Fieldbuses, particularly wireless fieldbuses, offer a multitude of benefits to process control and automation. Fieldbuses replace pointtopoint technology with digital communication networks, offering increased data availability and easier configurability and interoperability.
Electrical Engineering Fieldbuses, particularly wireless fieldbuses, offer a multitude of benefits to process control and automation. Fieldbuses replace point-to-point technology with digital communication networks, offering increased data availability and easier configurability and interoperability. Fieldbus and Networking in Process Automation discusses the newest fieldbuses on the market today, detailing their utilities, compo- nents and configurations, wiring and installation methods, commission- ing, and safety aspects under hostile environmental conditions. This clear and concise text: • Considers the advantages and shortcomings of the most sought after fieldbuses, including HART, Foundation Fieldbus, and Profibus • Presents an overview of data communication, networking, cabling, surge protection systems, and device connection techniques • Provides comprehensive coverage of intrinsic safety essential to the process control, automation, and chemical industries • Describes different wireless standards and their coexistence issues, as well as wireless sensor networks • Examines the latest offerings in the wireless networking arena, such as WHART and ISA100.11a Offering a snapshot of the current state of the art, Fieldbus and Network- ing in Process Automation not only addresses aspects of integration, interoperability, operation, and automation pertaining to fieldbuses, but also encourages readers to explore potential applications in any given industrial environment. Fieldbus and Networking in Process Automation K20308 Fieldbus and Networking in Process Automation Sunit Kumar Sen Fieldbus and Networking in Process Automation Sen Fieldbus and Networking in Process Automation CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Boca Raton London New York Fieldbus and Networking in Process Automation Sunit Kumar Sen CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140404 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-8677-2 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com v Contents Preface xix Author xxi Chapter 1 Data Communication 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Comparison between Digital and Analog Communication 1 1.3 Data Communication 2 1.3.1 Main Characteristics 3 1.4 Data Types 3 1.5 Data Transfer Characteristics 4 1.6 Data Flow Methods 5 1.7 Transmission Modes 6 1.7.1 Parallel 6 1.7.2 Serial 7 1.7.3 Asynchronous 7 1.7.4 Synchronous 9 1.7.5 Isochronous 9 1.8 Use of Modems 10 1.9 Power Spectral Density 11 1.10 Transmission Impairments 11 1.11 Data Rate and Bandwidth Relationship 12 1.12 Multiplexing 13 1.12.1 Introduction 13 1.12.2 Types 13 1.12.3 FDM 14 1.12.4 WDM 15 1.12.5 TDM 16 1.12.5.1 Synchronous TDM 16 1.12.5.2 Statistical TDM 17 1.12.6 Variable Data Rate 17 1.12.7 Multilevel Multiplexing 18 1.12.8 Multislot Multiplexing 18 1.12.9 Pulse Stufng Multiplexing 19 1.13 Spread Spectrum 19 1.13.1 Introduction 20 1.13.2 FHSS 21 vi Contents 1.13.3 DSSS 23 1.13.4 Comparison between FHSS and DSSS 24 1.13.5 Advantages of Spread Spectrum 25 1.14 Data Coding 26 1.14.1 Introduction 27 1.14.2 Characteristics of a Line Code 27 1.14.3 Types 28 Chapter 2 Networking 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Characteristics 30 2.3 Connection Types 31 2.4 Data Communication Standards and Organizations 31 2.5 Network Topology 34 2.5.1 Mesh 34 2.5.2 Star 35 2.5.3 Bus 35 2.5.4 Ring 36 2.5.5 Hybrid 37 2.6 Network Applications 38 2.7 Network Components 38 2.8 Classication of Networks 40 2.8.1 LANs 40 2.8.2 MANs 40 2.8.3 WANs 41 2.8.4 GANs 41 2.8.5 Building and Campus Backbone and Enterprise Network 41 2.9 Interconnection of Networks 41 Chapter 3 Network Models 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Three-Layer Model 45 3.3 OSI Model 47 3.3.1 Physical Layer 49 3.3.2 Data Link Layer 51 3.3.3 Network Layer 52 3.3.4 Transport Layer 53 3.3.5 Session Layer 54 3.3.6 Presentation Layer 55 3.3.7 Application Layer 56 viiContents 3.4 TCP/IP Protocol Suite 56 3.4.1 Introduction 56 3.4.2 Protocol Architecture 57 3.4.2.1 TCP 58 3.4.2.2 UDP 62 3.4.2.3 IP 62 3.4.3 Operation 65 3.4.4 PDUs in Architecture 66 3.4.5 Addressing 66 3.4.5.1 Physical 66 3.4.5.2 Logical 66 3.4.5.3 Port 67 3.4.5.4 Specic 67 Chapter 4 Networks in Process Automation 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Communication Hierarchy in Factory Automation 69 4.3 I/O Bus Networks 71 4.3.1 Types 71 4.3.2 Network and Protocol Standards 73 4.3.3 Advantages 74 4.4 OSI Reference Model 75 4.5 Networking at I/O and Field Levels 77 4.6 Networking at Control Level 79 4.7 Networking at Enterprise/Management Level 79 Chapter 5 Fieldbuses 81 5.1 What Is a Fieldbus? 81 5.1.1 Evolution 81 5.1.2 Architectural Progress 82 5.1.3 Types 84 5.1.4 Expanded Network View 85 5.2 Topologies 88 5.2.1 Point-to-Point 88 5.2.2 Bus with Spurs 88 5.2.3 Tree (Chicken Foot) 88 5.2.4 Daisy Chain 89 5.2.5 Mixed Topology 89 5.3 Terminators 90 5.4 Fieldbus Benets 91 viii Contents Chapter 6 Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) 93 6.1 Introduction 93 6.2 Evolution and Adaptation of HART Protocol 94 6.3 HART and Smart Devices 94 6.4 HART Encoding and Waveform 95 6.5 HART Character 95 6.6 Addressing 96 6.7 Arbitration 97 6.8 Communication Modes 97 6.9 HART Networks 98 6.10 Field Device Calibration 99 6.11 HART Communication Layers 100 6.11.1 Physical Layer 100 6.11.2 Data Link Layer 101 6.11.3 Application Layer 102 6.12 Installation and Guidelines for HART Networks 104 6.13 Device Descriptions 105 6.14 Application in Control Systems 105 6.15 Application in SCADA 106 6.16 Benets 106 Chapter 7 Foundation Fieldbus 109 7.1 Introduction 109 7.2 Denition and Features 109 7.3 Foundation Fieldbus Data Types 110 7.4 Architecture 110 7.5 Standards 111 7.6 H1 Benets 111 7.7 HSE Benets 112 7.7.1 Interoperability of Subsystems 112 7.7.2 Function Blocks 112 7.7.3 Control Backbone 112 7.7.4 Standard Ethernet 112 7.8 Communication Process 113 7.8.1 OSI Reference Model 113 7.8.2 PDU 114 7.8.3 Physical Layer 114 7.8.3.1 Manchester Coding 115 7.8.3.2 Signaling 115 7.8.4 Data Link Layer 116 7.8.4.1 Medium Access Control 117 [...]... different fieldbuses in the market, their utilities along with their shortcomings, the fieldbus configurations, the installation techniques, the safety aspects in hostile environmental conditions, and other relevant issues pertaining to fieldbuses Fieldbus and Networking in Process Automation provides a clear, concise, and comprehensive coverage of fieldbuses as used in the process control and automation industries... automation industries Fieldbus and networking is an emerging area and is increasingly being applied in process industries It will be very helpful for engineering students in the area of instrumentation, process, electrical, electronics, and computer science disciplines, and will give them adequate exposure about the different fieldbus technologies in use today The book starts with an introduction about... fieldbus, offers a multitude of benefits in the field of process control and automation Wireless fieldbus is fast emerging and is trying to carve out a niche among the different fieldbus offerings in the market Fieldbus replaces the point-to-point technology with digital communication networking, offers increased data availability, and is easily configurable and interoperable It is a modest attempt on... followed by networking, network models, and networks as applied in process automation The three most used fieldbuses, viz., HART, Foundation Fieldbus, and PROFIBUS, followed by several others are then discussed in detail Intrinsic safety in fieldbuses is a major area of concern and is discussed comprehensively Chapter 17, “Wiring, Installation, and Commissioning,” gives an overview of cabling, surge... the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) code Audio and video refer to recording and broadcasting of sound and picture, respectively While audio is always continuous in nature, video can 4 Fieldbus and Networking in Process Automation either be continuous or discrete A TV camera beams a continuous picture; however, the concept of motion is derived by superposing discrete images... the maximum and minimum frequencies contained in a signal is its bandwidth The absolute bandwidth is the difference between the maximum and minimum frequency contained in the spectrum of the signal, while the effective bandwidth refers to the difference between the maximum and minimum frequency in the spectrum in which most spectral energy is contained Bandwidth can either be expressed in Hz or bps... connection techniques, and different fieldbus components and configurations Chapter 18, “Wireless Communication,” discusses different wireless standards, their coexistence issues, and wireless sensor networks WHART and ISA 100.11a—the latest offerings in the wireless arena for networking in process automation and control—are discussed in a threadbare manner in the last two chapters Wireless fieldbuses are... digital in nature, i.e., binary ones and zeroes Analog data includes TVs, radios, and telephone systems In the vast majority of cases, communication is digital in nature, although at the source and at the final user point it is analog in nature A communication system includes a transmitter, a receiver, and a link connecting these two The link can be copper wire, optical fiber, or microwave The link is... place between any two stations at the same time In this mode, transmission of data can take place in either of the two ways: the link may contain two physically separate lines—one for sending and the other for receiving; or else the capacity of the channel is shared between the two signals traveling in either direction 6 Fieldbus and Networking in Process Automation Direction of data Station 1 Station... transmitted one 12 Fieldbus and Networking in Process Automation The last major cause of impairment is noise There are different types of noise, such as induced noise, thermal noise, crosstalk, intermodulation noise, and impulse noise Induced noise comes from operations of industrial motors and electrical appliances Thermal noise occurs owing to random motion of electrons in a wire and is a function