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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HCM CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS & LITERATURE A cross-cultural study: REFUSALS OF REQUESTS BY AMERICAN SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN TESOL Supervisor: LÊ THỊ THANH, Ph D Submitted by: NGUYỄN NGỌC TÂM HCMC, January 2010 i Certificate of Originality of Study Project Report I certify my authorship of the Study Project Report Submitted today entitled: A cross-cultural study: REFUSALS OF REQUESTS BY AMERICAN SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH in terms of the Statement of Requirements for Theses and Field Study Reports in Masters’ programs issues by the Higher Degree Committee ………………………………………… (Signature of the author) …………………… (Date) ii RETENTION AND USE OF THESES AND STUDY PROJECT AND REPORT I hereby state that I, NGUYEN NGOC TAM, being the candidate for the degree of Master of Arts (TESOL) accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Mater’s Theses and Field Study Reports deposited in the Library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the original of my Study Project Report deposited in the Library should be accessible for purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the Library for the care, loan, or reproduction of theses Signature:……………………………………………… Date:…………………………………………………… iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply indebted to a number of people for helping to make this master thesis possible First and foremost, my deepest gratitude goes to Dr Le Thi Thanh, my supervisor, who supported and encouraged me generously throughout this research study Without her excellent academic guidance and support, my thesis would not have been possible I would like to sincerely thank the anonymous participants who contributed data to this study Many thanks also to the teachers, business people who kindly involved in the data collection process Without their outstanding cooperation, this thesis would not have been completed Very special thanks are due to my close friends, my brothers Vo Duy Minh, and Nguyen Thanh Duong for their enthusiastic counseling and technical assistance throughout my difficult times of data analysis Without them, I could not have finished this research study And last, but by no means least, my heartfelt thanks go to my beloved mother, and especially my wonderful, loving wife Nguyen Thi Kim Nhu, without whose unfailing love, understanding, encouragement, and material and mental support over time and distance, I could not have got this far iv ABSTRACT Inter-language pragmatics research has contributed a great deal to our understanding of L2 pragmatic use but less to our understanding of L2 pragmatic development, although developmental issues are also its primary research goal Additionally, previous studies have been confined to a rather small set of speech acts, under-researching such face-damaging acts as requesting and refusing requests even though these may be more challenging for L2 learners This contrastive study investigates refusals to requests in American English and Vietnamese It aims to seek firstly, the similarities and differences in making refusals to requests between two languages concerning with refusal strategies, levels of directness, and the frequency distribution of refusal strategies, secondly, the effect of social status, age, and gender on the choice of refusal strategies, and finally pragmatic transfers in Vietnamese speakers’ refusals in English In this study, the data were collected by three sets of questionnaires which were completed by 30 native American English speakers (ASEs), 30 Vietnamese speakers (VSVs) and 30 Vietnamese speakers of English (VSEs) from tertiary schools and universities in Ho Chi Minh City All data of this study were collected by using a modified version of the discourse completion task (DCT) developed by Beebe et al (1990) Quantitative, qualitative and contrastive study was applied to the data analysis Findings from the study tentatively signify that: Generally, there are both similarities and differences in refusals by both the native English Americans and Vietnamese in terms of refusal strategies, order of refusal categories, and the concurrence distributions of these strategies Americans tend to be more direct in using refusal strategies than the Vietnamese, but they employ fewer refusal strategies There are certain transfers in Vietnamese speakers’ refusal strategies when they make refusals in English v Based on the findings, certain implications for the teaching and learning of language functions were recommended; limitations were identified, and further research was also suggested vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements iii Abstract iv Table of contents vi List of figures ix List of tables x List of abbreviations and symbols xi Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Rationale 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Hypotheses 1.5 Significance of the study 1.6 Limitations 1.7 Organization of the study Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Speech acts 2.2 Recent empirical studies on speech acts 2.3 Principle of communication 11 2.4 The notion of face 11 2.5 Politeness theory 12 2.6 Indirectness and Politeness 14 2.7 Politeness in Vietnamese language 15 2.8 Cross-cultural pragmatic transfer 17 2.9 Factors affecting directness and indirectness in communication 18 2.10 Social status, age, and gender 20 vii C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 2.11 Past researches on refusals 21 Chapter 3: RESEARCH DESIGN 26 3.1 Participants 26 3.2 Methodology and procedure of data collection 27 3.2.1 Methodology 27 3.2.2 Procedure of data collection 27 3.3 Subject concerns 30 3.4 Methods of data analysis 30 3.4.1 Classification of Refusals 30 3.4.2 Explanations for coding semantic formulae 34 3.4.2.1 Direct strategies 33 3.4.2.2 Indirect strategies 34 3.4.2.3 Adjuncts to refusals 37 3.5 Instruments 38 Chapter 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 39 4.1 Similarities and differences between ASEs and VSVs in refusing requests 39 4.1.1 Refusal strategies used by ASEs 39 4.1.2 Refusal strategies employed by VSVs 44 4.1.3 Similarities and differences of refusal strategies used by ASEs and VSVs 47 4.2 The effect of social status, gender, and age on the choice of refusal strategies 49 4.2.1 Social status 50 4.2.2 Gender 56 4.2.3 Age 60 4.3 Transfers in refusal strategies performed by VSEs 4.4 Discussion of the reults 67 73 4.4.1 Similarities and differences in refusals employed ASEs and VSVs 73 viii Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 4.4.2 The Influence of social status, age and gender 74 4.4.3 Pragmatic transfers in refusals made by VSEs 77 4.5 Summary of results 78 4.5.1 Summary on Similarities and differences of refusal strategies used by ASEs and VSVs 78 4.5.2 Summary on the effect of social status, gender, and age 79 4.5.3 Summary on the pragmatic transfer in refusal strategies 80 Chapter 5: CONCLUSIONS 82 5.1 Conclusions 82 5.2 Some suggestive implications for EFL teaching and learning 85 5.2.1 Implications from the similarities and differences in making request refusals between the Americans and Vietnamese 85 5.2.2 The influence of social status, age and gender on the choice of refusal strategies and frequency distributions of these refusal categories 86 5.2.3 The interfere of the first language habit into the second language use 86 5.3 Suggestion for further research 87 BIBLIOGRAPHY 88 APPENDICES 100 ix Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1a: Frequency distribution of refusal strategies used by ASEs in terms of social status Figure 4.1b: Frequency distribution of refusal strategies used by VSVs in terms of social Figure 4.1c: Frequency distribution of refusal strategies used by ASEs and VSVs in terms of three levels of social status Figure 4.2a: The influence of age on the frequency distribution of refusal strategies used by Americans Figure 4.2b: The influence of age on the frequency distribution of refusal strategies used by Vietnamese Figure 4.2c: The influence of levels of age on the choice of refusal strategies used by ASEs and VSVs Figure 4.3: Transfer in making refusal to requests by VSEs compared with VSVs and ASEs x Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Hill, T (1997) The development of pragmatic competence in an EFL context PhD diss., Temple University Holmes, J (1995) Women, men and politeness London: Longman Houck, N., & Gass, S.M (1996) Non-native refusals: A methodological perspective In Gass, S & Neu, J (Ed.), Speech acts across cultures: Challenges to communication in a second language (pp 45-64) New York: Mouton de Gruyter House, J., & Kasper, G (1981) Politeness markers in English and German In F Coulmas (Ed.) Politeness markers in English and German (pp 157-85) House, J (1989) Politeness in English and German: The function of please and bite In Blum-Kulka, S., House, J &Kasper, G (Ed.), Cross-cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies (pp.1-34) Norwood: Ablex Publishing Corporation Hunt, S.D., Sparkman, R.D & Wilcox, J B (1982) The pretest in survey research: Issues and preliminary findings Journal of Marketing Research, 19, pp.269-73 Hymes, D (1972) On communicative competence In J B Pride & J Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics (pp 269-293) Harmondsworth: Penguin Ikoma, T., & Shimaru, A (1994) Pragmatics transfer in the speech act of refusal in Japanese as a second language Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, (1), 105-129 Iwata, M (1999) Implying “no” in Japanese.: Sociolinguistic analysis of Japanese refusals PhD diss., University of Victoria, Canada Jamieson, N L (1991) Culture and development in Vietnam Honolulu: East-West Centre 93 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Kaplan, R.B.(1972) Cultural thought patterns in inter-cultural education In H.B Allen, & R.N Campbell (Ed.), Teaching English as a second language (2nd ed.) 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an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Levinson, S C (1983) Pragmatics Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Le, T V (2001) Tu van hoc Viet nam thu nghi ve van hoa Viet nam In N.T Le (Ed.), Van hoa Viet nam: Dac trung va cach tiep can (pp 178-185) Nha xuat ban giao duc Leech, G N (1983) Principles of Pragmatics Longman, London Lyuh, I (1992) The art of refusal: Comparison of Korean and American cultures PhD diss Indiana University, Bloomington Maeshiba, N., Yoshigana, N., Kasper, R., & Ross, S (1996) Transfer and proficiency in interlanguage apologizing In S Gass and J Neu (Ed.), Speech acts across cultures (pp.155-187) The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter Maines, J., & Wolfson, N (1981) The compliment formula In F Coulmas (Ed.), Conversational routine: Explorations in standardized communication (pp 115- 132) The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter Manes, J., & Wolfson, N (1981) The compliment formula In F Coulmas (Ed.), Conversational communication routine: situations and Explorations prepatterned in speech standardized The Hague: Mouton Mao, L (1994) Beyond politeness theory: “Face” revisited and renewed Journal of Pragmatics, 21, 451-486 Margalef-Boada, T (1993) Research methods in interlanguage pragmatics: An inquiry into data collection procedures PhD diss Indiana University Marquez-Reiter, R (2000) Linguistic politeness in Britain and Uruguay: A contrastive study of requests and apologies Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins 95 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Mir-Fernandez, M (1994) The use of English requests by native Spanish speakers and its relation to politeness values PhD diss., University of Illinois, Urbana- Champaign Morrow, C.K (1995) The pragmatic effects of instruction on ESL learners’ production of complaint and refusal speech acts PhD diss State 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(1993) Interlanguage features of the speech act of complaining Interlanguage In pragmatics, K Gasper (pp & S 108-122) Blum-Kulka New York: (Ed.), Oxford University Press Phan, T.V.Q (2001) Some English - Vietnamese cross-cultural differences in refusing a request MA thesis Hanoi 96 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van 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questionnaires: The effect of hearer response Journal of Pragmatics, 17,49-62 Ruziekova, E (1998) Face, face-threatening acts and politeness in Cuban Spanish, PhD.diss., University of Pittsburgh Samovar, L.A., & Porter, R.E (2001) Communication between cultures Wadsworth- Thompson learning Sasaki, M (1998) Investigating EFL students’ production of speech acts: A comparison of production questionnaires and role-plays Journal of Pragmatics, 30,457-484 Scarcella, R (1979) On speaking politely in a second language In C.Yorio, K Perkins, & J Schachter (Ed.), on TESOL ’79: The learner in focus (pp.275-287) Washington, DC: TESOL 97 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Schumacher, S & McMillan, J (1993) Research in education: a conceptual introduction New York: Harper and Collins Searle, J.R (1969) Speech acts- An essay in the philosophy of language Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Searle, J.R (1975) Indirect speech act In P Cole, & J Morgan (Ed.) Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech acts (pp 59-82) New York: Academic Press Smith, C (1998) Can adults “just say no”?: How gender , status and social goals affect refusals PhD diss University of South Florida Sussex, R (2006) QQ+Concordance: An analysis tool for text research TESL-EJ 2006, (4) Retrieved August 10, 2006 from http://www writing.berkeley.edu/TESLEJ/ ej36/m2.html Takahashi, T., & Beebe, L.M (1987) The development of pragmatic competence by Japanese learners of English JALT Journal, 8, 131-55 Takahashi, S (1996) Pragmatic transferability Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 18, 189-223 Tateyama, Y (2001) Requests in Japanese as a foreign language Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association of Applied Linguistics, St Louis, MO Tannen, D (1990) You just don’t understand: Men and women in conversation New York: William Morrow & Company Thomas, J (1983) Cross-cultural pragmatic failure Applied Linguistics, 4, 91-112 Ting-Toomey, S., & Chung, L.C (2005) Understanding intercultural communication Los Angeles, CA: Roxbory Publishing Company Tokuda, M (2001) Judgements of politeness in non-native speech in Japanese Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association of Applied Linguistics, St Louis, MO Tran, N T (1998) Co so van hoa Viet nam Hanoi: Nha xuat ban giao duc 98 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Tran, N T (2001) Ban sac van hoa Viet nam truoc nguong cua thien nien ki moi In N T Le (Ed.), Van hoa Viet nam: Dac trung va cach tiep can (pp 292-301) Hanoi: Nha xuat ban giao duc Trosborg, A (1987) Apology strategies in natives/non-natives Journal of Pragmatics, 11, 147-167 Trosborg, A (1995) Interlanguage pragmatics: Requests, complaints, and apologies Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter Truong, C (2001) Tim hieu nhung gia tri tinh than cua nguoi Viet nam In N.T Le (Ed.) Van hoa Viet nam: Dac trung va cach tiep can (pp 205 218) Hanoi: Nha xuat ban giao duc Umar, A (2004) Request strategies as used by advanced Arab learners of English as a foreign language Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Education & Social Sciences & Humanities Yu, M (1999) Cross-cultural and interlanguage pragmatics: Developing communicative competence in a second language PhD diss., Harvard University Yule, G (1996) Pragmatics Oxford: Oxford University Press Yule, G (1996) The Study of Language Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Walters, J (1979) Strategies for requesting in Spanish and English: Structural similarities and pragmatic differences Language Learning, 29, 277-293 Ward, C., Bochner, S., & Furnham, A (2001) The psychology of culture shock Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis Weinreich, U (1953) Language in contact: findings and problems New York: Linguaistics Circle of New York Printed by Mouton, The Hague, 1974 Wierzbicka, A (1985) Different cultures, different languages, different speech acts Journal of Pragmatics, 9, 145-178 99 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Wierzbicka, A (1987) English speech act verbs: A semantic dictionary Sydney; Orlando, Fla.; London: Academic Press Wolson, N (1981) Invitations, compliments, and the competence of the native speakers International Journal of Psycholinguistics, 25, 7-22 Wolfson, N (1988) The Bulge: A theory of speech behavior and social distance In J Fine (Ed.), Second language discourse: A textbook of current research Norwood: NJ: Ablex Wolfson, N (1989) The social dynamics of native and non-native variation in complimenting behaviour In M Eisenstein (Ed.), The dynamic interlanguage (pp 219-236) New York: Plenum Wolfson, N., Marmor, T., & Jones, S (1989) Problems in the comparison of speech act across cultures In S Blum-Kulka, J House, & G Kasper (Ed.), Cross- cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies (pp.114-196) Norwood: Ablex http://asian-efl-journal.com/site_map_2007.php.html http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3669/is_200407/ai_n9451175.html 100 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an APPENDICES A English version questionnaire QUESTIONNAIRE This survey is used to collect data for my research on REFUSALS TO REQUESTS BY SPEAKERS OF AMERICAN AND VIETNAMESE into the similarities and differences in refusing a request between Americans and Vietnamese through the influence of social status, gender, and age on the choices of refusal strategies Your responses are very important and their true values are significant to the success of this survey The data collected from the survey will be ONLY used for the study project and NO other purposes The data will be a very valuable source of information for my research Your co-operation will be highly appreciated Part I: PERSONAL INFORMATION Please fill in the blanks or mark an X in the appropriate box: Nationality: a American b. Vietnamese Gender: a male b. female Age a 20 – 30 b 31 – 45 Profession a teacher b business person c over 45 c office worker d other Education a BA/BS b MA/MS c PhD d Others: …………………………………………… (Please specify) Working Experience a under years b – 10 years c over 10 years Part II: QUESTIONNAIRE Please read each question carefully Put yourself in the given situations and write down in English what you actually say in each situation 101 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Situation You’ve attended a seminar Someone in the seminar asks you for a lift, saying “Could you ride me to a bus-stop near here? You refuse What will you say if the person is 1a) A male professor who is older than you ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 1b) A female professor who is older than you ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 1c) A male professor who is at your age ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 1d) A female professor who is at your age ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 1e) A male professor who is younger than you ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 1f) A female professor who is younger than you ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… Situation You are a teacher Someone in class asks you for your phone number, saying “I am very busy with my job, I couldn’t attend class regularly, could you give me your phone number?” You refuse What will you say if that person is 2a) A male student who is older than you ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 102 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 2b) A female student who is older than you ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 2c) A male student who is at your age ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 2d) A female student who is at your age ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 2e) A male student who is younger than you ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 2f) A female student who is younger than you ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… Situation Your company has just opened a new branch quite far from your current workplace, and you are requested to transfer to work there You refuse What will you say if you are requested by 3a) A male manager who is older than you ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 3b) A female manager who is older than you ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 3c) A male manager who is at your age ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 3d) A female manager who is at your age ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 103 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 3e) A male manager who is younger than you ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 3f) A female manager who is younger than you ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… Situation Someone asks you to help him/her look after his/her 2-year-old daughter for a few minutes, saying “No one is at home, but I have to go out now, could you help me take care of my daughter for a few minutes? I’ll be back soon.” You refuse What will you say if that person is 4a) A male neighbor who is older than you ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 4b) A female neighbor who is older than you ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 4c) A male neighbor who is at your age ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 4d) A female neighbor who is at your age ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 4e) A male neighbor who is younger than you ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 4f) A female neighbor who is younger than you ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 104 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Situation Someone working with you in the same office wants to borrow your motorbike, saying “This morning I shared a ride with a friend, now I have to go out Can I borrow your motorbike for a few minutes? I will give it back to you soon.” You refuse What will you say if that person is 5a) A male colleague who is older than you ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 5b) A female colleague who is older than you ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 5c) A male colleague who is at your age ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 5d) A female colleague who is at your age ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 5e) A male colleague who is younger than you ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 5f) A female colleague who is younger than you ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… THANK YOU VERY MUCH If you are keen on the results of this research, don’t hesitate to contact me at: Nguyen Ngoc Tam, (Mr.) Add.: 290/56 No Trang Long St Ward 12, Binh Thanh Dist HCMC Email: tamnhu2852002@yahoo.com Mobile: 0909 869 162 105 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an CONSENT FORM Investigator: Nguyen Ngoc Tam Project description: This is thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts of TESOL Studies, University of Social Sciences & Humanities The purpose of this study is to investigate the cross-cultural differences between Vietnamese speakers and native American speakers of English in speech act realizations of refusals of requests for better understanding of cross cultural communication Procedures: If you agree to participate, you will fill out the questionnaire It will take you approximately 15 minutes to complete the questionnaire On the questionnaires, you will fill in several communicative situations in which an individual is requesting that you something for or with him/her Imagine that you NOT want to comply with their request Please respond as you would in a real conversation Study withdrawal: Participation in this study is entirely voluntary You may withdraw anytime without penalty Confidentiality: You will not be asked to identify yourself in any way The data will be used for research purposes only All your responses will be strictly confidential, stored on a password-protected computer, accessible only to research staff If you are interested in the results of this research, feel free to contact me after 15 December 2009 at: Nguyen Ngoc Tam 290/56 No Trang Long, Ward 12, Binh Thanh Dist HCMC, Vietnam Mobile: 0909869162 Email: tamnhu2852002@yahoo.com Authorization: I have read and understood the foregoing description of the above study I have asked for and received a satisfactory explanation of any language that I did not fully understand I am 20 years of age or older I agree to participate and I understand that I may withdraw my consent at any time Signature _ Date _ Please PRINT name clearly 106 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn