Jon Hird with Jonathan Marks Jon Hird with Jonathan Marks I Grammar Companion Intermediate � MACMILLAN Macmillan Education Between Towns Road, Oxford OX4 3PP, UK A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN-13: 978-1-4050-8206-8 ISBN-10: 1-4050-8206-2 Text© Macmillan Publishers Limited 2006 Design and illustration© Macmillan Publishers Limited 2006 Text written by }on Hird and Jonathan Marks First published 2006 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers Page layout by Anthony Godber Illustrated by Kathy Baxendale, Mark Draisey, Bill Piggins and Mark Ruffle Cover design by Andrew Oliver T he publishers would like to thank Gill Francis, the editor, for all her hard work Printed and bound in Spain by Edelvives 2010 2009 2008 2007 10 2006 Contents Units Friends - Grammar page Questions Relax (1) page Adverbs of frequency Relax (2) page Present tense structures Dating (1) page 10 The past simple & the present perfect Dating (2) page 12 Criticisms & generalization Adrenalin (1) page 14 Gradable & absolute adjectives Adrenalin (2) page 16 Talking about past experiences Adrenalin (3) page 18 Comparisons Kids (1) page 20 Defining relative clauses Kids (2) page 22 Would & used to News page 24 Passives Party page 26 'Future forms Soap (1) page 28 Reported speech Soap (2) page 30 Will for the future 10 Time page 32 Obligation, prohibition & permission 11 Journey (1) page 34 Speculating & deducing 11 Journey (2) page 36 Would for unreal conditionals 11 Journey (3) page 38 The past perfect 12 Basics page 40 Countable & uncountable nouns 13 Communication page 42 Real onditionals 14 Style (1) page 44 Adjective order 14 Style (2) page 46 I wish 15 Age (1) page 48 I wislr & if only 15 Age (2) page 50 Unreal conditionals & un.real conditionals Friends Questions Questions have many uses, including: When did they record this version? asking for information asking for permission Is it okay if I smoke? making requests Can you check the spelling for me, please? making offers Can I help you with the housework? making invitations Would you like to come to the concert? making suggestions Shall we go for a drink? showing friendly interest How are the children? How to form yes/no questions If the only verb in the question is a form of the verb be, you put it before the subject Is that the time? Are you happy there? To make questions with other verbs, you put an auxiliary before the subject of the question You use different auxiliaries depending on the tense of the verb Present simple Do you know who these people are? Does he still live in London? Past simple Did you have a good flight? Did John move to London? Present continuous Is John staying at the George V hotel? Are you feeling down? Past continuous Were you looking for someone to share the house? Was she studying English? Present perfect Have you made any new friends? Has he ever met her? Past perfect Had you finished studying before you got married? Had they met each other before she put the ad in the paper? In the same way, you put the modal auxiliaries can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might and must before the subject of the question Can you believe that? Would she like to have children one day? Could you tell us a little bit about yourself? Shall I call you tonight? Will you be friends for life? Should I reply to Fabio's e-mail? How to form open questions Open questions begin with the question words when, where, who, why, how, what, which, and whose, or expressions like how much, how many, how long, how often, which book, what time, what sort/kind/type of When did you first meet Tina? What you for a living? Where can I get a taxi? What sort of music you like? Who did Mark Chapman shoot? Which song would you like to hear? Why did they argue? How long have you been here? How will you find somewhere to live? How to form subject questions If a question word is the subject of a question, you don't use do, does or did The word order is the same as in affirmative sentences Who shot John Lennon? Which band recorded this song? What happened next? Friends Practice Complete the questions using the prepositions in the box What are you answers to the questions? Write questions using you and the verb in italics a) Where t;l re :iOU from? b) What :iOU do? c) Where d) How long ? live there? English? e) live speak English at the moment? f) ever g) h) for into in on with to be to the UK? study go a) What you spend most money b) Who you usually go out c) What are you learning English d) Which sports are you interested e) What kind of music are you f) Which bands are you listening ? ? ? ? ? these days? any other languages? can/speak i) married? j) any children? be have got k) What in the evenings? 1) What last night? m) tonight? do Read the text and then write the questions about how John Lennon and Paul McCartney met John Lennon and Paul McCartney first met on 6th July 1957 when 15-year-old Paul McCartney went to a garden fete at St Peter's Church in Liverpool John go out Lennon was performing with his band The Quarry Men at the event Paul was looking for a band to join at the Write brief answers that are true for you to the questions in exercise time and a friend of John's introduced the musicians to each other Soon after, John invited Paul to join The 18th October 1957 John Lennon and h) Quarry Men b) i) Paul McCartney first played together live One of the c) j) world's most famous friendships and song writing d) k) partnerships had begun They changed their name to e) 1) The Beatles in 1960 f) m) a) a) g) On When d i d Joh n Lennon t;l n d Pt;l u l McCt;lrtne:i first meet? On 6th July 1957 a) He was 15 ? Do at the time? b) Write five questions that you might ask someone you have just met Begin with the words given b) Have ? c) Can ? d) Are ? e) Did ? at the event? c) He was playing with his band ? d) The Quarry Men at the time? e) He was looking for a band to join Complete the questions using the verbs in the box Can you answer the questions? live border sing a) Who d i rected the Star Wars films? b) Who c) Which countries Macedonia? d) How many people e) Who A friend of John's in the UK? to join the band? g) win the last football World Cup? to each other? f) John did ? h) On 18th October 957 The Beatles? i) In 1960 'Friends will be friends'? Friends Relax (1) Adverbs of frequency You use adverbs of frequency to say how often you something or how often something happens least frequent most frequent always usually normally generally often frequently sometimes occasionally rarely not often hardly ever never You usually place these adverbs: before the main verb Do you generally come to school by bus? He frequently falls asleep with a book in his hand I often wear white She hardly ever has a leisurely bath You rarely lose your temper Some people never have time for a nap after the verb be She's usually quite a relaxed sort of person I'm occasionally late for appointments The children aren't often in bed before nine o'clock after the first auxiliary I've always liked reading The children are usually arguing when I get home I can rarely take a break at work They've never been invited to the neighbours' house She'll never forget her sister's wedding Note: Always, usually and normally are not used on their own to tell you how often something happens How often you go out? Always Every night Do you ever play tennis? ¥es, ttsttal-ly Yes, once or twice a week Do you often get headaches? ¥es, R8Fffial-iy Yes, frequently Common mistakes NOT Deyettwal-l(�eReral-lyte werl£7 / Do you generally walk to work? Adverb phrases every morning I week from time to time two or three times a week I year now and again once a week I month once in a blue moon You usually put these phrases at the beginning or end of a clause: From time to time I eat out in restaurants I eat out in restaurants from time to time Now and again I have a massage I have a massage now and again Relax (1) ( ) Practice a) Rewrite the sentences using the adverbs in italics in a natural position a) b) normally I every evening I go jogging c) I am late for work d) I cook my own dinner e) I have been a terrible cook f) My housemate is happy to cook for me c) you I go I I usually I where ? occasionally d) never ? go I we I to a beach I generally but always e) a city holiday I sometimes I we I have f) always I we I in New York I once I year I And usually g) year I two or three times I normally I go I we I a I usu�llygo to the gym twice � week b) on holiday I how often I you I go I ? ? usually I twice a week I go to the gym Reorder the words to make complete sentences visit my parents I a He is cooking the most amazing meals always h) We have a take-away meal i) I am in bed by ten from time to time Answer the questions using an adverb of frequency or an adverb phrase For example, Several times every day Usually once a week generally I every night How often you a) j) I try to visit my parents normally I every weekend k) My parents are pleased to see me always Put the words in italics into the sentences in the correct order a) Andy h�s �lw�ys been interested in m u s ic use the internet? b) get your hair cut? c) buy a newspaper? d) travel abroad? e) speak English? Write something you a) several times a day b) twice a week c) hardly ever d) from time to time e) once or twice a year f) once in a blue moon H�ve � coffee Check my e- m�i ls etc interested in music I has been I always b) We _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ go shopping I generally I every weekend c) My computer _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ crashes I hardly ever d) Sam _ coffee doesn't I drink I normally e) I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ am tired I usually I at the end of the day f) Harry _ if he can will help you I always g) I don't I have time I to read I always Relax (1) Relax (2) Present tense structu res & the present perfect The present simple You use the present simple mainly to talk about things that are true all the time Habits and routines I worry all the time and lose my temper easily I often go out to restaurants at the weekend Facts and situations that we see as more or less permanent I love coffee Teachers have a hard life The present continuous You use the present continuous to talk about present situations that you see as temporary Activities in progress Don't disturb him - he's reading Aargh! H e's pulling my hair! She's trying to give up smoking I'm reading an English novel at the moment Changing situations I'm getting more interested in English grammar He's starting to feel happier at work It's getting late - we'd better go The present perfect You can use the present perfect to talk about a present situation that is connected with the past A present situation that started in the past I haven't worn white since my first child was born I've worked here for less than a week Common mistakes NOT Ili•1eiftH:Msl:\etise allMYlife ./ I have lived in this house all my life NOT IEliEln'tsmel(e sifteeI'rlvasat1:1fliversi� ./ I haven't smoked since I was at university A recent past event that caused a present situation I can't finish this report - my computer has crashed I'll give them a call on my mobile - oh, no, I've left it at home! I've finished with your book - here it is Thanks! Relax (2) (2) Practice Choose the most natural alternative a) Greta works I is working I has worked in Paris since 2003 b) Look at the picture of Mike in his apartment Write sentences about him using the words given Use an appropriate present tense: present simple, present continuous, or present perfect Normally, we eat out I are eating out I have eaten out once a week c) David isn't here at the moment He plays I 's playing I 's played tennis d) What you eat I are you eating I have you eaten? It looks lovely e) Is this the first time you eat I 're eating I 've eaten Japanese food? f) Wait a minute - Jane leaves I 's leaving I 's left her jacket in the cafe g) Ssssh! I listen I 'm listening I 've listened to the radio h) I learn I am learning I have learned to drive at the moment Complete the dialogues using the present simple, present continuous or present perfect tense of the verb in italics a) work A: Where _QQ_ you a) play a computer game b) play the guitar c) lie down there all my life d) break his leg something? e) like jazz f) read travel books g) read the newspaper h) listen to the radio i) drink coffee j) make a coffee k) the washing up l) yoga work ? in Madrid, but I B: Normally I in Barcelona at the moment b) live A: you B: Yes, I c) lose A: you my keys again! B: Yes, I d) in London? play A: you football every week? B: Yes, we usually every Thursday, but we on Tuesdays at the moment e) phone A: you him right now B: I f) David yet? rain A: it much here at this time of year? B: No In fact it g) n't for weeks look A: I for my Beatles CD - any ideas? B: m) wear a cap you in the car? Relax (2) Journey (3) The past perfect Affirmative Negative I /You /We/They I / You /We/They 've (have) talked 's (has) talked He /She / It Question Have I I you I we I they Has she/he / it talked slept to her? today? He/She/It haven't (have not) talked hasn't (has not) talked Short answer 'yes' Short answer 'no' Yes, they have No, they haven't (have not) Yes, he has No, he hasn't (has not) You can use the past perfect to show that one past event happened before another past event It is formed by the auxiliary had + past participle of the verb He stayed in the hotel his friend had recommended Event : His friend recommended a hotel Event 2: He stayed in it He stayed I I I I I • Now I I I I I h i s friend had recom mended You normally use the contracted forms 'd and hadn't in speech and informal writing He'd given up his job He hadn't met her before my party Note that the contraction of had is the same as the contraction of would He'd bought the bike in Miami (had + the past participle) I'd buy a new bike if I could afford it (would + the infinitive) Conj unctions You often use conjunctions like after, when, because and by the time to combine a past simple clause with a past perfect clause After he'd paid the bill he left the restaurant When they had signed the papers, the mechanic started laughing He was upset because he'd paid quite a lot for the bike By the time he got to Denver, the bike had broken down three times The past perfect conti nuous When you want to emphasize the duration of a continuous activity that took place before a particular time i n the past, you use the past perfect continuous The form is had + been + present participle (-ing form) He arrived back in London from Rome, where he had been meeting some old friends I had been expecting an e-mail from her, but I received nothing for days 38 Journey (3) 1 (3) Practice Complete the replies using the words in the box Use the past perfect form of the verb Look at these photographs of Tom's trip to Nepal Complete his sentences about what had happened just before the photographs were taken Use just and the verbs in the box iH'H¥e eat finish get off meet he I already / leave 1/alreaay/eat it / go we I not I see they I sell out a) take off Why didn't you come for lunch today? Because b) I'd tl l retldy etlte n Did you see Jirn at the party? I didn't by the time I got there c) Why did you throw the bread away? Because a) Here's me at the airport I'd just tl rrived d) in _ mouldy You seemed pleased to see your friend last night Kathmandu Yes, _ each other for months e) Did you get tickets for the gig? No b) Read part of an interview with actor, author and travel presenter Michael Palin talking about his first travel series Around the World in Eighty Days Put the verb into the most natural tense: past simple or past perfect I (a) And this is me looking exhausted _ by the time I got there that bus! Six hours through the mountains! c) _ a 30 km trek in the mountains d i d n't particularly wtlnt (not/ want) to be a television presenter or a star of travel documentary Basically, I (b) QJL(do) it because I (c) 'd tl iWtlys Wtlnted I (d) (want) to travel (just/ finish) filming A Fish Called Wanda, which was the last of about 10 movies I (e) (make) during the nineteen eighties Basically, I (f) d) This is Lena _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ when this photo was taken _ _ _ _ _ (have) enough of standing around in studios being told to look to the left and look to the right and so on Then when we were just heading out, I (g) (begin) to think "What are we doing here? We have no script There are going to a rather hot curry e) be moments when I'm clearly uninspired and fed up and the camera is going to be filming me!" in this one! I suddenly (h) (i) (panic) and (think) "What are we going to do? This is going to be absolutely disastrous!" It wasn't until we (j) f) And this is the view from the plane _ airport from Kathmandu (come back) and finished putting the whole thing together that I (k) (realize) it (I) _ _ _ _ (work) Journey (3) 39 Basics Countable & uncou nta ble nouns Some nouns are countable (C), some nouns are uncountable (U), and some nouns can b e both countable and uncountable Countable nouns Countable nouns have two forms: singular and plural You can use numbers with them one question two questions one man eleven men You can use the definite article (the) and the indefinite article (a/an) with them: the question, the questions, a question, an apple U ncountable nouns Uncountable nouns have only one form You don't use numbers with uncountable nouns, and you don't normally use the indefinite article with them Love makes the world go round Travel broadens the mind A few uncountable nouns only have a plural form Is it warm enough to wear shorts today? Common mistake NOT Haveyet:t �eta seissers? I Have you got some scissors Pass the scissors, please Nouns that are both countable & uncountable Many nouns have more than one meaning They can be countable in one meaning and uncountable in another meaning These windows are made of special strong glass (U) (glass = a material) This wine glass is very valuable (C) (glass = an object) Some nouns are countable and uncountable with the same meaning Crime is rising all over Europe (U) Few people actually witness a crime (C) He committed a number of crimes and was sent to jail (C) Partitives Partitives are a way of counting uncountable nouns a piece of advice an item of furniture two cans of beer Quantifiers Quantifiers are a way of saying 'how many' or 'how much' without using exact numbers You can use some quantifiers with countable nouns, some with uncountable nouns, and some with both Quantifiers for countable nouns include a few and many I've got a few questions How many questions? Not many men Quantifiers for uncountable nouns include a little and much Can I give you a little advice? There's too much furniture in this room Quantifiers for countable and uncountable nouns include a lot of and some They asked a lot of questions 40 Basics Can I give you some advice? There isn't much beer left Practice Complete the phrases using the words in the box a bar of a box of a bunch of a can of an item of a leafef a carton of a packet of a pair of asliee ef Which of the following nouns are countable (C) and uncountable (U)? Write C or U in the box a) idea b) trousers c) vegetable d) scissors e) clothes f) sunglasses g) news h) advice i) suggestion j) man liJ [ill D D D D D D D D k) meal l) athletics m) luggage n) information o) accommodation p) person q) equipment r) economics s) traffic t) homework D D D D D D D D D D a) Cl loClf of b) a slice of cake I bread c) milk I orange juice d) chocolate I soap e) grapes I bananas I flowers I keys f) chocolates I matches I cereals g) biscuits I crisps I cigarettes I sweets soup I beer I tomatoes I Coke h) i) bread socks I shoes I trousers I scissors I sunglasses Underline the uncountable nouns in exercise that are countable (ie they have a plural) in your language furniture I news I clothing j) · Complete the sentences using the correct form of the noun a) We stayed in lots of different a) We had some fantastic b) c) I love most d) I've got lots of e) Try to remember all the c) vegetable _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Don't lose any of the g) Lots of h) Most of the A: Would you like some more wine? A: Have you got d) came to the party e) person A: Did you know j) They made some good k) She had some great I) We had a lot of A: Do your parents speak English? _ _ We just had g) A: Have you got B: No, Complete the sentences using is or are b) The news c) Athletics d) Where e) Where f) Economics g) Do you know where my sunglasses too big very interesting my favourite sport my clothes? the scissors? my favourite subject rain where you were _ showers in the afternoon homework My new trousers We don't speak it at home A: Did you get B: No, idea last week a) people from work yesterday? suggestion _ f) advice people at the party? Just _ _ B: Yes, but only didn't move for hours He gave me some good money on you? I'm afraid I can't really lend B: No, equipment i) _ you any _ _ _ _ traffic not m uch B: Only luggage information f) last weekend? m uch B: Just Cl l ittle please meal meCl ls A: Did you spend B: No, Clccommodt::l t ion accommodation b) Complete the dialogues using (not) m uch, (not) many, a little or a Jew ? _ work to tonight? Just exercises Complete the sentences so they are true for you For example, I haven't got much money on me a) I haven't got much b) I've got a few _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ c) I've got a little d) I haven't got many e) I've got a lot of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Basics 41 Communication Rea l cond itiona ls You use real conditionals t o talk about real o r possible situations, usually i n the present o r the future Real conditional sentences normally have two clauses, an 'if' clause and a main clause 'if' clause main clause If you're going to stay out late, take a front door key If you don't put your toys away, I'll give them all away The main clause can come before the 'if clause main clause 'if' clause Take a front door key if you're going to stay out late I'll give all your toys away if you don't put them away When you put the 'if' clause first, you usually put a comma between the two clauses The 'if' clause In most real conditionals, you use a present tense in the 'if clause, even if you are talking about the future Present simple If you get into trouble again, you'll have to sort it out yourself Present continuous If you' re phoning me to ask for money, forget it! Present perfect If you've spent all your money, why don't you borrow some from your parents? Can and can't If you can hang on a second, I'll see what I can If they can't help us, we'll have to try someone else Past simple You can use the past tense in real conditionals, but only when you are talking about something that you know happened, or that you believe happened If you knew what happened, why didn't you tell me? Somebody phoned - if it wasn't you, who was it? Alternatives to if The most important alternative to if is unless It means if not Unless you help me means the same as If you don't help me The main clause In the main clause, the most common structure is the present simple You can also use some modal auxiliaries, especially will, can, must and may, or the imperative If he phones again, it means he's in trouble If he phones again, we'll know he's in trouble If he phones again, he can explain what's happened If he phones again, ask him what's the matter 42 Commun ication d) Practice Complete these famous quotes using the phrases in the box B: It won't matter if we're a bit late, will it? e) it's research try ignorance you are not rich you' re just not going fast enough 13laySffiJ3iel: you are asked you will never put your foot in it a) g) If you keep your mouth shut, (Mario Andretti, f) a) b) (Wilson Mizner, screenwriter) c) If you can actually count your money, Paul Getty, a) f) an imperative? b) present simple? c) present continuous? d) will + verb? [g] D D D D D D me a me know if you need any help _ _ You can't get in if you don't have a ticket b) I'm going out tonight if I don't get too much unless you ht:1ve t:1 ticket homework unless _ _ If it doesn't start raining, we'll go for a walk later Unless d) _ We'll be with you at six unless we get delayed if (pick) you up around 7.30 '1 pick If you've got any questions, just You ct:1n't get i n A: I'll come with you tonight if it's still okay B: Great, I If you're going to be late, a) Put the verbs into the most natural form a) Complete the sentences so the meaning is the same as the first sentence c) If I'm not in when you phone, e) (Derek Bok, You can use different verb forms in the main clauses of conditional sentences Which of the main clauses in the quotes in exercise contains: me a call if you go out tonight text message If you think that education is expensive, lawyer) a message d) If you get there before me, Wt:lit for me in the entrance businessman) g) (be) late Complete the sentences using the imperative form of an appropriate verb _ _ Oean _ _ (get) into trouble if we If you steal from one author, it's plagiarism A: If we're late for class, the teacher never B : When I was at school, we always (Austin O'Malley, If everything seems under control, If you steal from many, (answer) all the seems to mind racing driver) e) _ questions Never give advice unless A: Can we leave if we've finished? B: Yes, if you writer) d) _ just speaks English f) (Helena Rubenstein, (bother) B: I agree He'll improve much quicker if he (anonymous) c) Frank (speaks) his own language aiJ the time? businesswoman) b) A: Why coming to class if he just Say less rather than more If you want to be smart, plt:1y stupid A: If you _ (not/ hurry), we _ (not / get) there in time _ _ if you likL (like) b) A: I _ _ (see) Jim this evening if I (have) time B: If you do, can you give him this CD? c) A: My computer if it (keep) crashing (get) too hot B: If that's the case, get a new one Complete the sentences so they are true for you a) If I don't have to work all evening, b) If it's nice at the weekend, c) If everything goes to plan, Com m u n ication _ _ _ _ 43 Style (1) Adjective order When you use more than one adjective i n front of a noun, you normally put them in this order: Adjectives describing clothes opinion age pattern I colour material style horrible old blue cotton short-sleeved fabulous new stripy silk full length beautiful second-hand flowery suede v-neck scruffy brand new check leather high-heeled So, for example, you could talk about: beautiful new black leather shoes a scruffy brown suede jacket a smart blue cotton shirt a fabulous old flowery full-length dress a stripy cashmere v-neck sweater Other adjectives For all other adjectives, the usual order is: opinion adjective; ' size' adjective; colour adjective; 'fact' adjective ('Fact' adjectives put the noun in a particular class.) So, for example, you could talk about: a beautiful big German car a large blue rectangular pool of water rapid technological advance a sweet red apple Noun modifiers When a noun is used before an adjective, it comes immediately before the noun, after all other adjectives a successful American software company the British car industry Comparatives Comparative and superlative adjectives normally come in front of all other adjectives bigger commercial ships the prettiest little old cottage in the village Adjectives after the verb be When you have two or more adjectives after be, you usually join the last two with and I was tired and angry The weather that day was cold, cloudy, and windy 44 S tyle (1) { ) Practice Put the adjectives in italics into the most natural order a) We visited this b) The hotel was full of temple 960s unusual hut wooden delightful She lives in a by the sea e) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ We stayed in a beach d) house old lovely They bought me these dolls as a souvenir plastic f) silver and gold disgusting Our tour guide was wearing a pair of leather Rewrite the descriptions of the man in the picture putting the word in italics into the most natural place in the sentence a) She loves big baggt) I baggy big clothes b) It's a five-year massive I massive five-year project c) They're making huge technological I technological d) He drives an American old enormous I enormous old American car a white t-shirt old jeans bright-pink Adjectives of 'size' generally come before all other ' fact' adjectives, but after 'opinion' adjectives Choose the most natural alternative e) sleeveless They live in a little lovely old I little old lovely I lovely little old cottage t;l white sleeveless t-s h i rt b) amazing trousers huge advances He's wearing a) white-washed _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ incredible 000-year-old paintings c) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ baggy c) white Nike trainers d) a back-to-front black cap brand-new Describe three things that you can see Use at least two adjectives for each description For example, A big old grey building An excellent orange dictionary a) baseball b) c) Complete the descriptions of the woman in the picture using the words in the box Use two adjectives for each item and put the adjectives in the most natural order white elaelE a:.-,8:wftite high-heeled flowery � knee-length black sun a) a blt;lck t;lnd white stripy jacket b) a d) Describe three things that you are wearing Use two adjectives for each description For eaxmple, A pair of old blue and grey trainers a) b) c) She's wearing c) _ skirt shoes a hat Style (1) 45 Style (2) I wish & u n rea l conditionals I wish You can use I wish to talk about unreal situations After I wish, you backshift the tense Note that after I, you can use were and weren 't instead of was and wasn 't, especially in writing fact wish I'm a teacher I wish I wasn't/weren't a teacher I wish I was/were a doctor I live in New York I wish I didn't live in New York I wish I lived in Paris I'm studying English I wish I wasn't studying English I wish I was studying Chinese I forgot my camera I wish I hadn't forgotten it I wish I'd brought it with me Unreal cond itionals When you use if for unreal conditionals, you use the same tense backshifting rules as you with I wish fact if I'm not a doctor If I was/were a doctor I don't live in Paris If I lived in Paris I'm not studying Chinese If I was/were studying Chinese I forgot my camera If I hadn't forgotten my camera In the second clause of the sentence you normally use would In speech you usually contract this to 'd You can also use might or maybe + would for possible results Note that there is normally a comma after the 'if' clause If I was a doctor, I'd be able to help people, and maybe I'd earn more If I lived in Paris, I'd visit the Louvre every day, and I'd have croissants and coffee for breakfast in a pavement cafe If I were studying Chinese, I d have fewer problems with grammar And I might be able to study in China for a year ' If I hadn't forgotten my camera, I would have taken some photos of the sunset You can put the main clause before the 'if' clause When you this, there is normally no comma between the two clauses I'd be able to help people if I was a doctor Maybe I'd earn more if I were a doctor Here are some useful conditional phrases If only I could, I'd fly to New York tomorrow If I had the time, I'd learn a musical instrument It wouldn't surprise me if I ran out of petrol before we get there If I were you, I'd be more careful the next time If I had the chance, I'd spend my whole life learning new things If I had the money, I'd travel around the world 46 U N I T 14 Style (2) {2} Practice Complete the dialogues using I wish I and If I were you, I'd and the verb pairs in the box Oliver doesn't like some things in his life Complete his wishes I a) a) I live in London can / join I wish I didn't l ive in London b) enjoy I think can/ talk I wish I could give up smoking If I were you I'd t.::1 l k I can't afford to move to a nicer area to m y brother - he's stopped b) c) I haven't got a car d) I don't know many people have I get my job a bit more _ about looking for a new one c) more people e) It rains all the time f) It's raining now g) I don't have much money h) My job is so boring i) It's not the weekend _ _ d) _ a bit more money a part-time job speak better English _ an English course Here are some useful conditional phrases Complete them so they are true for you For example, If only I could, I'd go to the beach this afternoon It wouldn't surprise me if Brazil won the next World Cup a) If only I could, I'd b) If I had the time, I'd c) It wouldn't surprise me if d) If I were you, I'd f) If I had the chance, I'd g) If I had the money, I'd _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Write four wishes of your own For example, I wish I could play the drums _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a) b) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ c) d) Complete the sentences putting the verbs into an appropriate tense a) If I hg g_ the money, I clothes all the time b) If only i c) can _ _ _ e) If I expensive wear _ work didn't _ go out so not have a) love more money, I so poor all the time earn not be had done There are a lot of things I wish I _ _ _ _ _ about having a boring life was _ _ _ _ _ _ had instead of just sitting around and complaining to live in the UK, if the weather better _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Complete these famous quotations with the words in the box Which quote you like the best? give up tonight, if I much work to d) have _ _ _ _ J tomorrow 'd we.::1 r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (Kurt Cobain, rock musician) b) I wish I a twin, so I could know what I'd look like without plastic surgery Ooan Rivers, comedienne) c) Advice is what we ask for when we already know the answer but wish we _ _ _ _ (Erica Jong, author) Wheels (2) 47 Age (1) I wish & if only I wish and if only are two ways of talking about unreal situations You can use them to express regrets about the present or past When you use I wish and if only to talk about unreal situations, you normally backshift the tense of the verb that follows Present changes to past I live in Oxford I wish I lived in Rome I don't know the answer I wish I knew it I'm going to the cinema with Pete I wish I was/were going with Miguel I wish I wasn't/weren't going with Pete I feel so tired If only I didn't feel so tired He's a very difficult person to like If only he wasn't/weren't so difficult I wish I didn't live in Oxford Past changes to past perfect I studied economics I wish I'd studied Italian literature I wish I hadn't studied economics I wish I hadn't gone to Scotland I went to Scotland for my holidays I wish I'd gone to Spain There wasn't enough time I wish there'd been more time I started smoking as a teenager If only I hadn't started smoking I didn't know you were coming today If only I'd known you were coming He told her a lot of lies If only he hadn't told her so many lies Be going to to I wish they weren't going to close it I'm going to study all day I wish I wasn't/weren't going to study so much It's going to cost a lot If only it wasn't going to cost so much Can changes to could I can't speak English as well as you I wish I could speak it better I can't stop smoking If only I could stop smoking Have to changes to had to or didn't have to I have to leave in five minutes I have to wear a suit at work If only I didn't have to wear a suit Will 48 changes to was/were going They're going to close the factory wish I didn't have to leave so soon changes to would No one will meet me at the station I wish someone would meet me at the station They won't choose me for the team I wish they would choose me for the team Age (1) ( } Practice Look at the pictures and complete what the people are thinking Use I wish and the verbs in the box j) _ the lesson _ more interesting k) _ my homework last night 1) m) can a) lffiew I wish I knew b) c) d) e) stay be _ _ the music to me basketball outside Complete the second sentence using the word or words given so the meaning is similar a) dance _ _ here speak more people someone _ I regret drinking so much last night wish I wish I hc:ldn't drunk so m uch lc:lst n ieht better at home b) You really should've told me earlier c) It's a pity we don't live nearer to each other if only wish d) It's a pity Anna's feeling unwell if only e) It would be great to be 10 years younger wish f) I imagine he regrets not speaking to her wish bring not/ rain live f) g) h) watch harder at school I wish I had more money I wish it wasn 't raining today a) my umbrella b) the weather c) forecast i) Write four wishes of your own Write two regrets about the past and two about how you wish things were different now For example, I wish I'd studied d) somewhere else Age (1) U N I T 15 49 Age (2) U n real cond itionals The 'if' clause You can show that a situation is unreal (imaginary or very unlikely) by backshifting the verb So if the real situation is present, you put the 'if' clause into the past simple If the real situation is past, you put the 'if' clause into the past perfect real unreal I'm an economist If I wasn't/weren't an economist I f I was/were a musician If I had a different job real past unreal past I studied economics If I hadn't studied economics If I'd studied music If I hadn't gone to university The main clause In the main clause you normally use would (contracted to 'd) You can also use might or maybe + would for possible results If I was/were a musician, I think I'd be happier maybe I'd be happier I'd probably earn less money than I now I might become world famous For unreal situations in the past, you use would have or might have I'd have chosen the violin as my instrument If I'd studied music, I might have got a job with the BBC Symphony Orchestra maybe I'd have become famous You can put the main clause before the 'if' clause I think I'd be happier if I was a musician I'd have chosen the violin as my instrument if I'd studied music Sometimes the 'if' clause has past meaning and the main clause has present meaning, or the other way round If I'd become a musician (in the past), I'd make less money (now) If I didn't make so much money (now), I wouldn't have been able to buy my flat in New York (in the past) 50 Age (2) (2} Practice d) If _ e) If _ _ (Circle) the correct alternative a) If I didn 't miss I (hadn't missed)the bus, I would've been with you on time b) I'm sure I would've remembered if I met I 'd met him before c) hadn't gone to university, I wouldn 't have met Carlos If ! hadn't met Carlos, I'd come with you if I didn 't have I hadn't had so much work to d) Write a similar chain of conditional sentences about a series of events in your life For example, If I If you didn 't stay up I hadn't stayed up so late, a) If _ _ b) If _ c) If _ you wouldn't be feeling so tired e) If he'd worked harder, he probably wouldn't fail I wouldn 't have failed the exam f) If you told I 'd told me earlier, I could've done something about it g) I 'd get I would've got totally lost, if I hadn't had the map h) If you'd been listening, you wouldn't be I wouldn 't have been in this mess now i) I wouldn't worry if I were I had been you Match the halves of these famous quotes Which you like the best? a) Television is more interesting than people If it were not, Look at the example and write similar conditional sentences beginning with If a) It's raining, so we can't go for a walk If it Welsn't m i n i n13 we could 130 for Cl Wel ik b) Life would be happier c) If the automobile had followed the same developmental cycle as the computer, d) If you were ploughing a field, D D D D D D e) If God had intended men to fly, b) I didn't see him, so I didn't ask him f) If God had intended men to fly, c) You lost the key, so we can't get in the house 1) a Rolls-Royce today would cost $100 and get d) I like their music, so I bought their CD e) I'm not feeling better, so I won't go out tonight a million miles to the gallon (Robert X Cringely, journalist) 2) which would you rather use? Two strong oxen or 1024 chickens? (Seymour Cray, inventor of supercomputing) 3) Rewrite the summary using conditional sentences to show how things might have been different Brad dropped out of university -+ He moved to Los Angeles in a Hollywood film and famous -+ -+ -+ -+ He started acting He got a small role He went on to become rich He went out with lots of famous movie stars a) If b) If he hadn't started acting, c) If we would have people standing in the corners of our rooms (Alan Coren, writer) 4) he'd have given us wings (anonymous) 5) he'd make it easier to get to the airport (George Winters, politician) 6) if we could only be born at the age of 80 and gradually approach 18 (Mark Twain, writer) Breid heidn't d roppe d out of u n iversity he wouldn't helve stelrted Clctin13 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Age (2) 51 Inside Out G rammar Companions Revision, extension, consol idation and practice for a l l of the g rammar poi nts in the Intermed iate level of Inside Out Inside Out G rammar Companions are desig ned to accom pany the Inside Out Student's Books They can be used for extra c l assroom work or for h omework and self-study They p rovide consolidation, recyc l i n g and revision of the g rammar poi nts which come u p i n each u n it of the Student's Book For each Language Reference box i n the Stud ent's Book there is a page of extended reference information on the g rammar point and a page of exercises for practice The exten ded reference i nformation i n c l u d es clear presentations for forms, usage and mean i n g The practice pages provide exercises to h e l p conso l i d ate all of the i nformation raised in the presentat i o n s I S B N ·4050-8206-2