university of california press black brown yellow and left radical activism in los angeles jan 2006

BLACK, BROWN, YELLOW, AND LEFT AMERICAN CROSSROADS Edited by Earl Lewis, George Lipsitz, Peggy Pascoe, George Sánchez, and Dana Takagi Border Matters: Remapping American Cultural Studies, by José David Saldívar The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture, by Neil Foley Indians in the Making: Ethnic Relations and Indian Identities around Puget Sound, by Alexandra Harmon Aztlán and Viet Nam: Chicano and Chicana Experiences of the War, edited by George Mariscal Immigration and the Political Economy of Home: West Indian Brooklyn and American Indian Minneapolis, 1945 – 1992, by Rachel Buff Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S Interests in the Middle East since 1945, by Melani McAlister Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco’s Chinatown, by Nayan Shah Japanese American Celebration and Conflict: A History of Ethnic Identity and Festival, 1934 – 1990, by Lon Kurashige American Sensations: Class, Empire, and the Production of Popular Culture, by Shelley Streeby 10 Colored White: Transcending the Racial Past, by David R Roediger 11 Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S Imperialism in Puerto Rico, by Laura Briggs 12 meXicana Encounters: The Making of Social Identities on the Borderlands, by Rosa Linda Fregoso 13 Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Angeles, by Eric Avila 14 Ties That Bind: The Story of an Afro-Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom, by Tiya Miles 15 Cultural Moves: African Americans and the Politics of Representation, by Herman S Gray 16 Emancipation Betrayed: The Hidden History of Black Organizing and White Violence in Florida from Reconstruction to the Bloody Election of 1920, by Paul Ortiz 17 Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in Modern America, by Alexandra Stern 18 Audiotopia: Music, Race, and America, by Josh Kun 19 Black, Brown, Yellow, and Left: Radical Activism in Los Angeles, by Laura Pulido Black, Brown, Yellow, and Left RADICAL ACTIVISM IN LOS ANGELES LAURA PULIDO UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd London, England © 2006 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pulido, Laura Black, brown, yellow, and left : radical activism in Southern California / Laura Pulido p cm —(American crossroads ; 19) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-520-24519-9 (cloth : alk paper)—ISBN 0-520-24520-2 (pbk : alk paper) Radicalism—California—Los Angeles—History—20th century Right and left (Political science) African Americans—California— Los Angeles—Politics and government—20th century Mexican Americans —California—Los Angeles—Politics and government— 20th century Japanese Americans—California—Los Angeles— Politics and government—20th century I Title II Series hn79.c23a-z.r368 2006 305.8'009794'909047—dc22 2005002624 Manufactured in the United States of America 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 10 Printed on Ecobook 50 containing a minimum 50% post-consumer waste, processed chlorine free The balance contains virgin pulp, including 25% Forest Stewardship Council Certified for no old growth tree cutting, processed either TCF or ECF The sheet is acid-free and meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper) Contents List of Illustrations ix List of Tables xi Acknowledgments Introduction xiii PART I RACE, CLASS, AND ACTIVISM Race and Political Activism 15 Differential Racialization in Southern California 34 The Politicization of the Third World Left 59 PART II THE THIRD WORLD LEFT Serving the People and Vanguard Politics: The Formation of the Third World Left in Los Angeles 89 Ideologies of Nation, Class, and Race in the Third World Left 123 The Politics of Solidarity: Interethnic Relations in the Third World Left 153 Patriarchy and Revolution: Gender Relations in the Third World Left 180 The Third World Left Today and Contemporary Activism 215 Notes 239 Selected Bibliography 299 Index 333 Illustrations FIGURES Median family income by racial/ethnic group, Los Angeles, 1950–1977 54 Median housing price by racial/ethnic group, Los Angeles, 1950–1977 55 Anti–Vietnam War flier 79 Survival programs of the Southern California chapter of the Black Panther Party 98 The importance of self-defense to the Black Panther Party 99 List of CASA’s demands 121 Mexicans and Chicanos are one people 127 CASA’s logo 130 The Panthers and the “pigs” 150 10 Asian American contingent at a march against deportations, East Los Angeles, summer 1976 155 11 People power 157 12 Third World revolutionaries 159 13 Roy Brown concert flier 178 14 Revolutionary Black women 189 15 Striking Mexican American women workers 197 16 Revolutionary Asian woman 209 17 Asian American women activists 210 ix x / I L L U S T R AT I O N S MAPS Distribution of ethnic groups in Los Angeles County, 1970 16 Major shifts in ethnic populations, 1940–1960 37 Tables Population increase in Los Angeles County, 1920–1970 35 Los Angeles County population by race/ethnicity, 1970 42 Manufacturing employment by racial/ethnic group, Los Angeles, 1970 46 Occupations of residents of East Los Angeles, 1965 47 Occupations of residents of South Los Angeles, 1965 48 Percent of families below poverty line for selected South Los Angeles communities, 1965 49 Japanese American employment by industry, Los Angeles, 1960 51 Black Panther platform and program, October 1966 97 Comparison of selected elements of the 1966 and 1972 ten-point programs 168 10 Partial list of contemporary Los Angeles organizations with links to the Third World Left 217 11 Los Angeles County population by race/ethnicity and poverty, 2000 220 xi Acknowledgments I have benefited from the wisdom, experience, and generosity of many people in writing this book This project required me to go beyond the familiar territory of Chicana/o and Latina/o studies, which was not always easy This process was greatly facilitated, however, by people like Tony Osumi and Jenni Kuida, who know most politically active Japanese Americans in Los Angeles, as well as by Ruthie and Craig Gilmore, who listened to my ramblings about this project for years, while sharing their extensive library, ideas, and contacts, and who provided a base for fieldwork in Northern California Special thanks also to Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, Lisa Duran, and Jim Lee, who, besides reading portions of the manuscript, have listened and supported me through the various trials and tribulations it entailed Numerous individuals have also contributed their particular expertise or resources to this project Special thanks to the Yamashita-Oliveras family for providing housing in Northern California; Craig Gilmore and my mom for being wonderful baby-sitters; Clyde Woods for his encouragement and encyclopedic knowledge of the civil rights movement and Black studies in general; Steven Murashige for graphic assistance; Cynthia Cuza, Lian Hurst Mann, Mark and Kathy Masaoka, and Merilynne Quon for sharing documents; Diane Fujino, Dan Hosang, Lon Kurashige and his Asian American History seminar, John Laslett, George Lipsitz, Manuel Pastor, Merilynne Quon, Dana Tagaki, Howard Winant, and two anonymous reviewers for reading and commenting on the manuscript or portions of it; Gloria Gonzalez-Lopez for introducing me to the literature on Chicana sexuality; Shirley Hune for her insights on gender and Asian American women; Jennifer Wolch for endless urban citations; Lisa Lowe, Jorge Mariscal, Betita Martinez, and Melissa Gilbert for their early encouragement of this project; and Miriam Ching Louie for generously allowing me to borrow the title of her paper for this book xiii 332 / SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Woods, Clyde Development Arrested: The Blues and Plantation Power in the Mississippi Delta New York: Verso, 1998 Woodward, Komozi A Nation within a Nation: Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones) and Black Power Politics Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999 Wu, Frank Yellow: Race in America beyond Black and White New York: Basic Books, 2002 Yamamoto, Eric Interracial Justice: Conflict and Reconciliation in Post–Civil Rights America New York: New York University Press, 1999 ——— “What’s Next? Japanese American Redress and African American Reparations.” Amerasia 25 (1999): 1- 17 Yamasaki, Emily Woo “Perspective of a Revolutionary Feminist.” In Legacy to Liberation: Politics and Culture of Revolutionary Asian/Pacific America, edited by Fred Ho with Carolyn Antonio, Diane Fujino, and Steve Yip, 47– 51 San Francisco: Big Red Media and AK Press, 2000 Yokota, Kariann “From Little Tokyo to Bronzeville and Back: Ethnic Communities in Transition.” Master’s thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1996 Yoneda, Karl Ganbatte: Sixty-Year Struggle of a Kibei Worker Los Angeles: Asian American Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, 1983 Young, Cynthia “Havana in Harlem.” Science and Society 65 (2001): 12–38 ——— “Soul Power: Cultural Radicalism and the Formation of a United States Third World Left.” PhD diss., Yale University, 1999 Zavella, Patricia “Playing with Fire: Gendered Constructions of Chicana/ Mexicana Sexuality.” In The Gender/Sexuality Reader: Culture, History, Political Economy, edited by Roger Lancaster and Micaela di Leonardo, 392– 408 New York: Routledge, 1997 Zhou, Min, and James Gatewood, eds Contemporary Asian America: A Multidisciplinary Reader New York: New York University Press, 2000 Zinn, Maxine Baca “Chicano Men and Masculinity.” Journal of Ethnic Studies 10 (1982): 29–44 Index Note: Page numbers in italics refer to figures or tables Abu-Jamal, Mumia, 223 Action for Grassroots Empowerment and Neighborhood Development Alternatives (AGENDA), 217, 232 Activism: Black political mobilization and, 60; burnout, 236; campus-based, 81, 107; child care needed for, 235; conflict management needed, 236; economic security for members, 235–36; female leadership, 188–89, 190, 207, 211, 212, 229–30; gender relations, group attitudes compared, 201, 203–5, 211; guns and, 134, 209– 10, 209; intellectual development and, 236, 296n45; media portrayal of 1960s, 215, 293n2; motivations for, 62–63; multiethnic cooperation, 57– 58; nonviolent protest, 68; political consciousness, 56–58; prejudice within one’s own ethnic group, 56– 57; race and, 29–31; social change and, 30–31; spirituality issues, 237– 38, 297nn47-48; support for, 234–35; transferability of revolutionary credentials, 164; as youthful pursuit, 217, 235 See also Progressive activism; Revolutionary politics Activists, in the twenty-first century, 217–18, 223–25 Adkins, Jana, 172 African Americans See Blacks AGENDA (Action for Grassroots Empowerment and Neighborhood Development Alternatives), 217, 232 AIM See American Indian Movement Alatorre, Chole, 118 Alianza Federal de Pueblos Libres, La, 114 Almaguer, Tomás, 3, 21, 24, 42 Alurista, 114 Alva, Susan, 28 Amerasia Bookstore, 154 American Indian Movement (AIM), 6, 92, 162, 176; BPP and, 167, 169 American Indians, 5; activist ideologies, 56; BPP and, 6, 169; geographic pattern of activism, 56, 243n15; in Los Angeles, 5, 35, 36 American Negro Labor Congress, 143 Anderson, Benedict, 25 Anti-Imperialist Women’s Conference (Vancouver, 1971), 209–10 Antiwar movement See Vietnam War protest movement Aoki, Richard, 106, 158 APALA (Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance), 217 A/PIs See Asian/Pacific Islanders 333 334 / INDEX Asian American Hardcore, 109, 110, 111, 112 Asian American movement, 105–11, 182, 223; Asian struggles as inspiration, 78–79; Black activism compared, 106; Black Power inspiration for, 92; BPP and, 158–60, 159, 169– 70, 241n9; Chicana/o activism compared, 106; community service emphasis, 108; ethnic diversity, 135–36; ethnic identity, 107, 108; origins, 92, 106–8; political activism, discomfort with, 106, 270n3; sexism in, 207; Vietnam War and, 78–79, 264n39; women’s participation in, 110, 210; women’s study groups, 212–13 See also Yellow Power Asian American Political Alliance, 108 Asian Americans: Asian/Pacific Islanders, 8, 29, 222, 232–33; attitudes toward, 43–44, 250n22; Blacks and, 160; Chinese Americans, 111, 250n22, 271n44; Chinese immigrants, 222; economic diversity, 233; ethnic diversity, 135–36, 233, 280n2; Filipinas/os, 111, 222, 244n20; Korean Americans, 233–34; male chauvinism due to white racism, 206–7; as model minorities, 4, 43– 44, 105, 134, 245n9, 249n22; political collectives, 111; sexual stereotypes, 80, 206, 291n60; study groups, 110– 11; support for other racial/ethnic groups, 106; upward mobility, 136, 249–50n22; Vietnamese immigrants, 222; women’s issues, 206; women’s movement, 110, 212–13 See also Japanese Americans Asian Americans for Peace, 77 Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance (APALA), 217 Asian/Pacific Islanders (A/PIs), 8, 29, 222, 232–33 Asians, sexual stereotypes, 80, 206, 291n60 Asian Sisters, 110, 212 Asian Women’s Center, 212 ATM See August Twenty-ninth Movement August Twenty-ninth Movement (ATM), 2, 95, 113, 125, 131, 154; CASA and, 131–33; Chicana/o nation ideology, 131–32; gender relations in, 203; origins, 131; recognition of Aztlán, 132; relations with CASA, 132; views of Mexicans, 132, 133; workplace organizing activity, 131, 132 Avakian, Bobby, 142 Aztlán, 114, 115 Bakke decision, 7, 120, 172, 197 Baraka, Amiri, 62, 148 Bar Sinister, 164 Bass, Charlotta, 2, 255n11 Bird, Joan, 196 Black Berets, 167 Black Liberation Army, 192 Black Panther Party (BPP), 2, 5, 92, 170, 182; American Indians and, 6, 169; antiwhite rhetoric, 172; Asian American Hardcore alignment with, 110; Asian American movement and, 158–60, 159, 169–70, 241n9; attitudes toward whites, 162, 163– 66, 170, 172; Brown Beret relations with, 167, 168; CASA relations with, 173–75; childbearing and, 192; class tensions in, 104–5; college attendance, 80–81; Community Alert Patrol and, 102; community service “survival” programs, 6, 50, 96, 98, 190, 193, 268n23; condemnation of PL, 165; cultural nationalism, 148– 49; demise, 10, 223; division of labor, gender and, 183, 189–90, 191, 192, 201; Eight Points of Attention, 289n21; emulated by other groups, 167; former members’ activities, 218, 223–25; Free Breakfast Program, 96, 98; “Free Huey” campaign, 99, 164; gay liberation movement and, 186; gender equality in, 190–92; gender relations, party line INDEX / 335 on, 149, 186–93, 289n21; growth, 99; interethnic politics, 166, 167–70; international solidarity work, 98– 99; leadership struggles, 100, 190; life span, 9–10; lumpen proletariat and, 142, 143–46; Marxism and, 123; origins, 9, 70–71, 80, 96, 121; Peace and Freedom Party relations with, 164; People’s Alliance membership, 176; police attack on Southern California Chapter headquarters, 105; police repression and, 71, 96– 98, 224–25; political activity, 99– 100, 164; political prisoners, 173–74, 225; prominence, 3, 19, 162, 170; public images of, 6; as revolutionary nationalists, 124; SDS relationship to, 161, 162, 165–66; self-defense emphasis, 6, 50, 68, 96, 97–98, 99, 145; sexism in, 145, 149, 165, 166, 186–89, 193–94; Southern California Chapter, 100–105; survival programs, 6, 50, 96, 98, 190, 193, 268n23; Ten-Point Programs, 96, 97, 146, 151, 167, 168; UFW relations with, 168–69; underground, women in the, 192; US compared, 104, 147–48, 152; US relations with, 104, 149–50, 166; violence in, 193– 94; white support of, 98, 166, 170; women leaders, 188–89, 190; women’s liberation movement and, 186– 89; women’s roles in, 183, 187–89, 193, 289n27 Black Panthers of Lowndes County (Alabama), 96 Black Power: civil rights movement and, 89, 90–91, 92; effect on white radicals, 93–95; as inspiration for other racial/ethnic power movements, 91–92; New Left and, 93 Black Power (Carmichael & Hamilton), 90 Blacks: Asian Americans and, 160; class distinctions, 44–45; class polarization, 225–26; crack cocaine epidemic, 225; cultural nationalism, 146–49; de- feminization of Black women, 194; discrimination by other racial/ethnic groups, 56–58; emasculation of men, 184; employment in Los Angeles, 47– 50, 48; immigration effects on, 29; Japanese Americans and, 57–58; as lumpen proletariat, 143–44; as most oppressed group, 163–64; political mobilization, 60; social-structural oppression, 97–98; unemployment blamed on Latinas/os, 226, 295n2; urban housing segregation and, 23 Black Workers Congress, 95 Boggs, Grace Lee, 106, 281n7 Booker, Chris, 144, 145 BPP See Black Panther Party Braden, Anne, 60 Brotherhood House (Casa Carnalismo), 118 Brown, Elaine, 90, 100, 101, 104, 151, 168, 193, 223; BPP leadership, 190, 193 Brown, H Rap, 92 Brown, Joe, 166 Brown, Roy, 178 Brown Berets, 7, 19, 92, 115, 162; 13point political program, 283–84n28; activities, 116; antiwhite rhetoric, 172; BPP relations with, 167, 168; condemnation of PL, 165; ideology, 116–17; origins, 115–16; political diversity, 117; Young Citizens for Chicano Action and, 92 Brown Power, Black Power and, 92 Burnout, 236 Buss, Shirl, 166 Butler, Julio Pratt, 193 California: agriculture, Mexicana/o labor for, 27; Proposition 187, 28– 29, 251n32 See also Los Angeles; San Francisco; Southern California California Coalition Treaty, 94 California Communist League, 2, California Nurses Association, 217 California State University, Long Beach, 82, 83, 266n56 336 / INDEX California State University, San Francisco, 81–82 CAPA (Coalition Against Police Abuse), 105, 168, 175, 217 Capitalism, 237; BPP and, 98–99; patriarchy and, 206 Carmichael, Stokely, 90, 92, 267n8 Carter, Alprentice “Bunchy,” 6, 71, 72, 98, 100–101, 103–4, 147 CASA (El Centro de Acción Social y Autónomo), 2, 5; ATM and, 131–33; BPP relations with, 173–75; demise, 10, 120; division of labor, gender and, 200–201; family demands on women, 202; former members’ activities, 218, 220–21; gender relations, party line on, 195–99; La Hermandad Mexicana Nacional and, 117–18, 218; ideology, 10, 118– 19, 123, 124–25; immigrant workers advocacy, 118, 119, 121, 121, 145, 218; imperialism emphasis, 126–28; interethnic politics, 170–71, 176–79; international ties, 120, 128–29; José Medina Defense Committee and, 174–75; leadership, 200; life span, 10; logo, 129, 130; male-dominated discussions of theory, 199–200; Marxism-Leninism and, 116, 118– 20, 123, 124; membership decline, 119; Mexican national identity of, 117, 125–26, 125–28, 127, 132, 133, 176; organizational structure, 120; origins, 7, 10, 117, 118–19, 122; People’s Alliance membership, 176; police abuse and, 145, 173–74; political activities, 120, 218; Political Commission, 120; political prisoners, 173–74; Puerto Ricans and, 176–79; Puerto Rican Socialist Party alliance with, 120, 177, 178; Puerto Ricans’ relations with, 176–79; as revolutionary nationalists, 124, 125; sexism in, 198–201, 291n47; sexual relations in, 203–4, 291n55; Spanish language use, 126; sterilization of women and, 196, 197; study emphasis, 199–200, 212; undocumented workers and, 129–30; white members, 171–72; women’s caucus attempt, 198; women’s liberation movement and, 195; women’s social and economic demands, 197–98 See also Chicana/o movement Casa Carnalismo (Brotherhood House), 118 Center for Autonomous Social Action See CASA Centro de Acción Social Autónomo, El See CASA Chávez, Cesar, 62, 114, 168 Chávez, Ernesto, 129 Chávez, Marisela Rodríguez, 171, 201 Chavis, Reverend Ben, 179 Che-Lumumba clubs, 95 Chicana/o movement, 113–17; ethnic identity, 113–14; ideologies, 114; nationalism and, 115; sexism in, 84; women’s liberation rejected by, 183– 84, 195 See also CASA Chicanas/os: attitudes toward Blacks, 57, 73, 175; California agriculture and, 27; Catholicism and, 204; East Wind and, 160; employment in Los Angeles, 46–47, 47; in interethnic organizations, 125, 275n5; Mexicana/o cultural views of women, 203–4; Mexican attitudes toward, 126; nationalist politics, 231; sexuality, 203–4; socioeconomic status, 114; in the southwestern U.S., 115, 270n61; Vietnam War opposition, 73–77, 264n39 Chicano Moratorium, 69, 73, 75–77 Chicano Student Movement of Aztlán See MEChA Child care, in activist organizations, 192, 201–2, 235 Chinese Americans, 111, 250n22, 271n44 Chinese immigrants, 222 INDEX / 337 Chow, Carmen, 295n27 Churchill, Ward, 224 Civil rights movement, 45, 59, 62, 67– 69, 90, 103; Black Power and, 89, 90– 91, 92; impact on non-Black racial/ ethnic groups, 69; Third World Left and, 89, 93; white leadership, 91 Cleaver, Eldridge, 100, 164, 223; attitude toward women, 166, 193; Huey Newton and, 100, 104 Cleaver, Kathleen, 189, 223 CLFT (Committee to Free Los Tres), 118, 173 Coalition Against Police Abuse (CAPA), 105, 168, 175, 217 Cold War, antiracist activism and, 32, 41, 63 Colleges and universities: Asian American activism and, 77, 107, 108; Black Panthers in, 80–81; Black student activism, 265n51; ethnic studies programs, 24–25, 80–85, 108; student activism, 81 See also names of specific colleges or universities Committee to Free Los Tres (CLFT), 118, 173 Communist Labor Party, 125 Communist League, 95 Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist), 95 Communist Party USA (CPUSA), 94, 125, 162; activists of color exodus from, 63; antiracist support lacking in, 63; Black Power and, 93, 94– 95; Che-Lumumba clubs, 95; Chicanas/os and, 125, 131, 275n4; disavowal of Stalin, 262n16; hostility to New Left, 94–95; Japanese American internment and, 40; Red Scare, 41, 63; Third World Left and, 63–64 Community Alert Patrol, 102 Community Coalition for Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment, 217, 232 Community Service Organization, 217 Community Youth Sports & Arts Foundation, 217 Congreso Nacional del Pueblos de Habla Española, El, Congress of Afrikan People, 95 Congress of Racial Equality See CORE CORE (Congress of Racial Equality), 40, 43, 68, 106, 295n29 Corona, Bert, 2, 64, 117, 118 CPUSA See Communist Party USA Crusade for Justice, 19, 114, 115 Cruz, Zoilo, 177 Cubans, 120, 176 Cultural nationalism, 117, 145, 146– 47; among Blacks, 146–49 See also Nationalism; Revolutionary nationalism Davis, Angela, 149, 188, 189, 194, 196, 223 Davis, Ed, 173 Deacons, 96 Defenders, 96 De Genova, Nicholas G., Democratic centralism, 228 Differential racialization, 4, 23–25, 29 See also Racial hierarchies Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement, 143 Douglas, Emory, 187 Dudziak, Mary, 40 Durazo, María Elena, 220 Duren, Kwaku, 105 East Wind, 2, 5, 6, 80; Asian Nation concept, 137, 138; community service work, 134, 138–40, 160; demise, 10; demographics and, 156; division of labor, gender and, 191– 92, 211–13; female leadership, 207, 211, 212; former members’ activities, 221–23; gender relations, party line on, 205–10; gender relations compared to other groups, 204–5, 211, 213–14; ideology, 10, 113, 133, 338 / INDEX East Wind (continued) 136–37, 138–39, 276n25; incorporated into League of Revolutionary Struggle, 113; interethnic politics, 123, 154–56, 160–62; international emphasis, 137–38; life span, 10; living collectives, 112; Maoism and, 136–37; Marxism-Leninism and, 112, 123–24, 133, 160; need for antiracist identity, 136; organizational structure, 112; origins, 7, 10, 111–12, 121–22, 133; police abuse and, 145; as revolutionary nationalists, 124, 160; sexism in, 207–9; Storefront and, 140–42; study emphasis, 133, 134, 138, 211–12; whites, relations with, 161; women, revolutionary ideal of, 208, 209; women’s movement and, 161, 212– 13; women’s solidarity in, 207 See also Gidra Elbaum, Max, 132, 216, 239n1 Escobar, Edward, 68 Espiritu, Yen Le, 24, 233 Ethington, Philip, 52 Ethnic studies, 24–25, 80–85, 108 Everitt, Ron See Karenga, Maulana FACTS (Families to Amend California’s Three Strikes), 217 Families to Amend California’s Three Strikes (FACTS), 217 Fan the Flames (ATM), 131 FBI See Federal Bureau of Investigation Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 100, 104; Counter Intelligence Program, 173 Federal Housing Act, 37 Ferreira, Jason, 179 Fields, A Belden, 135 Filipinas/os, 111, 222, 244n20 Foley, Neil, 3, 21 Fonda, Jane, 166 Forman, James, 93 Freed, Don, 166 Freedom Dreams (Kelley), 238 Friere, Paulo, 61–62 Fujino, Diane, 270n33 Gangs, 66, 71, 84, 156; Asian Americans in, 108; drug peddling by, 225; Japanese American, 108, 110; Slauson, 70, 71, 100 Garbagemen, 111 García, Inez, 196 Gay rights movement, 230; BPP and, 186–87 See also Homosexuals Gender inequality See Sexism; Women’s liberation movement Giddings, Paula, 180 Gidra (newspaper/collective), 107, 108, 111, 137, 154, 157; women’s concerns and, 205–7, 210 See also East Wind GI Forum, 40, 74, 114 Gitlin, Todd, 63, 164, 202 Globalization, 227 Glover, Danny, 183 Gomez, Ana Nieto, 84, 158 Gonzales, Corky, 114, 115 Goodlowe, Gwen, 104, 190 Gordon, Linda, Gramsci, Antonio, 22 Great Leap, 217 Guns, 134, 209–10, 209 Gutiérrez, David, 126 Gutiérrez, Ramon, 245n4 Hahn, James, 226 Hahn, Kenneth, 226 Hall, Stuart, 33 Hamer, Fannie Lou, 183 Hamilton, Charles, 90 Hampton, Fred, 100 Hayden, Tom, 91 Haywood, Harry, 63 Healy, Dorothy Ray, 94, 95, 142 Henderson, Errol, 144, 148, 149 HERE (Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union), 2, 217, 219, 220 Hermandad Mexicana Nacional, La, 117–18, 217, 218 INDEX / 339 Hewitt, Masai, 104 Hilliard, David, 104, 146, 158, 190, 223, 281n7 Hispanics: populations in Los Angeles in 1970, 256n20 See also Chicanas/os; Latinas/os Ho Chi Min, 78 Hollywood, support of left-wing causes, 166 Home Owners Loan Corporation, 37, 42–43 Homosexuals, 186–87, 230 See also Gay rights movement Hondagneu-Sotelo, Pierrette, 50 Horne, Gerald, 41, 70 Horowitz, David, 62, 266n8 Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union (HERE), 2, 217, 219, 220 Housing, 37; prices for racial/ethnic groups in Los Angeles, 55–56, 55; residential segregation, 15–16, 16, 23, 53–55, 260n46 Huerta, Dolores, 183 Huggins, Ericka (Erica), 188, 189, 192, 194, 223 Huggins, John, 98, 104, 147 Hurtado, Aída, 184–85 Illegal aliens See under Workers, undocumented Immigrants: as a labor problem, 7; Asian populations in Southern California, 219, 220, 222; attitudes toward, 117–18; CASA advocacy of, 118, 119, 121, 171, 172; eschewed by U.S labor unions, 130; racism and, 226; white advocacy for, 171, 172 Imperialism, 128–29; racism and, 127– 28; Vietnam War as, 77, 78 Intercommunalism, 151–52 Interethnic politics: of BPP, 162–63, 167–70; of CASA, 170–71, 176–79; of East Wind, 123, 154–56, 160–62 International Conference of the Americas, 177 International Indian Treaty Council, 176 International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union, 40 International organizations, 95 International Women’s Day, 155, 172, 196, 230 Ishi, Art, 105 I Wor Kuen, 2, 95, 113, 154, 281n7, 295n27; gender equality, 185, 186 Jackson, George, 174 JACS-AI (Japanese American Community Services-Asian Involvement), 109, 110, 111, 217 Japanese American Citizens League, 40, 106, 270n36 Japanese American Community Services–Asian Involvement (JACS-AI), 109, 110, 111, 217 Japanese American internment (World War II), 38–40, 44, 108–9, 255n11, 256n18; redress and reparation campaign, 221–22 Japanese Americans, 8, 222–23, 224; African American relations with, 57–58; behavioral expectations, 109; drug abuse, 108, 109; economic mobility, 52, 223; employment in Los Angeles, 50–52, 51; gang membership, 108, 110; immigrant generations, terminology, 244n21; in manufacturing jobs, 61–62; as model minority, 106, 155; Nikkei, 8, 109, 139, 222, 223, 244n21, 270n33; Nisei, 44; not perceived as people of color, 136; political agitation, discomfort with, 106, 270n3; population in Los Angeles, 222, 244n20; in racial hierarchies, 43–44; residential segregation, 53–54; Sansei, 108–9, 270n33; socioeconomic diversity, 110, 223; soldiers in World War II, 44, 264n37; Third World identity of leftists, 136–37; upward mobility, 44, 136, 249–50n22 See also Asian Americans 340 / INDEX Jasper, James, 31 Jewish Americans, 266–67n8; leftist traditions, 64 José Medina Defense Committee, 174–75 J-Town (Los Angeles) See Little Tokyo July Fourth Coalition, 176 Justice for Janitors, 2, 219, 220 Karenga, Maulana, 147, 149 Karenga, Ron See Karenga, Maulana Katipunan ng Demokratikong Pilipino (KDP), 111, 154 Katsiaficas, George, 32 KDP (Katipunan ng Demokratikong Pilipino), 111, 154 Kelley, Robin, 237, 238 Kennedy administration, 90 Kim, Claire Jean, 3, 21 KIWA (Korean Immigrant Workers Advocates), 233–34 Kochiyama, Yuri, 62, 106, 281n7 Korean Americans, 233–34 Korean immigrants, 222, 233–34 Korean Immigrant Workers Advocates (KIWA), 233–34 Koshy, Susan, Ku Klux Klan, 43 Kwanzaa, 141 Labor See Workers Labor/Community Strategy Center, 1, 19, 217, 232 Labor markets, race and, 4, 27–28 Land claims, 234n15; by American Indians, 243n15; by Chicana/o activists, 243n14 LAPD See Los Angeles Police Department La Piranya Coffeehouse, 92, 116 Last Man Standing (Olsen), 193 Latinas/os: blamed for Black unemployment, 226, 295n2; CASA involvement with, 176–79; nationalist politics, 231; political solidarity with African Americans needed, 232; salsa music and, 177–78; skin color, 44, 258n27 League of Revolutionary Struggle (LRS), 113, 202, 221 League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), 40, 114 Lee, Jim, 140 Lee, Wen Ho, 233 Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, 95 Leonard, Kevin Allen, 43 Liberty Hill Foundation, 217 Lipitz, George, 22 Little Red Book (Mao), 134, 159 Little Tokyo (Los Angeles), 7, 16, 139– 40, 223; East Wind redevelopment project, 112, 294n16 López, Nativo, 177 Los Angeles: American Indians in, 35, 36; Boyle Heights, 54; Chinatown, 16; City Terrace, 66; Crenshaw district, 54, 66; demographic changes, 219; East L.A., 15, 49, 53, 84; East L.A., employment in, 46–47, 47; employment in manufacturing, 45–46, 46; employment of African Americans, 47–50, 48; employment of Mexican Americans, 46–47, 47; erosion of housing and employment barriers, 44–45; geographic distribution of ethnic groups, 16, 16; globalization impact on, 227; housing prices for racial/ethnic groups, 55– 56, 55; immigrant populations in, 219, 220; incomes of racial/ethnic groups, 53–54, 54, 56; interactions among activist groups, 179; Japanese American employment in, 50–52, 51; labor activists in, 219–20; nationalist politics, 231–32, 234; outmigration of industry, 52–53; population increases, 35, 35; poverty rates, 48–50, 49; racial/ethnic populations, 35, 37–38, 37, 41, 42, 160, 179, 219, 220, 226–27, 244n20, 256n20; racial hierarchy changes in, 35–36, 41–45; residential segre- INDEX / 341 gation, 15–16, 16, 53–55, 260n46; suburban growth, 36–38; unemployment in, 48, 49; white southerners influx, 43 See also California; Little Tokyo; Southern California; Watts riots of 1965 Los Angeles County See Los Angeles Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), 49–50, 103; animosity toward Blacks, 45, 49, 71, 164; attack on BPP headquarters, 105; funding of US, 104; harassment of Blacks, 164; killings of Black Panthers, 224; as pigs, 149, 150; Public Disorder Intelligence Division, 173–74; Watts riots and, 70, 71 See also Police Los Siete, 162 Louie, Miriam Ching, 78 LRS (League of Revolutionary Struggle), 113, 202, 221 LULAC (League of United Latin American Citizens), 40, 114 Lumpen proletariat: Asian Americans, 110; BPP and, 142, 143–46; in Marxism, 142–44; organization-building and, 144–45 Maeda, Daryl, 9, 148 Malcolm X, 62, 91, 142, 184 Mann, Eric, 267n8 Maoism, 95, 134–38; national liberation importance, 135; popularity in the U.S., 135, 159; revolutionary nationalism and, 95; socialist morality, 203; three worlds concept, 135 Maoist organizations, 95 Mao Tse-Tung, 78, 95, 134–35, 142, 277n29 Mariscal, Jorge, 74, 245n4 Martínez, Elizabeth, Marx, Anthony, 25 Marx, Karl, 135, 142, 276n29 Marxism, 61; lumpen proletariat, 142– 44; nationalism and, 125; sexism and, 201 Marxism-Leninism, 238; CASA and, 118–19, 123, 124; influence on Third World Left organizations, 84, 123– 24, 228; study groups, 110 MASA (Mexican American Student Association), 92 Masculinity: affirmation by Third World Left, 182, 184–85; Asian American male chauvinism, 206–7; emasculation of Black men, 184; nationalism and, 184–85 Mass Party Organizing Committee, 176 Matthews, Tracye, 181 Mau Mau, 101 McAdam, Doug, 59, 67 McCone Commission, 72, 263n31 MEChA (El Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlán), 84, 115; antiwhite rhetoric, 172 Medina, José Jacques “Pepe,” 174–75 Menchu, Rigoberta, 62 Mexican Americans See Chicanas/os Mexican American Student Association (MASA), 92 Mexican American Youth Organization, 115 Mexican immigrants, 117–18; Chicanas/os and, 126, 127 Mexicans: as a single working class, 129, 130–31; ATM views on, 132, 133; California agriculture and, 27– 28; CASA views on, 117, 125–28, 127, 132, 133; Mexican American attitudes toward, 126; undocumented workers, 129–30 Mississippi Democratic Party, 90 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 90, 183 Miyamoto, Nobuko, 160, 281n7, 281n11 Model minorities, Asian Americans as, 43–44, 134, 245n9, 249n22 Montes, Carlos, 57, 116, 167 Mora, Magdalena, 200, 202 Moreno, Luisa, 342 / INDEX Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlán, El See MEChA Mujeres Unidas conference, 196 Multinational organizations, 95 Muñoz, Carlos, 80 Murray, George, 82 Music, salsa, Latinas/os and, 177–78 NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 40, 91 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 131 Nakanishi, Don, 44 Nakano, Roy, 111 Nakano-Glenn, Evelyn, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 40, 91 National Chicano Liberation Conference (Denver, 1969), 114–15 National Coalition Against Sterilization, 196 National Coalition for Fair Immigration Laws and Practices, 119, 172 National Coalition for Redress and Reparation (NCRR), 217, 221 Nationalism, 231–32; gender relations and, 184–85, 213–14; Marx’s view of, 136; spread of, 136 See also Cultural nationalism; Revolutionary nationalism Nationalist movements, sexism and, 151 National oppression, 126 National Organizers’ Alliance, 236 Nation of Islam, 278n54 Nation-specific organizations, 95 Native Americans See American Indians Nazis, 43 NCRR (National Coalition for Redress and Reparation), 217, 221 New Black Panther Party, The, 217 New Communist movement, 10, 60, 63, 113, 203, 215; Asian Americans in, 110; dedication to study and, 110, 134; sectarian conflicts in, 132–33 New Left, 63, 215; Black Power effect on, 93–95; CPUSA hostility toward, 94–95; opposition to Vietnam War, 62; race and, 33 New Panther Vanguard Movement, 105 Newton, Huey P., 80, 91, 96, 102, 103, 144, 148, 153, 223, 278n54; Elaine Brown and, 190; Eldridge Cleaver and, 100, 104; ideology change, 151– 52; imprisonment, 99; leadership style, 100; views on homosexuals, 186–87; views on the women’s movement, 186–87 Nicolaides, Becky, 36 Nishida, Mo, 108, 281n13 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 131 Nyugen, Viet, 209 October League, 5, 95, 125 Olsen, Jack, 193 Omi, Michael, 28 One-Stop Immigration, 217, 218 Ong, Paul, 233 Ono, Shinya, 106, 162 On Strike, Shut It Down (San Francisco State Strike Committee), 158 Orientals Concerned, 83, 108 Oropeza, Lorena, 74, 75 Padilla, Felix, 177 Papa Doc (Franỗois Duvalier), 148 Parker, William, 71 Peace and Freedom Party (PFP), 94, 163, 164 Pearson, Hugh, 144 Peery, Nelson, 64 Peltier, Leonard, 167 People’s Alliance, 176 Pérez, Emma, 185 PFP (Peace and Freedom Party), 94, 163, 164 Pinkney, Alphonso, 146 PL See Progressive Labor Party Plan Espiritual de Aztlán, El, 114 Police: brutality against men, 194; brutality against women, 194; Casa INDEX / 343 Carnalismo and, 118; harrassment of Blacks, 164; illegal monitoring of citizens, 173–74; “neutralizing” of activists, 173, 225; as pigs, 149, 150; political prisoners, 173–74, 225; repression of Blacks, 97–98, 164, 224 See also Los Angeles Police Department Political activism See Activism Political consciousness, 61; discrimination and, 56–58 Politicization: family background and, 64–66; process of, 60–62; racism and, 65, 67; urban geography and, 66–67 Power movements, 91–92; inspired by Black Power, 91–92 Pratt, Geronimo, 103, 104, 192, 193, 224, 225 Progressive activism, 216; revolutionary politics vs., 216–17; Third World Left and, 216 See also Activism Progressive Labor Party (PL), 93–94; hostility to revolutionary nationalist organizations, 165; opposition to Black liberation, 93; SDS and, 93– 94, 165 Proposition 187, 28–29, 251n32 PSP (Puerto Rican Socialist Party), 176–77, 178 Puerto-Rican Revolutionary Workers’ Organization, 95 Puerto Ricans, 163, 177; CASA relations with, 176–79 Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), 176–77, 178 Pulido, Laura, autobiography, 15–19 Race: as a relationship of power, 22; as a social construct, 20–21; biological diversity within racial groups, 22; class and, 33; cultural distance between groups, 24–25; differential racialization, 4, 23–25, 29; as an ideology, 21–23; labor markets and, 27–28; political activism and, 29–31 Racial Fault Lines (Almaguer), 21 Racial hierarchies, 4, 25–26, 29; change through racial projects, 31–33; class and, 27–29; Japanese Americans in, 43–44; regional, 26–27; Watts riots and, 72–73 See also Differential racialization Racism, 24; imperialism and, 127–29; politicization and, 65, 67; scapegoating, 28; urban housing markets and, 23 Rackley, Alex, 189 Radical activism See Activism; Revolutionary politics Rafu Shimpo (newspaper), 109 Ramos-Zayas, Ana, Raza Unida Party, La, 19, 114, 115, 245n4, 272–73n59; antiwhite rhetoric, 172; ATM and, 131 Reagan, Ronald, 219, 222 Reagan administration, 60 Red Guard, 92, 158, 281n7; BPP influence on, 167, 281n9; political program, 282–83n28 Resistance, 32; domination as determinant of, 19, 245n5 Revolutionary Communist Party, 95 Revolutionary nationalism, 117, 145; Maoism and, 95 See also Cultural nationalism; Nationalism Revolutionary People’s Constitutional Convention, 152 Revolutionary politics, 234; progressive activism vs., 216–17 See also Activism Revolutionary Union, 94 Revolutionary Workers League, 95 Robnett, Belinda, 183 Rodriguez, Antonio, 118, 171 Rodriguez, Gregory, 30 Rodriguez, Isabel, 200 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 38 Rowbotham, Sheila, 181 Salazar, Rubén, 75 Salsa music, 177–78 Sánchez, David, 7, 116–17 344 / INDEX San Francisco: Chinatown, 158; interactions among activist groups, 158, 179 See also California San Francisco State Strike Committee, 158 San Francisco State University, Third World Strike at, 157–58 San Quentin Six, 175 Santana, Déborah Berman, 231 Schneider, Bert, 166 SDS See Students for a Democratic Society Seale, Bobby, 102, 144, 162, 167, 168, 189, 223; at UCLA, 80, 99 Seberg, Jean, 166 Seize the Times, 154 Self-hate, among oppressed groups, 252n36 Sexism: in activist organizations, 84, 180, 230; in the BPP, 145, 149, 165, 166, 186–89, 193–94; nationalist movements and, 151; stereotypes of Asian women, 80, 206, 291n60; in the Third World Left, 180–81, 228, 229–30; in US, 149, 151 See also Women’s liberation movement Sexual relations, attitudes toward, 20– 23 Shakur, Assata, 158, 192, 193, 194, 223 Sillwood, Irwin, 142 Sin Fronteras, 129–31, 172, 175, 196– 97 “Sister” (poem), 208 Skin color, of Latinas/os, 44, 258n27 SLA (Symbionese Liberation Army), 106, 161–62, 282n16 Slant, 147 SNCC (Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee), 91, 93, 266– 67n8, 295n29 Social change, activists’ role in, 30–31 Socialist Workers Party, 5, 94, 125 Social movements, defined, 31 Sons of Watts, 147 Soul on Ice (Cleaver), 166 Southern California: demographic changes since 1960s, 219; Orange County’s residential discrimination, 53; Torrance, integration attempts in, 43; World War II impact on, 34– 38 See also California; Los Angeles Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 91, 295n29 Spirituality issues, 237–38, 297n47-8 Stalin, Josef, 126, 137, 262n16 St James, Susan, 166 St Mary’s College, 82, 266n57 Storefront, 111, 140–42, 159; East Wind and, 140–42, 155 Strategy Center See Labor/ Community Strategy Center Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 91, 93, 266– 67n8, 295n29 Students See Colleges and universities Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 82, 93–94, 162, 163; BPP relationship to, 161, 162, 165– 66; convention of 1969, 165–66; Newton-Cleaver Defense Committees, 165; Progressive Labor Party and, 93–94, 165 Suburbia, social standing and, 255n10 Sutherland, Don, 168 Sutherland, Shirley, 168 Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), 106, 161–62, 282n16 Tanaka, Janice, 109 A Taste of Power (Brown), 101 Taylor, Ollie, 193 Thigpenn, Anthony, 232 Third World Coalition, 83 Third World College, 83 Third World Left, 3, 5, 11, 32–33, 59– 60, 218; BPP as leader, 170; charismatic leaders’ effects on, 228; Communist Party (CPUSA) and, 63–64; criticism’s role within organizations, 228–29; defined, 3, 5, 31, 239n1; demise, 215, 216; democracy and, 228, 229; former members’ life- INDEX / 345 styles, 217–18; gender relations in, 180–81, 214, 228, 229–30; ideological diversity, 123, 234; inspired by Black Power, 91–92; interethnic cooperation, 230–31, 234; internationalism of, 32, 159, 179; masculinity affirmation aspects, 182, 184– 85; organizations linked to, 217; progressive activism and, 216; racial projects, 31–32; theoretical debates, 123; Vietnam War opposed by, 62; violence in, 227–28; white activists compared, 63–64 Third World Liberation Front (TWLF), 81–82, 158 Till, Emmett, 70 Transferability of revolutionary credentials, 164 Tuan, Mia, 66 TWLF (Third World Liberation Front), 81–82, 158 UCLA See University of California, Los Angeles UFW See United Farm Workers UMAS (United Mexican American Students), 83, 92, 115 Umemoto, Karen, 157 United Farm Workers (UFW), 7, 18, 19, 114, 155, 182; BPP relations with, 168–69 United Mexican American Students (UMAS), 83, 92, 115 Universities See Colleges and universities; names of specific colleges or universities University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 80, 82, 90, 265n50 University of California, San Diego, 83 Urban League, 91 Urban sprawl, social standing and, 255n10 US, 141; BPP compared, 104, 147–48, 152; BPP relations with, 104, 149– 50, 166; gender relations, 149, 151; LAPD funding of, 104; sexism in, 149, 151; Swahili language promotion, 141 Uyematsu, Amy, 107 Vásquez, Carlos, 83, 120, 199, 200 VC (Visual Communications), 217 Venceremos Brigade, 171, 176 Vietnamese immigrants, 222 Vietnam War: as imperialist action, 77, 78; minority participation in, 73–74, 264n35; Project 100,000, 73–74, 264n35 Vietnam War protest movement, 62, 73; Asian American movement and, 78–79, 264n39; by Chicanas/os, 73, 74–76, 264n39; Chicano Moratorium, 69, 73, 75–77; by Japanese Americans, 77–80, 79; racism in, 77–78 Villaraigosa, Antonio, 226 Violence, 193–95; against women, 193; guns and, 134, 209–10, 209; nonviolent protest, 68; police brutality, 194; in Third World Left, 227–28; within the BPP, 193–94 Visual Communications (VC), 217 Voight, Jon, 166 War on Poverty, 75 Warrior patriotism, 74 Watts riots of 1965, 41, 45, 49, 69–73; as a police riot, 70; politicization and, 72; racial hierarchy and, 72–73 Weatherman, 94, 162, 166 Wei, Min She, 95 Wei, William, 77, 89, 106, 265n43 Westside Collective, 111 When You’re Smiling (film), 109 Whites, 232; animosity toward Blacks, 45; antipolice actions by, 94; antiracist politics, 95; Black Power effect on radicals, 91, 93–95; BPP attitudes toward, 162, 163–66; in CASA, 171– 72; demonization of, 172; East Wind’s relations with, 161; Hollywood supporters of left-wing causes, 166; 346 / INDEX Whites (continued) Jews in the civil rights movement, 266–67n8; as pigs, 149; support of BPP, 98, 166, 170 The White Scourge (Foley), 21 Wilkins, Fanon Che, 124 Wilmington 10, 173 Wilson, Pete, 28 Winant, Howard, 28, 31 Women: Asian, stereotypes of, 80, 206, 291n60; Catholicism and, 204; defeminization of Black women, 194; ideal revolutionary woman, 208, 209; Mexican cultural views of, 204; occupations in Los Angeles, 47, 48; police brutality to, 194; sterilization of, 196, 197 Women’s liberation movement, 181; Asian American women’s groups, 110, 212; as a white movement, 183–84; BPP views on, 186–89; Chicana rejection of, 183–84, 195; East Wind and, 161, 212–13; men as the enemy, 183; Third World Left and, 181–82; women of color and, 183–84, 185, 286N5 See also Sexism Workers: Blacks as, 143–44; immigrants as a problem, 7; immigrants eschewed by U.S unions, 130; labor activism, 7, 50; labor activists in Los Angeles, 219–20; labor market and race, 27–28; national organized labor movement, 219; Sin Fronteras, 129–31; surplus labor, 142; undocumented, 29, 129–30; union attitudes toward minorities, 219 Workers’ rights, CASA advocacy, 118, 119, 121, 121, 145 Workers’ Viewpoint Organization, 5, 95 World Congress of the Communist International, Sixth, 142 World War II: impact on Southern California, 34–38; Japanese American internment, 38–40, 44, 108–9, 255n11, 256n18; racial politics after, 38, 41; racial politics during, 38, 40 Yellow Brotherhood, 109–10 Yellow Power, 105–11 See also Asian American movement Yoneda, Karl, 40 Yoshimura, Wendy, 106, 161 Young Citizens for Chicano Action, 92 Young Citizens for Community Action, 115–16 Young Lords, 92, 163; 13-Point Program and Platform, 283n28; BPP influence on, 167; condemnation of PL, 165; gender equality, 185–86 Young Patriots, 163 Zinzun, Michael, 175, 224 ... Yellow, and Left: Radical Activism in Los Angeles, by Laura Pulido Black, Brown, Yellow, and Left RADICAL ACTIVISM IN LOS ANGELES LAURA PULIDO UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles. .. London University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd London, England © 2006 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress... racialization and class positioning have contributed to the distinct radical politics articulated by various leftists of color Because of my initial interest in the history of radical activism in Los Angeles,