Điều tra tập đoàn cây có khả năng phủ xanh đất trống trên núi đá vôi nhằm bảo vệ môi trường và phát triển bền vững vùng núi đá vôi ở việt nam

ĐẠI H Ọ C Q U Ố C GIA H À N Ộ I T R Ư Ờ N G Đ Ạ• I H Ọ• C K H O A H Ọ• C T Ụ• N H I Ê N — £ BÁO CÁO TỔNG KÉT ĐÈ TÀI TÊN ĐÊ TÀI:“ĐIẼU TRA TẬP ĐỒN CÂY CĨ KHẢ NĂNG PHỦ XANH ĐẤT TRỐNG TRÊN NÚI ĐÁ VÔI NHẢM BẢO VỆ MÔI TRƯỜNG VÀ PHÁT TRIÉN BÊN VŨNG VÙNG NÚI ĐÁ VÔI Ỏ VIỆT NAM” • Đ È TÀ I T R Ọ N G ĐIẾM C Ấ P Đ Ạ Ĩ 1ỈỌC Q U Ó C GIA HÀ NỘI MÃ SỐ: QG TĐ.07.01 CHỦ T R Ì Đ È TÀI: G S.T SK H N G U Y Ề N N G H ĨA TH ÌN H À N Ộ I - 2009 Đ Ạ I T R Ư Ờ N G H Ọ C Đ Ạ I Q U Ố C H Ọ C G IA K H O A H À H Ọ C N Ộ I T ự N H IÊ N _ _ e a BÁO CÁO TỔNG KÉT ĐÈ TÀI TÊN ĐÈ TÀI:“ĐIÈU TRA TẬP ĐỒN CÂY CĨ KHẢ NĂNG PHỦ XANH ĐẤT TRỐNG TRÊN NÚI ĐÁ VÔI NHẰM BẢO VỆ MÔI TRƯỜNG VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN BÈN VỮNG NÚI ĐÁ VÔI Ở VIỆT NAM ’ ĐÈ TÀI TRỌNG ĐIÊM CẤP ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI MÃ SỐ: QGTĐ.07.01 CHỦ TRÌ ĐÈ TÀI: GS.TSKH Nguyễn Nghĩa Thìn CÁC CÁN B ộ THAM GIA: TS Nguyền Trung Thành ThS Nguyễn Kim Thanh CN Nguyễn Thị Hòa KS Nguyễn Thị Hồng Diệp CN Nguyễn Thị Thanh Nga ThS Nguyễn Thị Thu Hương ThS Trương Ngọc Kiểm ThS Vũ Anh Tai CN Nguyễn Anh Đức H À N Ộ I - 0 NHỮNG TỪ VIÉT TẤT BA Diện tích gốc (Basal Area) BTTN Bào tồn thiên nhiên (Nature reserve area) CITES Công ước Quốc tế buôn bán động thực vật hoang dã nguy cấp (Convention of International Trade of Endangered species) DBH Đường kính ngang ngực (Diameter at Breast Height) ĐDSV Đa dạng sinh vật (Biodiversity) GPS Hệ thống định vị toàn cầu (Global Possitioning System) IUCN Hiệp hội bảo tồn thiên nhiên giới (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Nature Resources) IVI Chỉ số dộ quan trọng (Importance Value Index) KBT Khu bảo ton (Conserve area) LSNG Lâm sản gỗ (Non - timber forest product) Nxb Nhà xuất (Publíhỉng House) RĐD Rừng đặc dụng (Specieal used forest) SĐVN Sách đỏ Việt Nam (Red Data Book) UNEP Chương trình mơi trường Liên hợp Quốc (United Nations Enviroment Programme) VQG WWF Vườn quốc gia (National Park) Quỹ quốc tế bảo vệ thiên nhiên (World Wild Fund for Nature) DANH MỤC CÁC HÌNH Hình Lát Sấu Tuyên Quang Hình S â n c h im N in h B ìn h v rừng Tràm núi đá v ô i 22 22 Hình Sưa trồng tuổi Ninh Bình 23 Hình Mơ hình trồng Keo Hịa Bình 23 Hình Mơ hình tái sinh sau chặt trắng 24 Hình Mơ hỉnh trồng Tetradium trichotomum Lour 25 Hình Mơ hình chuối tái sinh sau chặt trắng 26 Hình Dâu da xoan - Spondias lakonensis Pierre tái sinh 27 Hình Dướng - Broussonetiapapyrifera (L.) L.tái sinh 27 Hình 10 Gạo - Bombax malabaricum DC 28 Hình 11 30 Hỉnh 13 Mắc rạc - Delavaya toxocarrpa Franch Mắc mật - Clausena indica (Dalz.) Oliv Mạy puôn - Cephalomappa sinensis (Chun & How) Kosterm Hình 14 Xoan - Me lia azedarach L 31 Hình 15 Rừng Mạy pn thần loại tái sinh 32 Hình 16 Mọ - Deutzianthus tonkinensis Gagnep 32 Hình 17 N g h i ế n - Burettiodendron tonkinense K o ste r m 33 Hỉnh 18 Mắc mật - Clausena indica (Dalz.) Oliv 33 Hình 19 Xoan - Melia azedarach L 36 Hình 20 Xoan + Chè + ăn 36 Hình 21 R n g tre B ắ c C ạn 39 Hình 22 Tre - Bambusa sp Phong Nha 40 Hình 23 Thơi chanh - Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms 40 Hình 24 Vườn Đào - Prunuspersea L Batsch 43 Hình 25 Lai - Aleurites molaccana (L.) Willd 44 Hình 26 Na - Armonci squamata L 46 Hình 27 Ọuất hồng bì dại - Clausena excavata Burm.f 47 Hình 28 S ấ u - D racontom elon duperreanum Pierre 58 Hình 29 Rừng trẩu quà trơn - Vercinia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy Shaw 50 Hình 30 a- Vải - Litchi sinensis Sonn trồng 52 Hình 30 b- Vải - Litchi sinensis Sonn thu hoạch 52 H ìn h 31 Lúa nương - Oryza saviva L 53 Hình 32 Mơ hình trồng hỗn họp Vải + Chuối 54 Hình 33 Mía - Saccharum arundinaceum Retz 54 Hình 12 30 31 Hình 34 Củ dịm - Stephania dielsiana Wu Hình 35 Bách - Stemona tuberosa Lour 55 55 Hình 36 57 Quất hồng bì - Clausena excavata Burm.f Chít - Thysanolema maxima (Roxb.) K u n t z e Hình 38 a, b Sản phẩm Chít Hình 39 Kim giao bắc - Nageiafleuryi (Hickel) de Laub 59 67 H ình 41 76 Hình 37 C â y tái sin h b v ệ tron g th u n g lũ n g 58 Hình 42 Cây tái sinh vách đá 77 Hình 48 78 Mơ hình trồng tổng hợp chân núi đá vôi M ỤC LỤC Báo cáo tóm tất i Summary report iv Đặt vấn đề Chương Tông quan chung 1.1 Hiện trạng núi đá vôi rừng núi đá vôi Việt Nam 1.2 Một số đặc điểm chủ vếu núi đá vôi rừng núi đá Việt Nam 1.3 Quan Điểm vấn đề nghiên cứu tái sinh diễn 1.4 Nghiên cứu xây dựng mơ hình trồng núi đá vôi Chương Đối tượng, mục tiêu, địa điểm, nội dung phương pháp nghiên cứu 10 12 2.1 Đối tượng 12 2.2 Mục tiêu 12 2.3 Địa điểm 12 2.4 Nội dung 12 2.5 Phương pháp nghiên cứu 13 Chương Kết nghiên cứu thảo luận 14 3.1 Danh lục loài tái sinh vùng đất trống núi đá vôi 14 3.2 Các mô hình trồng núi đá vơi 22 3.2.1 Khái quát chung theo khu vực 22 3.2.2 Các mô hình trồng có kết 27 a Các mơ hình trồng lồi gỗ mọc nhanh 27 b Các mơ hình trồng lồi Tre để lấy tre măng 38 c Các mơ hình trồng lồi ăn hay cho dầu 42 b Các mô hình trồng lồi làm thuốc 57 e Các mơ hình trơng lồi neuy câp Bình luận Ket luận kiến nghị Tài liệu tham khảo Phụ lục Đề cương đề tài KHCN Trọng điểm câp' ĐHQGHN Các photo bìa luận văn thạc sĩ bảo vệ Các photo cơng trình công bố Phiếu đăng ký kết nghiên cứu khoa học công nghệ B Á O C Á O T Ó M T Ắ T TÊN ĐÈ TÀI “Điều tra tập đồn có khả phủ xanh đất trống núi đá vôi nhằm bảo vệ môi trường phát triển bền vừng núi đá vôi Việt Nam” MÃ SĨ: QGTĐ.07.01 CHỦ TRÌ ĐÈ TÀI: GS.TSKH Nguyễn Nghĩa Thìn CÁC CÁN B ộ T H A M GIA TS Nguyễn Trung Thành ThS Nguyễn Thị Kim Thanh (NCS) CN Nguyễn Thị Hòa (đã bảo vệ ThS.) KS Nguyễn Thị Hồng Diệp (đã bảo vệ ThS.) CN Nguyễn Thị Thanh Nga (đã bảo vệ ThS.) ThS Nguyễn Thị Thu Hương ThS Trương Ngọc Kiểm ThS Vũ Anh Tài CN Nguyễn Anh Đức MỤC TIÊU NGHIÊN c ứ u - Xây dựng danh lục lồi có khả trồng núi đá vơi - Tìm hiểu mơ hình trồng núi đá có tính khả thi cao NỘI DUNG NGHIÊN c ứ u - Điều tra Sở nông lâm nghiệp, khí tượng nhân dân vùng có mơ hình để chọn điểm nghiên cứu cụ thể - Tiến hành nghiên cứu thực địa, thu thập mẫu thơng tin mơ hình trồng núi đá vôi - Xác định tên xây dựng danh lục - Thống kê, mô tả mơ hình thu thập - Phân tích đánh giá, phân loại lồi mơ hình điều tra - Viết báo cáo CÁC K ÉT QUẢ Đ Ạ T Đ Ư Ợ C 7.1 Kết khoa học đạt đưọc 7.1.1 N hững kết đóng góp: > Thống kê 194 lồi có khả tái sinh núi đá vôi > Tập hợp 72 mơ hình trồng núi đá vôi Việt Nam C c c n g trìn h k h o a h ọc đ ã c ô n g bố: 10 báo đăng gồm đăng nước, đăng Côn Minh (Trung Quốc), nhận đăng Quảng Châu (Trung Quốc) báo cáo nhận đăng Kỷ yếu Hội thảo Quốc tế lần thứ Việt Nam học > bải báo đăng sau: 1) Nguyen Nghia Thin, Nguyen Trung Thanh, Nguyen Anh Duc, Vu Anh Tai, 2007 Types o f vegetation in Khau Ca Naturre Reserrve, Ha Giang J Agr & Rural develop., 8/2007: 51-54 2) Nguyen Nghia Thin, Nguyen Truna Thanh, Nguyen Anh Due, Vu Anh Tai, 2007 Diversity o f plant resources at the Khau Ca Nature Reserve, Ha Giang Province J Sci VNU, 23 (IS): 6-11 3) Cao Thi Hoi Xuan, Nguyen Nghia Thin, Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh, 2007 Results of investigation of medicinal plants of local people in Cat Ba National Park For Sci J., 2-2007: 332-336 4) Vu Van Son, Nguyen Nghia Thin, Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh, 2007 Diversity of madicinal resources in Ba Vi National Park For Sci J., 1-2007: 265-271 5) Nguyen Nghia Thin, Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh, 2007 Status o f vegetation of Trung Khanh Nature Reserve, Cao Bang province J Agr & Rural develop., 10+11: 68-71 6) Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh, Nguyen Nghia Thin, 2008 Mallotus cordatifolius and Mallotus apelta var kwangsienssis, new records o f euphorbiaceae for Vietnam, Sci J VNU, Vol 24, No 2S:293-297 7) Tran Xuan Cuong, Nguyen Thanh Nhan, Nguyen Nghia Thin, Hua Zhu, 2008, Floristic Characteristic o f Pu Mat National Park, Nghe An Province, Central Vietnam, Guihaia (5): 620-626 (China) > báo nhân đăng 8) Nguyen Nghia Thin, Neuyen Thi Kim Thanh, Nguyen thi Thanh Nga, 2007, Status and restoration of vegetation on open limstone lands by cultivation of native plants to ensure living habitat and food source to Caovit Gibbon {Namascus nasutus nasutus) at the Trung Khanh Nature Reserve , Journal o f Tropical and subtropical Botany, China (in Press) 9) Nguyen N^hia thin, 2008, Biodiversity in Vietnam and conservation, Proceedings o f the 3' International Symposium on Vietnam (in Press) 10) Nguyen Nghia Thin, Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh, 2008, On conservation of vegetation on open limestone lands by cultivation o f native plants to ensure living habitat to anim al and to im prove an environm ent at the C ao B an g p rovin ce, V ietnam , P r o c e e d in g s o f th e 'd In te r n a tio n a l S y m p o s iu m o n V ietn a m (in Press) 7.2 K ế t q u ả p h ụ c - Đ e tài lần v ụ th ự c tiễn : đầu m m ột hư ớng m ới đưa khoa h ọc gắn liền với thực tiễn - N h ữ n g số liệu thu sở giúp ch o lâm sinh v iệ c g iố n g nhằm lựa ch ọn cá c phủ xanh đất trống núi đá vô i chọn 7.3 K ế t q u ả đ o tạ o : - Đ ã đào tạo 03 thạc sỹ bảo vệ: N g u y ễn Thị H òa, N g u y ễ n Thanh N ga, N gu yễn Thị H o n e D iệ p - B c đầu tạo đ iều kiện ch o nghiên cứu sinh: N g u y ễ n Thị K im Thanh thu thập số liệu p hục v ụ c h o luận án m ình cơng bổ lồi cho V iệt N am 7.4 K ế t q u ả n â n g c a o tiềm lự c k h o a học: - Q ua đề tài rèn luyện cho Thầy Trò sát v i thực tiễn qua nâng cao nhận thứ c kh oa học phải gắn liền với thực tiễn m ang lại điều thú v ị, m m ột tầm nhìn m ới, m ột hư ớng m ới - B c đầu g iú p ch o v iệ c tìm hiểu kinh n gh iệm ngư ời dân cu ộc đấu tranh v i th iên nhiên trí sáng tạo họ T ÍN H H ÌN H K I N H P H i C Ù A Đ Ê T A I - Đ ề tài thực h iện thời hạn đăng ký 24 tháng - K inh phí đ ợ c cấp năm 0 0 0 0 đồng, đến nhận toán đầy đủ v i Ban K ế hoạch - Tài chính, Đ i học Q u ốc gia H N ộ i K H O A Q U Ả N LÝ CHỦ TRÌ ĐÈ TÀI P G S T S P h a n T u ấ n N g h ĩa G S T S K H N g u y ễ n N g h ĩa T h ìn T R Ư Ờ N G Đ Ạ• I H Ọ• C K H O A H Ọ• C T ự• N H IÊ N U c X » H Ó Hiệu I R Ư Ỏ N G IU v c r s ií y o f s p e c ie s Based on available data o f flora o f Nguyen Nghia Thin, 1997 - 2008, Phan Ke Loc, 1998 and especially updated data o f Nguyen Tien Ban et al (2003, 2005) and fauna o f Le Vu Khoi (2000), Dang Huy Huynh et al (1994), Nguyen Cu et al (2000), 28,682 species o f the flora and the fauna o f Vietnam were listed On flora: The flora o f Vietnam has 19,357 species including 600 species o f Fungi, 368 species o f Cyanophyta, 2176 species o f Alỗae, 793 species o f Bryophyta, species o f Psilotophyta, 57 species o f Lycopodiophyta, species o f Equisetophyta, 691 species o f Polypodiophyta, 69 species o f Pinophyta and 13.000 species o f Magnoliophyta On fauna: 9.325 species were listed including: 5.500 species o f Insect, 2.470 o f Fish, 828 species o f Bird, 80 species o f Am phibian, 180 species o f Reptile and 295 species o f Mammal On Fauna only from 1992 to 1999, new species o f mamal including species o f big mama! and species o f small mamal, new species o f bird, some new species o f reptile and amphibian were discovered in Vietnam From 1998 to 2007, 50 new species o f Interbrate and Fish o f fresh water and many new species o f Interbrate in land and Insect were described for science On flora from 1993 to 2002: 1/ 265 new taxa for science were discovered and described for science including 13 genera, 222 species and 30 inférieur species; 2/ 91 new taxa for Vietnam flora were discovered including families, 19 genera, 70 species 3/ Only the fam ily o f Orchidaceae, 65 new taxa (3 genera and 62 species) for science and 38 new taxa (4 genera and 34 species) for Vietnam were discovered and described 4/ For Pinophyta, new genus, new species for science and new genera and 12 new species for V iet were discovered and described (Jacinto Regalado et al, 2003) iầ ĩv i* im s it y o f w g p iu iio ti Based on the classification system o f vegetation type on Vietnamese tropical forests by UNESCO (1973), the vegetation o f Vietnam can be divided into classes o f form ation, 15 subclasses o f formation, 32 groups o f form ation and 77 formations o f plants (Table 2) 1/The first Class: Dense fo rest including: Subclass I : evergreen forest, Subclass 2: deciduous fo rest and Subclass 3: dry forest; 2/The second Class: Open fo re st including Subclass Ỉ : evergreen open forest; Subclass 2: deciduous broad-leaved woodland and Subclass 3: XerophiIons open fo rest 3/The third Class: shrubby savannas - Scrub including Subclass : Evergreen srhubby savannas, Subclass 2: D eciduous srhubby savannas and Subclass 3: Xerophilous savannas; 4/The fourth Class: G rassland including Subclass J : High gramineous, Subclass 2: M edium gram ineous grassland, Subclass 3: Low gram ineous grassland, Subclass 4: non-gram ineous grassland and Subclass 5: aquatic fo r est-water vegetation C a u s e s o f d é g r a d a t io n o f b io d i v e r s i t y i l l V ie tn a m D ir e c t c a u se s Change o f use o f land - E nlargem ent o f area f o r p la n tin g o f agricultural a n d industrical pla n ts a n d a qu acu lture The land occupation fo r planting o f agricultural and industrical plants and aquaculture are increasing and caused m ostly by the poor and free im m igration people The mangrove forests in Ca Mau, Kien Giang and other provices are destroyed to make the pond or lake for shrimps cultivating by the local people The older forest areas in Tay Nguyen, and in Nam Bo have been cut down to cultivate Coffee, Hevea, Piper plantation - Infra stru ctu re developm ent The said infrastructure development is in lack o f science and planning thus causing strong impact on biodiversity For example, construction o f traffic lines through the immense forests, road through Dong Thap M uoi area, connecting Ha Tien w ith Ca Mau; establishing power line o f 500 Kv, Ho Chi M inh Way, etc must or less makes it lose the continuity o f the region causing interference and destruction o f natural environment For only reservoirs constructed every year w ill destroy thousands o f hectares o f forests O ve r-e xp lo ita tio n o f resources o f b io d ive rsity - Timber: During the period o f 1986-1991, average exploited tim ber volume was 3.5 m illio n m3 o f timber per year; during the period o f 1992-1996, this figure was 1.5 m illio n m3 o f tim ber per year; Since 1997, some 0.35 m illio n n r o f tim ber per year is cut down under the natural forest plan o f Vietnam Illegal timber exploitation takes place in many regions, even in Protection forests, Specialized Forests, thus make the forest resources exhausted rapidly The main cause o f seriously illegal tim ber exploitation w ilh uncontrollable capacity is from the local need and export which further increase w hile tim ber resource reduces - E xploiting a n d trading non-tim b er fo r e s t products (including anim al) In Vietnam forest, there are some 4000 pieces belong to non-timber groups namely rattan, bamboo and medicine plants, many other pieces are exploited for construction material, fine-art handicraft products, medicines and exports Especially in the w ild animals, about 70 bird pieces, animals, reptiles are often exploited for different purposes These activities cause the thread o f extinct for Grey Cow, Tiger, Rhino, etc - Exploiting fire w o o d Firewood exploitation takes place in wide scale and it is uncontrollable This is a great thread to biodiversity The power need from firewood accounts for 75% out o f total o f country’s power It is estimated that 22 - 23 m illio n tone o f firewood is exploited every year from the natural forests (RW EDP General research o f firew ood fuel) Before 1995, about 21 m illio n tone o f firew ood was exploited every year fo r fam ily need, the firew ood is as big as exported tim ber volume every year Besides, it remains the firewood for the charcoal E xploiting firewood and charcoal for selling is an indispensable jo b o f local people in various regions - E xploiting Fish a n d sea p roducts In many places, the destructive methods o f fishing still remain by using mine, reactant, electricity, even using cyanur Pearl oysters disappear from many sea areas o f Vietnam Unfortunately, these activities continue to grow, despite a fact that five-spot herring species, four spieces o f lobster and tw o spieces o f aba lone were listed in the Red Data Book Vietnam Coral system in general is in bad condition and a number o f evidences show that these are areas w ith serious damage Some o f coral areas are destroyed due to main cause o f fish-catching methods with extirpating scale A ll such unselected methods o f fishing shall k ill or make all pieces frightened A cclim atized species o f anim als and plants In a number o f localities, the newly introduced plants and animans which have improved productivity account for 70-80% o f the structure o f cultivated crops However, that introducing uncontrollably new plants is potentially dangerous making the domestic plants fa llin g into oblivion This may be exampled by the disappearance o f some varieties o f traditional Vietnamese rice Presence o f edible gold snail and swamp mimosa which sometimes turn out a harmful epidemic for crops It unveiled the weakness and poor knowledge o f the managers Such the imported plants as eucalyptus may have some advantages o f high adaptability, growth and productivity but they are not supportive for the biodiversity and w ild lives Forest fire Forest fire seriously threatens the biodiversity In Vietnam, there is about m illio n hectare (making o f 56%) o f fire high-risk forest (Pham Binh Quyen and Nguyen N ghia Thin, 1997) There are annually on average 6, 000 o f forest on fire nationwide (from W92-2002) Mekong delta, central highland and northwest are the areas w ith most forests on fire According to Nguyen Ngoe Binh (2005) 15,548 o f fired forest in 2002, 4,044 in 2003, 4,294 in 2004, 7,350 in 2006, 2,028 in 2006 and only first month o f 2007 thre are 8,219 fired forest areas Polluted e n viro n m e n t and change o f clim ate The environment o f water, land and air are polluted by the human action such as industrialization process, exploitation o f natural resources, development o f the rural craft villages, industrial waste and life waste caused by vehicles and use o f chemicals for industrial purposes etc w hich are the direct cause o f degrading biodiversity in d ir e c t c a u se s Population g ro w th and m ig tio n Population growth rate o f Vietnam has posed its policy makers great challenges in terms o f natural resources, environment and biodiversity Over the last 10 years (from 1989-1999), the population growth rate o f Vietnam was 1.7% per year W hile the population growth rate is still high, the resources o f land, water and other natural resources tend to decrease Beside planned emigration, there have been unplanned movements o f people from Northern provinces and Central provinces to Southern provinces especially to far south central provinces and central highland This caused impact on the regional biodiversity Poverty and hunger and m a rk e t economy Vietnam is ranked among the poorest countries in the w orld w ith 80% residents liv in g in the rural areas Economic activities are m ainly agricultural, forestry and fishery People’ s liv in g standard is still low The relation between poverty reduction and environment protection and market-economic development is causal As a result, poverty reduction is one the development objective, and a condition for environment protection Market-economic policy profoundly affects biodiversity in a large scale, affects natural resource development and environment quality Together w ith economic development policy in the market mechanism, these impacts shall cause the destruction o f biodiversity as unavoidable reason Management and effect o f law on enviro n m e nt Managment o f biodiversity is not united from the State Government to Local Government and National Parks or Nature Reserves In terms o f State’ s management, forestry controlling force is not strong enough and incentive policies and laws are still lim ited, equipment is poor, investigation to Conservation is still limited O il c o n s e r v a t io n The leading important task is to classify the categories in the conserved areas Classification o f Conserved Areas System must be based on principles as follows: - Scientific principle Classification criteria o f Vietnam Conserved areas system include four categories needed protecting: > Typical and representative ecological system o f Vietnam > Flora and fauna threatened in the country and in the globe > Specific habitats for threatened or endemic flora and fauna > Natural landscapes w ith aesthetic, ecological or cultural values and w ith high biodiversity - Legal principle: A system o f Conserved areas must be based on the laws and policies on the environment and natural conserved areas o f Vietnam Government - Practical principle: Classification o f conserved areas is only based on power o f management and basic data o f Vietnam - Co-operation p rinciple: Classification system o f conserved areas in Vietnam is only based on classification system o f IUCN in 1994 but w ill be amended in conform ity w ith requirements o f Vietnam - C om m unity-benejit principle: The classification system o f Conserved areas must be involved and supported by community o f local people livin g inside and surrounding the conserved areas The lack o f com m unity’s participation shall not make the task successful On these bases, the Vietnam Government decided to establish system o f Conserved Areas w ith 30 National Parks, 48 Nature Reserves, 11 Conserved Species/Bio-habitat Areas and 16 Species/Habitat Conserved Areas and 39 Conservaed Landscape Areas occuping 7.6% o f total area o f country In 2008 this system o f Conserved Areas w ill be enlarged and developed w ith 30 National Parks, 68 Nature Reserves including 52 Natural Conserved Areas and 16 Species/Habitat Conserved Areas and 19 Conservaed Forest Landscape Areas (table 1) Besides, areas were became the world heritages: Halong Bay, Phong Nha-Ke Bang, Asian heritages: Ba Be NP (Bac Can), Hoang Lien NP (Lao Cai), Chu M om Ray NP (Kon Turn) and Kon Ka K inh NP (Gia Lai), Ramsar: Xuan Thuy NP (Nam D inh) and Bau Sau (Cat Tien NP, Dong Nai) and sinh quyen: Can Gio (C ity Ho Chi M inh), Cat Tien NP (Đong Nai, Lam Đong, Binh Phuoc), Cat Ba (Hai Phong C ity), Waterland along seasides o f plain o f Hong river (Nam Dinh, Thai Binh), Nghe An West (Nghe An) and Kien Giang (Kien Giang) T able Conserved areas in V ietnam ju s t established and enlarged Names o f Reserve Areas Number Present areas (Ha) Enlarged areas to 2020 (Ha) 1172927 Parks 30 109145 Natural Conserved areas 1039160 1453837 2.1 2.2 Nlirai C onserved areas Species/habitat conserved areas 68 52 16 992416 46744 Ỉ 353644 100193 Conserved forest lanscape areas 19 154540 154540 T able A classification o f vegetation o f V ietnam a fte r U N ESC O (1973) A Formation class 1: Dense forest This group includes main subclasses: Evergreen, deciduous and dry forest Subclass: Evergreen forest It consists o f form ation groups a Formation group: Tropical rain evergreen forest It consists o f formation This formation is m ainly distributed on low land in the Central Vietnam b Formation group: Tropical monsoon evergreen forest It consists o f 12 main types depending on altitude and solid types - Low land forest - Low montane forest - M edium montane forest - Low limestone forest - M edium limestone forest - Seaside sand forest - A llu via l forest - Swamp forest - Mangrove forest - Pinus forest at low mountains - Bamboo forest at low mountains c Formation group: Tropical semi-deciduous forest It consists o f types - Tropical semi-deciduous forest at low land - Tropical semi-deciduous forest at low hills - Tropical semi-deciduous forest at low limestone mountains - Tropical semi-deciduous forest at medium limestone mountains Subclass: Tropical deciduous forest Alm ost trees are deciduous in dry seasons Subclass: Tropical dry forest It contains deciduous xerophilous trees and consists o f two formations: a Formation group: Tropical xerophilous hard leaved forest b Formation group: Thorn forest w ith types: hemidevergreen and deciduous forest B Formation class 2: Open forest It consists o f subclasses o f form ation Subclass: Evergreen open forest a Formation group: Tropical evergreen broad-leaved open forest (woodland) - Low land forest - Low mountain forest b Formation group: Tropical pine forest Subclass: Deciduous broad-leaved submontane and low land woodland Subclass: Xerophilous open forest a Formation group: Xerophilous hard leaved open forest b Formation group: Thorn open forest - Thom hemi evergreen open forest - Thom evergreen open forest c Formation class 3: Shrubby savannas = Scrub This is secondary vegetation It consists o f subclasses Subclass: Evergreen shrubby savannas = Evergreen scrub: a Formation group: Tropical evergreen broaded leaved scrub - Shrubby savannas on non-lim e land - Shrubby savannas on limestone land - Shrubby savannas at limestone summit - Shrubby savannas on sand at seaside - Shrubby savannas on alluvium - Shrubby savannas on swamps b Form ation group: Tropical semi-deciduous shrubby savannas - Semi-deciduous shrubby savannas on non-lim e land - Semi-deciduous shrubby savannas on limestone land Subclass: Deciduous shrubby savannas a Form ation group: Tropical deciduous shrubby savannas on non-lim e land - Deciduous shrubby savannas w ithout trees - Deciduous shrubby savannas w ith scattered trees b Form ation group: Tropical deciduous shrubby savannas on limestone land - Deciduous shrubby savannas w ithout trees - Deciduous shrubby savannas w ith scattered trees Subclass: Xerophilous savannas a Formation group: Xerophilous waterlogged evergreen savannas This is a type found on dry sand along seaside b Formation group: Xerophilous thorn shrubby savannas - Hemi-evergreen xerophilous thorn shrubby savannas - Deciduous xerophilous thorn shrubby savannas D Formation class 4: Grassland This is a secondary vegetation w ith subclasses Subclass: H igh gramineous grassland a Form ation group: Tropical high gramineous grassland w ith the cover more than 50% and the cover o f trees from 10-40% - Xerophilous grassland - H ygrophilous grassland b Form ation group: Tropical high gramineous grassland w ith the cover less than 10% and with or without trees c Form ation group: Tropical high gramineous grassland w ith shrubs w ithout trees - Xerophilous grassland - H ygrophilous grassland d Formation group: Tropical high gramineous grassland w ith palus - Xerophilous grassland - H ygrophilous grassland e Formation group: Tropical high gramineous grassland w ithout shrubs and trees - Xerophilous grassland - H ygrophilous grassland Subclass: M edium gramineous grassland a Formation group: Tropical m edium gramineous grassland w ith trees cover from 10-40% with or without shrubs - Xerophilous grassland - H ygrophilous grassland b Formation group: Tropical m edium gramineous grassland w ith tree's cover less than 10% with or without shrubs - Xerophilous grassland - H ygrophilous grassland c Formation group: T ropical m edium gramineous grassland w ith shrubs w ithout trees - Xerophilous grassland - H ygrophilous grassland d Formation group: T ropical m edium gramineous grassland w ithout shrubs and trees - Xerophilous grassland - H ygrophilous grassland - A quatic grassland Subclass: Low gramineous grassland: < 0.5m including the inflorescence a Formation group: Tropical low gramineous grassland with shrubs without trees - Xerophilous grassland - Aquatic grassland b Formation group: Tropical low gramineous grassland without shrubs and trees - Xerophilous grassland - Mesophytes grassland - Aquatic grassland Subclass: Non- gramineous grassland = Forb- gramineous grassland a Formation group: Tropical non- gramineous grassland - Angiosperm and fern grassland - Annual non- gramineous grassland b Formation group: Tropical non- gramineous grassland less than lm - Long day non- gramineous grassland - Annual non- gramineous grassland Subclass: Aquatic forest-water vegetation a Formation group:Aquatic rooted vegetation • Acknow legm ents The pa p er was com pleted with support by the Basic scientific program m e C ode: 090.06 cind by the Key topic o f scientific research o f the Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Code: Q G TD -07.0Ỉ R e fe re n c e s Dang Ngoc Can & al, 2008 List o f w ild mamal species in Vietnam Publ House, Primate Research Institute, K yoto U niversity, Inuyama, Japan; Slorakadoh Book Sellers, Kyoto, Japan Nguyen Tien Ban & al 2001, 2003, 2005 An update list o f plant species in Vietnam , V ol 1-3 Agr Publ House, Ha Noi Ken D H ill, Hiep T Nguyen, Phan K Loc, 2004 The genus Cycas (Cycadaceae) in Vietnam The New York Botanical Garden, U.S.A Leonid Averianov, P hillip Cribb, Loc Phan Ke, Hiep T Nguyen, 2004 Lan Hai Viet nam Transp Publ House, Ha Noi Nguyen Cu, Nguyen Trong Trai, Karen Phillipps, 2000 Birds o f Vietnam Labour Publ House, Ha Noi Nguyen Nghia Thin, 1981 The vegetation o f Cue Phuong National Park SIDA 17(4): 719-759 Nguyen Nghia Thin, 1997 Status o f botanical research in Vietnam w ith special reference Proceedings of NSCT o f Vietnam , (l):7 -8 Nguyen Nghia Thin, 2005 Biodiversity and resources o f plant genetics HN Ư Publ House, Ha Noi Nguyen Nghia Thin, 2008 Flora and species diversity, ed H N U Publ House, Ha Noi Roy Osborne, Keu D H ill, Hiep T Nguyen, Loc Phan Ke, 2007 Cycas o f Vietnam Published by Roy Orborne and B Wynand van Eeden Đ a d n g s i n h h ọ c ỏ V iê Ẻ N a m v ả v ấ n đ ề b ả o t ổ n GS.TSKH Nguyền Nghĩa Thin Bộ môn Thực vật, Khoa Sinh học Trường Đ H K H T N - Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội Thảm thực vật V iệ t nam nằm vùng nhiệt đới gió mùa đa dạng gồm có lớp quần hệ, 15 phân lớp quần hệ, 32 nhóm quần hệ 77 quần hệ: Lớp quần hộ thứ 1- Rừng rậm gồm có Phân lớp: Rừng thường xanh, Rừng rụng Rừng khô; Lớp thứ - Rừng thưa gồm Phân lớp: Rừng thưa thường xanh, Rừng rụng Rừng ưa khô; Lớp thứ - Trảng bụi gồm Phân lớp: Trảng thường xanh, Trảiig rụng lá, Trảng ưa khô Lớp thứ - Trảng cỏ gồm Phân lớp: Trảng cò cao; Phân lớp Trảng cỏ trung bình Trảng cị thấp, Trảng cị khơng dạng lúa, thảm thực vật ngập nước Sự đa dạng thảm thực vật sở đa dạng hệ sinh vật toàn lãnh thổ V iệt Nam Cho đến kiểm kẽ có tới 28.682 lồi sinh vặt bao gồm: Vê thực vật: hệ thực vật V iêt Nam có 19.357 lồi 2200 lồi Nấm (Fungi), 368 loài Tảo Lam (Cyanophyta), 2176 loài Tảo (Algae), 793 lồi Rêu (Bryophyta), lồi Khuyết thơng (Psilotophyta), 57 lồi Thơng đất (Lycopodiophyta), lồi Thân đốt (Cỏ tháp bút - Equisetophyta), 691 loài Dương xỉ (Polypodiophyta), 69 loài Hạt trần (Pinophyta) 13.000 lồi Hạt kín (Magnoliophyta) Vé động vật: Theo thống kê m ới hệ động vật Việt Nam 9.325 lồi bao gồm:5.500 lồi Cơn trùng (Insect), 2.470 loài Cá (Fish), 800 loài Chim (Bird), 80 lồi Lưỡng cư (Am phibian), 180 lồi Bị sát (Reptile) 295 loài thú (Mamm al) Bái báo dã để cập tới nguyên nhân gây suy thoái đa dạng sinh học giải pháp bảo tồn T khóa: Việt N am , Bdo tơ n , Bảo tồn thiên n h iê n , Vườn Q uốc gia, T hấm thực vật , H ệ thực vật On restoration o f vegetation on open limestone lands by cultivation o f native plants to ensure living habitat to anim al and to improve an environm ent at the Cao Bang Province, Vietnam Nguyen Nghia Thin, Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh, Faculty o f Biology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi Abstract In order to ensure living habitat to animal in particular and to improve an environment at the Cao Bang province in genera!, 22 native species o f plant which are fa st growing, multipurpose and living on limestone mountains were selected and introduced fo r planing on open- land areas o f limestone mountains Ten species o f Angiosperm ae icluding species o f Dicotynledoneae: Bom bax ceiba L.(Bombacaceace), Chukrasia tabularis A.Juss (M eliaceae), Delavaya toxocarpa Franch (Sapindaceae), Machilus odoratissima Nees (Lauraceae), Neocinnatnomum caudatam Merr (N yunnanensis H L io u j (Lauraceae), Toona sinensis Roem (Meliaceae), Zenia ins ignis Chun (Caesalpiniaceae) and species o f M onocotyledoneae: Bam busa blum eana J.A & z H Schultes, Bambusa sinospinosa Roxb., Dendrocalamus fa rin o su s Chia & H.L Liang, were chosen and planted with goo d result Beside species p la n ted succesfully at the Cao Bang Province as introduced above, 12 native species regenerated on lim stone o f TKNR were also introduced fo r restoration o f open limestone areas They include species as follow s: A leurites m oluccana (L.) W illdenow, Cephalom appa sinensis (Chun & How) Kosterm., Deutzicmthus tonkinensis Gagnep., Ostodes paniculata Blume, Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) A iry Shaw (Euphorbiaceae); Broussonetia papyrifera (L ) L.Hér ex Vent., Ficus glaberrim a Blume (Moraceae); C hoerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt & A w H ill, D racontom elon duperreanum Pierre, Pistacia weinm annifolia J Poisson ex Franch., Spondias lakonensis Pierre (Anacardiaceae) and Parashorea chinensis H Wang (Dipterocarpaceae) Key words: native species, multipurpose species, habitat, environment, Cao Bang province In tro d u ctio n Cao Bang province belongs to South Chinese flo ristic Province o f Indochinese flo ristic Region o f Indomalesian Subkingdom o f Paieotropic Realm and lies on the center o f this province This region lies in the extreme northeast o f Vietnam near the Chinese border The distinctive landscape o f this area is characterized by extensive ancient, solid, m arble-like, highly eroded limestone hills and ridges, mainly o f late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic age These limestone mountains have numerous vertical c liffs and very steep slopes w hile lowland areas lost prim ary vegetation Cao Bang is a mountainous province in the Vietnam w ith a total area o f 844,500 ha, forest land makes up 64% o f the area, equivalent to 540,600 ha, o f which 98,500 is covered by forest, making up 18% o f the forest land area Cao Bang is one o f the provinces w ith the largest limestone area in the country, o f which forest covers an area o f 6,800 ha, making up only 3% o f the total mountain area (Nguyen Huy Phon, Nguyen Huy Dzung, Vu Van Dzung, 2002) Faced with damaged forest, liv in g standard o f local people in limestone area is low; demand not only for products o f forest plants and aminals but also water for drinking and cultivating o f people local is increasing and w hile the regeneration o f limestone mountainous forest was very different and slow, a selecting and planting fast-growing plants on open limestone lands is necessary and urgent Furthermore, the Trung Khanh forest is a Natural Reserve for Caovit gibbon - one endemic species o f Vietnam and also o f the world, a planting plants on open limestone lands in order to ensure livin g habitat and food source to Caovit gibbon (Nomascus nasutus nasutus), is also very urgent O b jective and M ethods o f research • Objective o f our study is 1/ collection o f inform ation o f experiences o f local people in planting plants on open limestone area and 2/ observation and assessment o f capacity o f regeneration o f • w ild plant species on limestone area for petition to study and cover on open limestone area in the future Methods: * In order to collection o f experiences o f the local people, an interview o f local people and forestry organization were applied * In order to choose plant species which are capable to develop on limestone area, observation on the field and collection o f all specimens were applied * Identification and description o f collected specimens were made A ll specimens were preserved at the Herbarium o f Hanoi U niversity o f Science, Vietnam (H N U ) X The required standards for plant species for selection were shown: 1/ adaptability for limestone soil, 2/ fast-growing, 3/ large canopy and 4/ multipurpose Results and discussions Inform ation o f on the patterns o f planting plant on limestone mountains at the Cao Bang province were collected, analysed and assessed Ten important species o f plant which were planted on limestone mountains at the Cao Bang province were chosen and assessed w ith good development for propagation O f them, species o f Dicotyledoneae o f Angiospermae: Bombax ceiba L.(Bombacaceace), Chukrasia tabularis A.Juss (Meliaceae), D elavaya toxocarpa Franch (Sapindaceae), M achilus odoratissim a Nees (Lauraceae), Neocinnam om m n caudatum Merr (N yunnanensis H L iou) (Lauraceae), Toona sinensis Roem (Meliaceae) and Zenia insignis Chun (Caesalpiniaceae), and species o f Monocotyledoneae o f Angiospermae: Bam busa blum eana J.A & z H Schultes, Banibusa sinospinosa Roxb and Denclrocalamus fa rin o su s Chia & H L.Liang In addition, based on our observation on the field and the required standards for plant species for selection, tw elve native species were introduced fo r study and planting in the future: 3.1 Ten species were successfully planted at the Cao Bang Province 3.1.1 B om bax ceiba L., L , Sp PI 511 1753 ( Bombacaceace) D escription : Deciduous big trees, up to 25 m ta ll, diameter o f 60 - 80 cm Trunk straight with buttresses at the base, bark grey, covered with large spines Branches stout, horizontal Leaves palmately compound, alternate Flowers solitary and terminate, red ca 10 cm in diam Staminal tube short, outer cycle stamens numerous in fascicles, central 10 stamens shorter Capsule oblong Distribution, ecology, uses: Distributed in dry and hot river valleys or savanna in Australia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Philippines, Sri Lanka, southern China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Taiwan), ỉn Vietnam, sparsely found in natural forest at altitudes under 1,000 m asl or planted around villages and along roads o f delta and mountainous areas Suitable for grow ing on dry sandy soil, w ith deep, thick layers In suitable conditions, Bombax can grow very quickly A 12 year - old tree has a diameter o f 20 - 30 cm Can be propagated by seeds or branches Resistant to drought and fire Flowers in February - March, fru it in M ay - June Tim ber large, wood soft and white, not resistant to termites, can be used to make boxes, containers, match boxes, wooden shoes and coffins Bark and flowers can be used as a medicine, the floss is used as stuffing in cushions and pillows In Phuc Sen, Bom bax is planted in Tinh Dong hamlet, in the garden o f M r Nen These trees have a diameter o f over 60 cm Bombax can be planted at the foot o f limestone mountains, or along roads as ornamental and shade tree and fo r providing timber fo r local people 3.1.2 C hukrasia tabularis A.Juss B ull Sci Nat G* 23: 241 1830 (M eliaceae) D escription : An large evergreen tree, 20 - 30 m high, diameter o f 40 - 80 cm Trunk straight, lately branched, base w ith small buttresses, bark black brown, longitudinally split, inner bark pink, easily peeled o ff into many thin layers Laeves paripennate compound, alternate Inflorescence is a panicle term inally Flowers yellow ish Fruit a capsule Seed small, winged Distribution, e c o lo g y u se s: Distributed in mixed broadleaf evergreen and deciduous forests or sparse forests in h illy regions 300—1600 m in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and many other Southeast Asia countries : China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, s Guizhou, Hainan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri- Lanka, Thailand; Indian Ocean Islands] In Vietnam, previously distributed in most northern provinces, but now in many provinces, there does not remain any c tabularis growing in the w ild Flowers in March - A p ril, fruit in November - December The tim ber is valuable for m aking furniture, plywood, carving planks, and woodw ork in railway carriages A yellow transparent gum is obtained the sap, an the astringent bark is medicinal The tree grow sparsely in evergreen forests at 100 -800 m asl, but m ostly 300 - 700 m asl Light demanding when mature, but shade - demanding when young It often grows in valleys, on slopes o f the peak o f soil and limestone mountains It should be planted in places w ith annual rainfall o f 900 m A year - old tree can be 2.5 - 3.5 m high, and 3.8 cm in diameter Trees planted in Cao Bang, Lang Son, Nghe An, Quang Binh have a diameter increment o f cm/year Planting techniques: in late November or early December, fruits are collected, dried in shady places or sun light to take the seeds Grown on well - drained land Seeds can be germinated in spring when it drizzles It is possible to germinate directly or indirectly in a nursery to plant them in spring They are p la n te d as s e e d lin g s , w it h b a re r o o ts a n d h ig h g r o w th te s T h e p la n t in g d e n s ity is X ( 6 tre e s /h a ) Thinning is carried out every six years 3.1 D elavaya toxocarpa Franch in B ull Soc France 33: 462 1886 (Sapindaceae) Description : Shrubs or small trees, "8 m, bark brownish red; branches slightly grooved, glabrous Leaves pennate, leaflets th in ly coriaceous Inflorescences slender and sparce flowered Petels white or pink Capsules roal purple Distribution, ecology, uses: In dense forest, 500 -2 00 m in China (Guangxi and Yunnan), and northern Vietnam In Vietnam , it can be seen in Ha Giang, Tuyen Quang, Cao Bang and Lang Son provinces They often grow in dense broadleaved evergreen forests on limestone mountains, at altitudes o f 300 - 1500 m asl, w ith a tropical or subtropical climate, rainfall o f 1500 - 2000 mm Fast - growing tree, seed and coppice - regeneration are very good, however seeds contain o il and are hence, d iffic u lt to keep for a long time FI Apr; Fr Aug September - October is the time to collect ripe seeds for immediate germination It is advisable to dig holes and put seeds into them so as to protect them from being eaten by small animals 3.1.4 M a c It i l u s o d o r a t i s s i m a Nees (Lau raceae) D escription : Large evergreen tree, 20 - 30 m high, 40 - 60 cm in diameter, trunk straight, crown round, bark greynish w hite w ith numerous lenticels Inner bark - mm thick yellow ish aromatic Leaves simple, alternate Inflorescence is a panicle Flowers yellow ish, bisexual Fruit globose, calyx persistent an excurved Distribution, ecologyf, uses: Distributed in China, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and India In Vietnam seen in Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Cao Bang, Lang Son, Bac Can, Thai Nguyen, Vinh Phu, Quang N inh, Ha Nam, Ninh Binh, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An and Tay Nguyen provinces Grow in both prim ary and secondary forests, on both soil mountains and limestone mountains This species is often mixed w ith other species such as Canarium album, O rm osia balansae, Caesalpinia sappan and Pelthophorum ferrugineum Light demanding tree, grows on wet, thick w ell - drained soil Fast growing, annual increment about cm in diameter Natural and coppice regeneration are good Flowers blossom in M ay - June, fruits ripen on October - December Wood w ith distinct sapwood and heartwood: heartwood yellow ish, sapwood wide, easy to work, durable, resistant to termites, often used in furniture making and construction Bark aromatic, often used to make incense This species has just been planted experimentally Local people often plant them near their house It is necessary to have a close look at it in order to develop this precious tree species 3.1.5 Neocinnamomum caudatum (Nees) Merr in Contr Am Arb 8: 64 1934 (Lauraceae) D escription : An evergreen tree, - m high, w ith a diameter o f 25 - 40 cm, trunk straight, branched early Bark whitish grey, inner bark light yellow , aromatic Leaves simple, alternate Inflorescence is paniculate, terminal Fruit ovoid w ith sepals persistent Distribution, ecology, uses: The species is distributed in c to s Yunnan, s w Guangxi, and s w Guizhou Also distributed in India, Nepal, Sikkim , Myanmar In Vietnam , it can only be found in Cao Bang province, in Quang Hoa and Tra Linh districts Trees grow at altitudes o f 500 - 1,800 m asl, but mostly at 500 - 1,000 m asl L ig ht - demanding and medium - grow ing tree Flowers in July - October, fruits in October - February Annually, it provides a lot o f seed Seed and coppice regeneration are good Grows strongly at the foot o f limestone mountains or on mountains that are mixture o f stone and soil Wood durable, resistant to termites, often used to make wall panels, furniture and musicalinstruments 3.1.6 Toona sinensis (A Juss.) M Roemer, Fam Nat Syn M on og r 1: 139 1846 ( Meliaceae) Description : Trees Trunk bark brownish purple, coarse, exfoliated Laeves even-pinnate Inflorescence is a panicle; calyx -lo be d or undulate; petals 5, white or pink; stamens plus staminodes Capsule purplish brown Distribution, e c o lo g y u s e s : M ixed broadleaf evergreen and deciduous forests or sparse forests in h illy regions; 300—2300 m and found in Vietnam, China (A nhui, s Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Fujian, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, s Shaanxi, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India, Indonesia, N Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar This species is ideally develop on deep, thick, wet and calcareous soil around the mountain foot It is often seen in valleys and at the foot o f mountains, but can also be seen on slopes o f 25 - 30°c Light demanding and fast - growing A - year old is 10 - 15 m high, and - cm in diameter Can be grow from seed or cutting Sapwood and heartwood distinct Sapwood thin, yellow brown, heartwood darker, red brown Wood texture slightly coarse, density o f 0.55 - 0.61, rather hard but easy for processing Can be used in construction, ship building, agricultural tools and musical instrument making Youth leaves are edible W idely cultivated in areas beyond its native distribution Young leaves are eaten as a vegetable The wood is hard and very beautiful and is often used fo r furniture making The root bark and fru it are used as medicine Toonu sinensis was planted by the French Prior to the August Revolution A t present, there still exists an old Toona near the headquarter o f Commune People’ s Committee This tree is 12 m high, w ith a diameter o f 80 cm Other specimens have been planted since 1960 They can be found in gardens, along road or at the foot or on the slope o f mountains 3.1.7 Z enia insignis C hu n w Y C hun, Sunyatsenia 6: 196 1946.(Caesalpiniaceae) Description : Trees 15—20 m tall Trunk to 100 cm d.b.h, deciduous Branchlets blackish brown, with scattered yellowish, white, small lenticels Crown large w ith umbrella shape Trunks often directed toward the light Bark greynish white, longitudinally split, inner bark pink, fibrous Tw igs delicate, yellow tomentose Inflorescence is term inal, lax panicle, pubescent Fruit a pot, ovate or oblong-elliptic., mature fru it reddish brown Distribution, ecology, uses: z.insignis is distribute w idely in southern China and Vietnam In Vietnam, it can be seen in almost all northern provinces, but is most concentrates in Ha Giang, Cao Bang, Lang Son, Tuyen Quang, Bac Thai and Hoa Binh A light - demanding and fast - growing tree, often seen in secondary forests, along streams, rivers at the foot o f mountains It is often mixed w ith other plans, such as Albizzia lucida, Dalbergia hupeana, Alagium chinense and Bischofia javanica Flowers in A p ril, fruits in M ay - July Wood white, soft and light, used to make cheap furniture, and as firewood It can also be used in mushroom cultivation as a substratum Its crown is beautiful, therefore it can be planted as a shade tree along streets or in parks The planting technique is simple, so it is possible to plant them at the foots o f the mountains for wood 3.1.8 B am busa b lu m ea n a J.A and z H Schultes Syst Veg 7(2): 1343 1830 (Poaceae) Description : Culms 15-24 m, 8-15 cm in diam., apically nodding; basal internodes slightly flexuose, green, 25-35 cm, distally in itia lly sparsely strigose, later glabrous Branches to several on upper nodes Culm sheaths tardily deciduous, auricles usually reflexed, crescent-shaped, linear-oblong, slightly unequal; oral setae dense, pale brown, curved, long, thick; ligule -5 mm, laciniate, fim briate; blade usually reflexed, ovate to narrow ly ovate, abaxially strigose, adaxially densely s tiffly dull brown hairy, base ca 2/5 as wide as sheath apex, margins ciliate Distribution, ecology, wses/New shoots Jun-Sep, fl spring Probably introduced, cultivated on river banks and around villages; below 300 m Vietnam, China (Fujian, Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan), Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand It has been named incorrectly by some authors as Batnbusa bambos (L ) Voss 3.1.9 Bam busa sinospinosa M c C lu re , L in gn an Sci J 19: 411 1940 (Poaceae) Description : Culms 15-24 m, 8-14 cm in diam., apically slightly drooping; internodes 20-26 cm, m ainly glabrous but w ith a ring o f gray silky hairs below basal or nodes; w all 10-30 mm thick; branching to base Branches usually solitary at lower nodes, w ith tough thorns; branchlets interwoven; branches to several above lower nodes Culm sheaths tardily deciduous, leathery, densely s tiffly dark brown hairy toward base, apex truncate; auricles usually reflexed, oblong to obovate, subequal, rugose, adaxially densely strigose, margin w ith undulate or erect setae; ligule -5 mm, dentate, fimbriate; blade erect or recurved, base ca 1/2 width o f sheath apex Distribution, ecology, uses: This species is planted along rivers to protect the banks, in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and the culms are used for construction In Vietnam it is one o f the most common bamboo species planted in Phuc Sen Often seen around villages, or along roads M oisture - demanding tree, suitable for growing on deep, thick soil, hence common along streams and rivers Rarely planted at the foot o f limestone mountains People in Phuc Sen plant this bamboo to get materials for construction or weaving Their shoots are edible 3.1.10 D endrocalam us fa rin o s u s (K eng & Keng f.) L c C hia and H L Fung (Poaceae) D escription : Culms -1 m, -8 cm in diam.; internodes 20-45 cm; w all -1 mm thick Branches from ca 10th node up; dominant branches distinct, 1-2.5 m, 4-12 mm in diam Culm sheaths in itia lly orange-brown, becoming brown, oblong-triangular, about as long as internodes, th ickly papery or leathery, margins ciliate, apex truncate or concave; auricles absent; ligule ca 1.3 cm, w ith setae; blade reflexed, narrow ly lanceolate Distribution, ecology\ uses: D fa rinosus is distributed in southern Vietnam and China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan.) It has been planted for a long time in the northern provinces o f Vietnam, especially in Cao Bang and Lang Son Thanks to their thick w all w ith soft and flexible features, Dendrocalatnus is used much in construction and handicrafts In particular, D fa rinosus grow in Phuc Sen is used to make incense sticks Bamboo shoots are edible In Phuc Sen, this bamboo is planted mainly at the foot or on the slopes o f limestone mountains In places where there is plenty o f soil, it developed very w ell, sometimes, w ith up to 40 - 50 stem in one clumps Suitable for growing on slopes, and can grow on slopes o f 30 - 350 3.2 Some recom m endations fo r restoration o f forest vegetation at the T K N R Beside species planted succesfully at the Cao Bang Province as introduced above, 12 native species regenerated on limstone o f T K N R which have been planted commonly on non-limestone soil is introduced as follow s in order to study and develop in the future: 3.2.1 A leurites m o luccana (Linnaeus) W illd e n o w , Sp PỈ 4: 590 1805 (Euphorbiaceae) D escription : vergreen trees up to 20 111 tall; bark dark-gray, shallow ly dehiscent to nearly smooth; young branches densely gray-brown stellate-puberulent, subglabrous at age Petiole 6-12 cm, densely stellate-puberulent, w ith flat-rounded glands at apex L ea f blade papery, entire ovate or 3-5 lobed, apex acute to acuminate, often stellate-puberulent Panicles terminal Flowers monoecious, m ilky-w hite to m ilky-ye llo w Drupes subglobose, 1-2 seeded Distribution, ecology, uses: In mixed evergreen forest or cultivated in road sides and country villages 100-500 m Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, New Zealand, Philippines, Polynesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Yunnan) FI Apr-Oct, fr Oct-Dec The candlenut, cultivated fo r the o il obtained from seeds, and grown commony in valleys or foot o f limestone mountains 3.2.2 B roussonetia papyrifera (L ) L H é r ex Vent T ab l Règn Vég 3: 547 1799 Moraceae) D esription : Trees 10.20 m tall, flowers always produced on leafy stems; dioecious Bark dark gray Branchlets densely pubes-cent Leaves broadly ovate, entire or 3-51obed, dense pubescent Stipules ovate, 1.5.2 X 0.8.1 cm, apex attenuate Male inflorescence long spicate Female inflorescence globose Fruit is syncerp, orange-red, freshy Distribution, ecology, uses:V ietnam , Cambodia, China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, SE Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang ), Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sikkim , Thailand, Pacific Islands Fllowersing: Apr.M ay, fruitin g: Jun.Jul The bark fibers are used for m aking paper, the wood is used for furniture, and the leaves, fruit, and bark are used m edicinally 3.2.3 C ephalom appa sinensis (C hun & H ow ) Kosterm , (E uphorbiaceae) D escription : trees, -10 m ta ll; bark grayish brown Leaves simple, ovate to e lliptic, apec longacuminate, base oblique, margins serrate at first, lateral veins 6-8 pairs, promonent both surfaces, reticulate veins obscure; petiole short Capsule globose verrucose 3-4 lobes and 3-4 locular, ca 3-5 mm in diam References • Ho, P H., An Illustrated Flora in Vietnam 1999: I; 2000 : II; 2000: 111 - Tre Publ House, HCM C ity, 1999-2000 • Le Sau, Vu Van Dzung, Nguyen Huy Dzung, Pham Ọuoc Hung, Sustainable development and protection o f the forest and biodiversity on limestone mountains o f Vietnam Printed at the Printing and Mapping Center o f FFI, Thanh T ri, Hanoi, 1999, 2002 • Lemmens Soerianegara I and Wong w.c., “ PROSEA” , Timber trees.M onor commenrcial timbers , No 5(2) (1995) 59-71 Backhuys Publishers, Leiden • M inistry o f Forestry, W oody Forest Plants o f Vietnam V ol 1-7 Arg Publ House, Hanoi 19711986 • Pham Due Tuan, Nguyen Xuan Quat, Nguyen Due Vinh, Introduction o f some forest plant species planted on limestone mountains Hanoi, 2002 • Thin, N N., Useful plants in Vietnam and conservation Proceedings IA B G Conference W uxi , 1993 • Thin, N.N., D iversity o f the Cue Phuong Flora Proceedings o fN C S T 6(2) (1994) 77—82 • Thin, N N., D iversity o f Limestone Flora in Hoa Binh Province Biotechnology and Application, (1995) 39-45 • Thin, N N., D iversity o f Flora in Na Hang Reserve (Tuyen Quang Province).Report o f Forest Sci Tech (1996) 2 -2 • • Thin, N Thin, N N., Manual on research o f biodiversity Agr Publ House, Hanoi (1997b) N., Ecosystems o f Tropical Forest HN U Publ House, Hanoi (2004) • Thrower S.L., Hong Kong trees, Omnibus volume, 74 The Urban council Hong Kong (1988) • Tran Hop, Tài nguyên gỗ V iệt Nam, 597 Nxb Nông nghiệp, Tp Hồ Chí M inh (2002) • Wu P & P Raven (Eds.), Flora o f China, Vol 1-.28 Beijing & St Louis (1994-2002) Vấn đề kh ôi phục thảm th ục vật núi đá vô i việc trố n g địa đễ đảm bảo noi sống cho ỉoài động vật cần bảo vệ cải tạo m tru ị n g ỏ tĩn h Cao Bằng, V iệ t Nam Nguyên Nghĩa Thìn, Nguyễn Thị Kim Thanh, Khoa Sinh học, Trường ĐHKHTN, Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội, 334 Nguyễn Trãi Thanh Xuân, Hà Nội Đe đàm bảo nơi sống nguồn thức ăn cho Vượn Cao vit núi riêng đề cải tạo mơi trường tỉnh Cao Bằng nói chung, 22 loài thực vật loài địa, dang sống đất núi đá vôi, mọc nhanh da công dụng lựa chọn giới thiệu nhằm để trồng vùng đất trống núi đá vơi Việt nam Trong 10 lồi trồng thành cơng Cao Bằng, bao gồm lồi Hai mầm: Bombax ceiba L.(Bombacaceace), Chukrasia tabularis A.Juss (Meliaceae), Delavaya toxocarpa Franch (Sapindaceae), Machilus odoratissima Nees (Lauraceae), Neocinnam om um caudatum Merr (Lauraceae), Toona sinensis Roem (Meliaceae), Zenia insignis Chun (Caesalpiniaceae) loài M ột mầm: Bambusa blumeana J.A & z H Schultes, Bam busa sinospinosa Roxb., Dendrocalamus farinosus Chia & H L.Liang, đồng bào địa phương lựa chọn trồng có kết tốt Ngồi lồi trồnơ có kết Cao Bằng, 12 lồi địa có khả phát triển tốt núi đá vôi g iớ i thiệu Chúng bao gồm loài sau: Aleurites m oluccana (L ) W illdenow, Cephaỉomappa sinensis (Chun & H ow ) Kosterm., Deutzianthus tonkinensis Gagnep., Ostodes panicuỉala Blume, Vernicia fo rd ii (Hem sl.) A iry Shaw (Euphorbiaceae); Broussonetia papyrifera (L ) L.Hér ex Vent., Ficus glaberrinia Blume (Moraceae); Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt & A w H ill, Dracontomeỉon duperreanum Pierre, Pistacia weinmannifolia J Poisson ex Franch., Spondias lakonensis Pierre (Anacardiaceae) Parashorea chinensis H Wang (Dipterocarpaceae) P H IÉ Ư Đ Ă N G K Ý K É T Q U Ả N G H IÊ N c ứ u K H O A H Ọ C C Ô N G N G H Ệ Tên đề tài: “ Điều tra tập đồn có khả phủ xanh đất trống núi đá vôi nhàm bào vệ mơi trưịng phát triển bền vững núi đá vơi Việt Nam” Mã số: QGTĐ.07.01 Co' quan chủ trì đề tài: Trường Đại học Khoa học Tựnhiên, ĐHQGHN 334 Nguyễn Trãi, Thanh Xuân,Hà Nội Địa chỉ: Điện thoại: 04.38582178, Fax: 04.8582069 C quan quản lí đề tài: Đ i học Q u ố c g ia Hà N ộ i Địa chỉ: 144 đưòng Xuân Thủy, cầu Giấy - Hà Nội Điện thoại: 7548664 Tổng kinh phí chi: 300.000.000 đồng T rong đỏ: - Từ ngân sách nhà nước: 300.000.000 đồng - Nguồn khác: Thòi gian nghiên cứu: 24 tháng 6năm 2007 Thòi gian bắt đầu: tháng Thòi gian kết thúc: tháng nam 2009 Tên cán phổi hợp nghiên cứu - Chủ trì đè tài: GS.TSKH Nguyễn Nghĩa Thìn - N hững ngưịi tham gia: TS Nguyễn Trung Thành ThS Nguyễn Thị Kim Thanh (NCS) CN Nguyễn Thị Hòa (đã bào vệ ThS.) KS Nguyễn Thị Hồng Diệp (đã bào vệ ThS.) CN Nguyễn Thị Thanh Nga (đã bào vệ ThS.) ThS Nguyễn Thị Thu Hương ThS Trưoĩig Ngọc Kiểm ThS Vũ Anh Tai C N N guyễn A n h Đ ức Số đăng ký đề tài: QGTĐ: 07.01 Ngày: Sô chứng nhận đăng ký kết nghiên cứu: Bảo mật a) Phổ biến rộng rãi tháng - 2007 b) Phổ biến hạn chế c) Bào mật Tóm tắt ý nghĩa, kết nghiên cứu (kể kết đào tạo) a) K ết khoa học: + N hững đóng góp: - Thống kê 194 lo i có khả tái sinh n ú i đá vơi - Tập hợp 72 mơ hình trồng vùng khác có kết + Những cơng trình cơng bố: 10 báo 4ã đăng nước, đlã đăng Côn Minh, Trung Quôc, nhận đăng Quảng Châu, Trung Quôc v/à nhận đăng Kỷ yếu Hội thào Ọuổc tế Việt Nam học b) Kết phục vụ thực tế: - Mỏ' hướng nhằm đưa khoa học gắn liền với thực tiễn Cung c ấ p d a n h s c h 194 lo i đ ể l ự a c h ọ n t r n g c â y t r ê n n ú i đ v ô i - Cung cấp 72 mơ hình trồng núi đá vơi cỏ kết quà để áp dụng phạm vi trrong nước c) Kết đào tạo: - - Đã đào tạo HVCH cung cấp tư liệu cho nghiên cứu sinh d) Kết nâng cao tiềm lực khoa học: - Ọua đề tài rèn luyện cho cà Thầy Trò sát với thực tiễn qua mâng cao nhận thức khoa học phải gắn liền với thực tiễn mang lại điều thú vị, mở rra tầm nhìn mới, hướng mói - Bước đầu giúp cho việc tim hiểu n h ữ n g kinh nghiệm người dân đấu trranh vói thiên nhiên trí sáng tạo cùa họ Kíiến nghị qui mơ đối tượng áp dụng kết nghiên cứu - Đề nghị cho tiếp tục hoàn thiện in thành sách để phổ biến Chức vụ Hỉọ tên HIọc vị, học hiàm Chủ nhiệm đề tài Thủ trưỏug CO’ quan chủ trì đề tài Nguyễn Nghĩa Thìn Chủ tịch Hội đồng đánh giá thức Thủ trưởng quan quản lí đề tài N iỆ iliý Ỹ ứ Ỵ i í H hìli rìn GS.TSKH P fc -T ï • Kíý tên Đ íóng dấu II TL.GỈÁM Đ