publishers Limited 2006 Text written by Jon Hird with Jonathan Marks First published 2006 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers Page layout by Anthony Godber Illustrated by Kathy Baxendale, Mark Draisey and Bill Piggins Cover design by Andrew Oliver The publishers would like to thank Gill Francis, the editor, for all her hard work The authors and publishers are grateful for permission to reprint the following: Extract from Tlte Book of Inventions by Norris McW hirter (Guinness Publishing, 1999), copyright© Guinness World Records 1999, reprinted by permission of the publisher Printed and bound in Spain by Edelvives 2010 2009 2008 2007 10 2006 Contents I Units G rammar Images (1) page4 Verb structures Images (2) page6 Auxiliary verbs Images (3) page8 Indirect questions Family (1) page 10 Verb patterns Family (2) page 12 Adjective structures Money (1) page 14 Articles Money (2) page 16 Unreal conditionals Body (1) page 18 Sympathy, advice & recommendations Body (2) page20 Phrasal verbs Ritual (1) page22 To-infinitive or Ritual (2) page24 Present & past habits Digital (1) page26 Dynamic & stative meanings Digital (2) page28 Present perfect simple & continuous Escape page30 Reporting verbs Attraction (1) page 32 Passive reporting Attraction (2) page 34 Have/get something done Attraction (3) page 36 Unreal conditional clauses - alternatives 10 Genius (1) page 38 Modals of deduction 10 Genius (2) page40 Narrative tense structures 11 Sell (1) page42 Relative clauses 11 Sell (2) page44 Emphasis (deft sentences) 12 Student page46 Future form 13 Home (1) page48 Quantity 13 Home (2) page SO The passive -ing form Images (1) Verb structures Present verb structures You can use the present simple mainly to talk about: • habits: I � tea with milk • routines: I always �tch the six o'clock news • things that are always true: Every picture 1tellS: a story You can use the present continuous to talk about: Note: Some verbs are not normally used in continuous forms - see Unit You can use the present perfect simple to talk about: • present situations that started in the past and are continuing now: I'velivecl here since 1995 • events that happened at an unspecified time in the past: Shejs madq loads of hit records You can use the present perfect continuous to talk about: • situations which started in the past and are continuing now: She'sti�surprisi.iigl audiences for more than 20 years Past verb structu res You use the past simple to fix events and situations in the past The Berlin Wall divided the city for nearly 30 years It was piillea down in 1989 You often use the past continuous in contrast with the past simple to talk about things that were in progress when something else happened He, ., You can use would and used to to talk about regular or repeated past actions I always pie(fto'6U}i the Beatles' records as soon as they were released, and �� them straight home and play them again and again You can also use used to - but not would - to talk about past states or situations I U'ie(ltO "be a big fan of the Beatles Note: You not normally use would for negative sentences or for questions (For future verb structures, see Unit 12.) Images ( 1) (1) Practice moon For years, astronauts Frank Borman and Bill that he was the one Anders each (c) Choose the most natural present tense who (d) the picture An investigation an that Borman (f) later (e) Images that changed the world - First flight, 1903 earlier, black-and-white frame and this iconic colour by Anders Humans photograph (g) (h) a) This photograph shows/is showing the realization of one of humanity's oldest dreams: on the moon seven months later Complete the text by putting the verbs into an appropriate present or past tense Images that changed the world - First x-ray, 1896 the first ever true flight b) The photograph captures/is capturing the Wright brothers' 12-second, 180 metre flight of 17th December 1903 c) Orville Wright pilots/is piloting the 'flyer' d) Orville's older brother Wilbur just helps/has just helped to launch the aircraft e) f) g) h) He watches/is watching the history-making flight X-rays (a) Aircraft technology progresses/has progressed diagnostic imaging for over 100 years now Today we at a phenomenal rate since the Wright (b) brothers' pioneering flight of people (c) (take) them for granted and millions _ (have) an x-ray every day But, like many of the great scientific discoveries, a flight every day x-rays were found purely by accident The world is circumnavigated/has been In 1896, while German scientist Wilhelm Konrad experiments involving cathode ray tubes, he Airline manufacturer Boeing currently develops/is currently developing the scramjet, which will be able to travel from London to Sydney in two hours land take (e) (notice) that the fluorescent light (emit) (g) that they (f) orbit think _ _ (cause) a glow on the wall The odd thing was that the light (h) Complete the text using the verbs in the box in an appropriate past tense be � prove take (work) on a series of Roentgen (d) Concorde in 1995) (be) key to medical Today, millions of people board/are boarding circumnavigated in just over 30 hours (by i) _ (pass) through the back of a chair and other solid objects on its way to the wall (place) Intrigued by this, Roentgen (i) his wife's hand (note the wedding rings) over a (shine) the light photographic plate, (j) (make) the first x-ray through it and (k) Images that changed the world - Earthrise, 1968 photo Before that, it (1) _ (be) impossible for physicians to look inside a person's body without making an incision As well as its widespread use in the medical profession, x-ray technology (m) _ _ _ (become) a key element in many other fields Today, x-rays (n) (have) a variety of The Earthrise photograph, which immediately applications in areas such as astronomy, weaponry, (a) art history and of course airport security inspired renewed contemplation of our place in the universe, was taken on Christmas Eve 1968, while the Apollo mission (b) the Roentgen (o) (be) the recipient of the first Nobel Prize for Physics in 1901 Images (1) U N I T Images (2) Auxiliary verbs The auxiliary verbs be, have and are used to form various verb structures For example, they are used with so and neither/nor in question tags and short answers You can also use modals in question tags and short answers So & neither/nor You use so to mean 'also' in this structure: I'm learning to ski So am I I've seen all her films So has my sister You made a mistake So did you! I'd like to go to China So would I You use neither or nor to mean 'also not' in the same structure I don't like this music Neither I I didn't sleep long enough last night Nor did I I can't sing very well Neither can I I've got no idea what they're singing about Neither have they, probably Both so and neither/nor show agreement between speakers To show disagreement or difference between speakers, you use an auxiliary verb This is followed by not (n 't) if the meaning is negative We haven't got tickets iWe have (NOT V¥e'Ye I Vle''te get.) I didn't watch the news I I'd like to go to China I wouldn't (NOT IwealElR'tliJ�e.) did (NOT IwateA:eEl ) Question tags You normally use a negative question tag with an affirmative statement, and an affirmative question tag with a negative statement She's amazing, isn't she? Punk was just a fashion, wasn't it? Her hair isn't naturally that colour, is it? He wasn't angry at all, was he? When the verb in the affirmative statement is am, the negative question tag is aren't I am right, aren't]? You use they to refer to somebody, anybody, everybody and nobody in question tags Anybody can sing like that, can't they? Everybod� knows Madonna, don't they? You use it to refer to something, anything, or nothing in question tags Nothing much happens in the film, does it? Anything could happen, couldn't it? You usually use an affirmative question tag after never, hardly and little You'll never forget that moment,� you? It hardly makes any difference, does it? You can use will/would or can/could in affirmative question tags after imperatives Pass me that dictionary, would you? !Help me carry these books, can you? You can use shall we? as a question tag after suggestions using let's Let's have a break, shall we? Note: In question tags with be, be is often the main verb in the sentence rather than an auxiliary Images (2) ) (2) Pract i ce Write responses to show agreement and disagreement Use so and neither as appropriate a) I'm hungry So t1m I I'm not b) I don't like pop music c) 1.@_ I love rap music d) e) f) Neither I I don't like beer I've never been to the USA Complete the question tags with the correct verb a) The film was great, Wtlsn't it? b) That's the new student, it? c) You work for the BBC, you? d) You're not interested in football, e) That's not your coat, f) Someone must have taken it, g) Franz can speak Russian, h) She doesn't live here, i) We've met before, j) I'm invited to the party, k) Let's go, I) Pass me the remote control, n) I'd love to go to India h) I hadn't spoken to him before i) I stayed up late last night j) I never drink coffee k) I'm really into computer games l) I didn't go out last night they? he? she? we? I? we? you? they? it? Anything's possible, Complete the responses using the words in italics and a question tag a) What time is the meeting at 2.30 It 's t1t 2.30 isn't it ? b) W hat's the new student's name? Her c) Connie ? Do you know where Sue lives? near the school ? She d) Who are Brazil playing in the next round? Italy ? They e) m) I'm tired Who told her? William ? It f) n) m) Everyone knows that, I can speak Italian g) it? you? I'm not hungry What did you think of the film? not that good ? It g) It's quite expensive not that cheap ? �Ril (Circle) the answers in exercise that are true for you For example, I'm not Neither I Write responses that are true for you For example, So I Neither I I'm not a) I'm not going out tonight b) I went to the cinema last night c) I can play the piano d) I've been to Australia e) I can't drive f) I spoke a lot of English yesterday g) I haven't got a car h) I'll be at home at o'clock tonight i) I need a holiday j) I'd like to be on a beach right now Write short answers to the questions using Yes and No and the correct subject and verb a) Are you French? b) Did you go out last night? c) Have you been to the UK? d) Can you play a musical instrument? e) Would you like to live abroad one day? f) Are you a student? g) Do you enjoy studying? Yes I tl m Images (2) No I'm not Images (3) Indirect questions You often use indirect questions when you want to be more polite or tentative You can use them, for example • when you are starting a conversation with someone you don't know • when you are asking a sensitive personal question 'Wh' questions Direct questions with question words The order is question word+ auxiliary+ subject+ verb Where you live? How does this thing work? What did you think? Indirect questions with question words The word order is the same as in normal statements: after the question word the subject goes before the verb You not use the auxiliaries do, does or did You start with a question frame, like 'Could you tell me?' Do/would you mind telling me where you live? Could you tell me what you thought? Do you know when thi�c:e wili 2P.£!f Do you happen to know where sh"irt;uy� her shoes? Do you have any idea where �put my keys? I was wondering where I should go I'd like to know where fCan buy a ticket I'm interested to know what the plot of-thefilm was Ye.slno questions Direct yes/no questions The order is auxiliary+ subject+ verb Are you expecting them back tonight? Does the �ost offic:,!.2pen this afternoon? Indirect yes/no questions The order is the same as in normal statements: the subject goes before the verb You start with a question frame and then use if/whether Could you tell me if/whether \YOU are expec:tins them back tonight? Do/would you mind telling me if/whether tliere is a post office near here? Do you happen to know if/whether piere ii a pharmacist near here? Do you have any idea if/whether I coUld find a bookshop anywhere in this area? I was wondering if/whether you c:ow a he!� me I'd like to know if/whether Ehere is another train to London tonight I'm interested to know if/whether the story has a happy ending Note: When the question word is the subject of the sentence, the order is also subject+ verb What happens next? Could you tell me wlii f happens next? Images (3) (3) Pract i ce Underline the correct ordering of verb and subject Write four more indirect questions that you might ask if you are visiting a hotel or a place you don't know For example, Do you know what time the library closes? a) b) c) Do you know if is there/there is an ATM a) ? machine near here? b) Could you tell me how long it takes/does it take c) ? to get to the station? d) been delayed/has the Paris flight been delayed? When you think they'll arrive/will they arrive? e) Do you know where is the library/the library is? f) Would you say is Oxford/Oxford is a good place Where were you born? Could you tell me where :;iOU were born? Could you tell me how much does this cost/ this costs? b) Do you use your middle name as your last name? c) How would you describe yourself? ? Is it true that Have you any idea what is the exchange rate for Euros/what the exchange rate for Euros is? Rewrite the direct questions in this interview as indirect questions Then match them with the answers 1-7 Which Hollywood actress is being interviewed? a) to live? h) ? Do you happen to know if the Paris flight has d) g) ? I'd like to know - Look at the leaflet and imagine you are going to telephone the hotel to ask for more information Look at the notes a)-f) and write them as indirect questions d) Have you got any bad habits? e) When did you start acting? Do you mind telling me ? Could you tell me f) ? Was your big break playing the computer game heroine 'Lara Croft'? Would you say g) ? - Are you any good at computer games? I'm interested to know � cated ne�entre � - (c) fl, ? Single and double rooms