Apologies in vietnamese and english=lời xin lỗi trong tiếng việt và tiếng anh

VINH UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES ==== ==== TRẦN THỊ LONG APOLOGIES IN VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH (LỜI XIN LỖI TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT VÀ TIẾNG ANH) GRADUATION THESIS FIELD: LINGUISTICS VINH, 2010 VINH UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES ==== ==== APOLOGIES IN VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH (LỜI XIN LỖI TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT VÀ TIẾNG ANH) GRADUATION THESIS FIELD: LINGUISTICS Student: TRẦN THỊ LONG Supervisor: NGUYỄN THỊ TƯỜNG, M.A VINH, 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For the completion of this work, I have been fortunate to receive many invaluable contributions from many people First of all, I should like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, M.A, Nguyen Thi Tuong for her detailed instructions and valuable critical comments, without which the work would not have been completed In addition, I am greatly indebted to my lecturers at the Department of Foreign Languages for their constant support and encouragement My sincere thanks are due to my friends for their various kinds of helps and encouragement, especially to Thao who helped me find useful books I also would like to give my warmest thanks to my loving parents who have comforted and taken great care of me to help me finish my study Finally, due to the limited time to complete this work, it is unavoidable to have mistakes; therefore I am solely responsible for them and would like to have comments from others who concern to my study Vinh, May 10th 2009 Tran Thi Long i ABSTRACT This paper investigates the apology strategies of Vietnamese speakers (English major students at Vinh university) based on the framework of Crosscultural Speech Act Realization project (Bulum-Kulka, S., House, J & Kasper, G., 1989) It attempts to discover some of the most distinctive features of apology behavior in Vietnamese in terms of strategies and the socio-pragmatic variables that influence the selection of apology strategies Based on the findings of the investigation and the research made by the group of scholars involved in the Cross-cultural Speech Act Realization Project, the paper also compares the apology behavior of Vietnamese native speakers and English native speakers Some similarities also distinctive differences were found The author tries to account for the differences from the perspective of social norm, culture values and culture context In addition, the author also tries to give some suggested activities to help students of English improve pragmatic awareness in making English apologies ii C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii ABBREVIATIONS v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES vi PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 Justification of the study Aims of the study Scope of the study Methods of the study Design of the study PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Functions of Language 1.2 Conversation 1.2.1 Context 1.2.2 Adjacency Pairs and Exchanges 1.2.3 Turn – taking 1.3 Speech Acts 1.4 Politeness and Strategies of Politeness 1.4.1 Politeness and Face 1.4.2 Strategies of Politeness 10 CHAPTER 2: THE SPEECH ACT OF APOLOGIZING 13 2.1 The Speech Act of Apologizing 13 2.1.1 Definitions of Apologies 14 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn iii C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 2.1.2 The Speech Act of Apologizing 15 2.1.3 Apology Strategies 16 2.2 Factors Affecting the Choice of Apology Strategies 20 CHAPTER 3: THE SURVEY, RESULTS, FINDINGS, DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS 21 3.1 The Objectives of the study 21 3.2 The Hypothesis of the study 21 3.3 The Data collection instruments 21 3.4 The Participants of the study 22 3.5 The Measurement 23 3.6 The Cross-cultural Speech Act realization Project 24 3.7 Data Analysis, Findings, Discussion and Implications 24 3.7.1 Data Analysis, Findings and discussion 24 3.7.1.1 Apology in Vietnamese 24 3.7.1.2 Comparison of Apology Strategy Preferences of Vietnamese and English speakers 33 3.7.1.2.1 Similarities 34 3.7.1.2.2 Differences 34 3.7.2 General Remarks 38 3.7.3 Implications 41 3.7.3.1 To the English – major Students 41 3.7.3.2 Suggested Pragmatic Awareness – raising Activities 41 PART C: CONCLUSION 45 Recapitulation 45 Suggestions for Further Research 47 REFERENCES APPENDIXES Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn iv C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ABBREVIATIONS CCSARP :Cross – cultural Speech Act Realization Project DCT : Discourse Completion Test e.g : for example et al : and others explan : explanation forb : forbearance FTA : face – threatening act H : hearer i.e : that is to say IFID : Illocutionary Force Indicating Device intensif : intensification minim : minimization resp : responsibility S : speaker Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn v C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table Page Table 1: Percentage of participants choosing strategies by situations in Vietnamese 25 Table 2: Percentage of strategy selection from the total number of possibilities in Vietnamese 29 Table 3: Percentage of the use of IFID in the subgroups of student respondents 29 Table 4: Socio – pragmatic factors by situations 30 Table 5: Percentage of the use of IFID and social distance indicator in each situation 31 Table 6: Percentage of the use of intensification and the severity indicator in each situation 31 Table 7: Frequency of apology in terms of social relationships 32 Table 8: Percentage of strategy selection from total number of possibilities in Vietnamese and English 33 Table 9: The distribution of the strategy of IFID response percentage in Vietnamese and English 34 Table 10: The distribution of the strategy of responsibility response percentage in Vietnamese and English 36 Figure 1: The use of IFID in Vietnamese and English 35 Figure 2: The use of expression of responsibility in Vietnamese and English 36 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn vi C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an PART A: INTRODUCTION Justification of the study Many recent researchs (Takahashi and Beebe, 1993, Blum-Kulka and House, 1989, Leech, 1983; Thomas, 1983) pointed out that linguistic and lexical knowledge is not enough to be competent in using a foreign language Both pragmatic and socio – pragmatic considerations come into play and constitute the important features of using a language effectively and of achieving mutual intelligibility According to Gumperz (1982), people in different cultures have different ways of communication and the cultural differences can build up to the failure in communication Apology, as other speech acts, reflects the cultural distinctions among nations Although in all languages the central function of apologies is to provide a remedy for an offence and restore social equilibrium or harmony, the ways of making apologies are not the same in every language Thus, applying the conventional usage of a language to another language (as the learners of foreign languages often do) will cause them many difficulties and misunderstanding in the target language Finding the similarities and differences in making apology between Vietnamese and English will help Vietnamese learners more success in communication with English native speakers These are the reasons why the author decided to go into this subject “Apologies in Vietnamese and English” Aims of the study The aims of this study are: - To seek the general pattern of apology verbal behaviour in Vietnamese Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an - To compare apology strategy preferences of Vietnamese speakers and English speakers - To provide some recommendations for improving the pragmatic awareness of Vietnamese learners in making apology in English The research questions of the study are: What apology strategies are often used by Vietnamese speakers in the given situations? How the socio – pragmatic factors affect the strategy selection of Vietnamese speakers? What are the similarities and differences of strategy selection between Vietnamese and English speakers? What implications can be drawn in order to help Vietnamese learners of English improve their pragmatic awareness in making English apology? Scope of the study This study focuses on the selection preference of apology strategy of Vietnamese speakers, the socio – pragmatic factors such as social distance, social power, severity of offence and obligation which affect the choice of strategy Moreover, the study puts an emphasis on the comparison of apology strategy preference in Vietnamese and English Methods of the study - Revision of the theoretical publications - Quantitative method - Analysis and synthesis of collected data Design of the study The thesis comprises of three main parts: Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an are excusing themselves for, e.g “The dog ate it” to “I‟m sorry, I didn‟t hand in my homework” You can find these funny excuses on many work – related humour sites on the internet, e.g http://www.ahajokes.com/fp016.html, http://www.jokesnjokes.net, etc Activity 3: (adapted from Allie Patricia Wall, 1987) Look at each apology Try to add to it with a reason or excuse that might fit the situation; offer to compensate the person for the problem; and/or make a promise to change, improve, or not to let the situation happen again All three steps (the excuse, the compensation, and the promise) may not always be necessary or appropriate Be ready to defend your choices for including or omitting the steps in your apologies Example: Laura to an acquaintance in English class: (Apology) Margaret, I‟m really sorry, but I lost the pen you let me borrow yesterday I put it down on the seat beside me on the buss, and I guess I forgot to pick it up when I got off Here (She offers Margaret another pen.) I bought you another one I hope it‟s okay And I‟m really sorry I‟ll be more careful next time Daughter to father: (Apology) Dad, I‟m really sorry I got a D in math this semester Student to teacher: (Apology) Ms Pratt, I want to apologize for acting so rudely in class today Peter to roommate: (Apology) Tom, I‟m sorry about disturbing you last night with the stereo Waiter to customer: Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 43 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an (Apology) I beg your pardon, ma‟am, but I‟m afraid we‟re out of swordfish tonight Husband to wife: (Apology) Darling, will you forgive me for snapping at you on the phone this morning? Activity 4: (Adapted from Allie Patricia Wall, 1987) Here are some situations where an apology is necessary Use a different beginning for each one you make Add other parts of the apology if they are appropriate You dropped and broke your friend‟s bracelet You are fifteen minutes late picking up a friend because you got a phone call as you were going out the door You forgot to buy the milk your roommate asked you to get at the supermarket You borrowed and then forgot to return your friend‟s dictionary You felt sick yesterday and yelled at a friend for no reason Today you feel bad about it The author has just suggested some activities to help students make apology in English appropriately and effectively The selection and adaption of the activities may vary according to many factors such as student‟s English proficiency, the number of the students and the time available Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 44 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an PART C: CONCLUSION Recapitulation The study has made an investigation into apology verbal behaviour of native Vietnamese speakers and a comparison of apology strategy preference between Vietnamese and English It is a fact that different situations call for different apology strategies in every language, however there are differences in the set of strategy preference across languages, leading to the failure in communication of non – native speakers The study is carried out basing on the model of the Cross – cultural Speech Act Realization project (Bulum-Kulka, S., House, J & Kasper, G., 1989) An investigation into Vietnamese apology bahaviour was conducted for English major students in Foreign Languages department and the results were used to compare with the data of English proposed by CCSARP group The paper firstly starts with theoretical background which presents the knowledge of language, conversation, speech act, politeness, strategies of politeness and theory of contrast Then, chapter gives out the general understandings about apology and speech act of apology Chapter is the most important with the investigation into Vietnamese apology behaviour and some noticeable remarks from a comparison with English apology strategy preference From the differences between Vietnamese and English, we can suggest some activities used in speaking class to raise students‟ pragmatic – awareness To sum up we can say that apology-making as a speech behavior is common in both Vietnamese and English, but considerable differences exist in the two languages in terms of the frequency of apology and actual Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 45 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an realization of it The variations come from the underlying social norms and rules and cultural values in each cultural context Suggestions for Further Research We accomplished most of prescribed tasks; however this study is far from completed Firstly, the discourse completion test and the questionnaires used in our investigation have their limitations or weaknesses The written response may not be the actual production of speech act or the true description of the subjects‟ reaction in daily life As Beebe (1985, 11) pointed out that the questionnaires or the discourse completion test fail to reflect actual naturally occurring speech behaviour Subjective responses may not always correspond with objective ones So other methods, e.g observation and interviews, might offer new insight into apology behavior in Vietnamese Secondly, our investigation has just carried out with the participants as students due to the limitation of time and the length of the thesis Thus, the participants should be open to wider range of people at different age, gender and education background in society if the investigation is carried out in the future In addition, another research on native English speakers should be conducted besides the results in CCSARP As stated earlier, we intended to seek general patterns in the realization of apology in Vietnamese and make a comparison with that in English But we find that there is still a lot of work to be done concerning the complexity suggested by the present investigation Thus, for further research, the response to an apology, English and Vietnamese perception of politeness in making apology, etc should be concerned Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 46 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an REFERENCES Beebe, L., Takahashi, T., & Uliss – Weltz, R (1988) Pragmatic transfer in ESL refusals In R Scarcella, E Andersen & S Krashen (Eds), Developing Communicative Competence in a Second Language New York: Newbury House Bulum-Kulka, S., House, J & Kasper, G (1989) Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation Brown, P., & Levinson, S (1987) Politeness: Some Language Universals in Language Use Cambridge: CUP Coillian, B., & George, Y (1983) Teaching the Spoken Language Cambridge: CUP Fahmi, Ruba & Fahmi, Rula (2006) Apology strategies of Jordanian EFL University students Journal of Pragmatics, 38, 1901-1927 Farsold.R (1990) The Sociolinguistics of Language Cambridge, MA: Basil lackwell Goffman, Ewing, (1967) International Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behaviour New York: Double day Anchor Books Holmes & Janet (1990) Apologies in New Zealand English, Language in Society Cambridge: CUP Hudson, R (1980) Sociolinguistics Cambridge: CUP 10 Jackson, H., & Stockwell, P (1996) An Introduction To The Nature And Functions of Language Cheltenham, UK: Stanley Thornes Publishers 11 James, C (1980) Contrastive Analysis London: Longman Publisher 12 Lam, N.T.V., & Phuong, N.D (2009) Discourse Analysis Vinh: Vinh University Publishing Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 13 Leech, G (1983) Principles of Pragmatics New York: Longman 14 Lyons, J (1981) Language and Linguistics: An Introduction Cambridge: CUP 15 Olshtain & Elite (1989) Apologies Across Languages In Bulum-Kulka et al (eds.), Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies Ablex Publishing Corporation 16 Nunan, D (1992) Research Method in Language Learning Cambridge: CPU 17 Olshtain, Elite, Cohen & Andrew (1983) Apology: a Speech Act Set In Wolfson, Nessa, Eliote, Judd (Eds), Sociopragmatics and Language Acquision Rowley: Newbury House 18 Owen, M (1983) Apologies and Remedial Exchanges New York: Mouton 19 Richards, J C & Schmidt, R.(1983) Conversational Analysis In Richards, J C and Schmidt, R.(Eds.), Language And Communication London: Longman 20 Them, T N (1991) Cơ Sở Văn Hóa Việt Nam Hanoi: Giao duc Publisher 21 Trosborg, A (1995) Interlanguage Pragmatics: Request, Complaints Apologies Berlin, New York: Mouton De Gruyter 22 Wall, A P (1987) Say It Naturally New York: CBS College Publishing 23 Wolfson & Nessa (1989) Perspectives-Sociolinguistics and TESOL Newsbury House Publishers 24 Yule, G (1996) Pragmatics Oxford: OUP Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an APPENDIX SEVEN APOLOGY SITUATIONS USED BY CCSARP A university professor promised to return the student‟s paper that day but did not finish reading it (Seminar Paper) A student borrowed her professor‟s book, which she promised to return that day, but forgot to bring it (Book) A stuff manager has kept a student waiting for half an hour for a job interview because he was called to an unexpected meeting (Manager) The waiter in an expensive restaurant brings fried chicken instead of boeuf a la maison to a surprised customer (Waiter) A notoriously unpunctual student is late again for a meeting with a friend with whom she is working on a joint paper (Meeting) A driver in a parking lot backs up into the hearer‟s car (Driver) The speaker offended a fellow worker during a discussion at work After the meeting, the fellow worker mentions this fact (Insult) (Blum-Kulka, House & Kasper, 1989: 175) Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an APPENDIX THE DISCOURSE COMPLETION TEST IN VIETNAMESE (adapted from appendix 1) Tình 1: Bài nghiên cứu Nếu bạn giáo viên đại học, bạn hứa với sinh viên trả nghiên cứu vào ngày nọ, đến ngày bạn chưa xem xong Bạn trả lời sinh viên nào? Sinh viên: Thưa thầy, nghiên cứu em thầy kiểm tra xong chưa ạ? Em xin mang không ạ? Thầy giáo: Tình 2: Muợn sách Nếu bạn sinh viên, bạn mượn sách cô hứa vào ngày đem trả vào ngày bạn lại quên mang theo Bạn trả lời cô nào? Cô giáo: Em đọc xong sách cô chưa? Sinh viên: Tình 3: Giám đốc nhân Nếu bạn giám đốc nhân công ty, bạn để sinh viên đến xin việc làm chờ nửa tiếng bạn có họp đột xuất Bạn trả lời sinh viên nào? Sinh viên: Thưa ơng, bắt đầu chưa ạ? Giám đốc: Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Tình 4: Nhân viên phục vụ Nếu bạn nhân viên phục vụ nhà hàng cao cấp, bạn đưa đĩa gà chiên khách hàng gọi bị hầm khơng phải gà chiên Khách hàng cảm thấy ngạc nhiên Bạn trả lời khách hàng nào? Khách hàng: Ơi, tơi gọi bò hầm chứ! Nhân viên phục vụ: Tình 5: Buổi họp nhóm Nếu bạn sinh viên khơng có ý thức thời gian Bạn đến muộn buổi họp nhóm để làm tập Bạn trả lời bạn nào? Một người bạn: Lần bạn lại dến muộn Người đến muộn: Tình 6: Người lái xe Nếu bạn lấy xe bãi đỗ xe, chẳng may đụng phải xe người khác lùi xe Bạn trả lời nào? Người bị đụng xe: Anh va phải xe Người đụng xe: Tình 7: Lời nói xúc phạm Nếu thảo luận công việc, bạn làm cho đồng nghiệp tức giận có lời nói xúc phạm đến Sau họp xong, đồng nghiệp nói chuyện với bạn Bạn trả lời nào? Đồng nghiệp: Lúc anh nói khơng lịch Bạn: Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Situation 1: The seminar paper If you were a university professor and you promised to return a student‟s paper that day but did not finish reading it, what would you say to the student? Student: Do you finish checking my paper? Can I take it now? Teacher: Situation 2: Book If you were a student and borrowed your professor‟s book, which you promised to return that day, but forgot to bring it, what would you say to your professor? Teacher: Do you finish reading my book? Student:………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………… Situation 3: Manager If you were a personnel director at a company and you kept a student waiting for half an hour for a job interview because you were called to an unexpected meeting, what would you say to the student? Student: Can we start now, sir? Manager: ……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………… Situation 4: Waiter If you were a waiter in an expensive restaurant and brought fried chicken instead of boeuf a la maison to a surprised customer, what would you say to the customer? Customer: Oh, I did call boef a la maison! Waiter: ………………………………………………………………… Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Situation 5: Meeting If you were a notoriously unpunctual student and late again for a meeting with a friend with whom you were working on a joint paper, what would you say to your friend? Friend: You come late again! The person coming late: ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… Situation 6: Driver If you were a driver in a parking lot and backed up into the hearer‟s car, what would you say to him? The hearer: You have backed up into my car! Driver: ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………… Situation 7: Insult If you offended a fellow worker during a discussion at work, after the meeting, the fellow worker mentioned this fact, what would you say to him? The fellow worker: what you said to me earlier is not polite You: …………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………… Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an APPENDIX Questionnaire A - Scales of Socio – pragmatic factors concerning apology strategy selection in Vietnamese (adapted from Olshtain’s scales) Dựa theo câu sau đây, bạn đưa ý kiến đối thoại tình Bạn cần chọn số (1, 3) điền vào chỗ trống ( bảng đây)  Khoảng cách xã hội (quan hệ hai người đối thoại): lạ mặt quen biết bạn bè  Quyền lực xã hội (quyền lực hai người đối thoại): Người xin lỗi thấp người xin lỗi Hai người ngang hàng Người xin lỗi cao người xin lỗi  Mức độ nghiêm trọng (mức độ nghiêm trọng việc phải xin lỗi cao hay thấp) cao thấp  Mức độ bắt buộc (mức độ bắt buộc phải xin lỗi cao hay thấp) cao Yếu tố thấp Khoảng cách Quyền xã hội Trường hợp lực Mức xã hội độ Mức độ nghiêm trọng bắt buộc Bài nghiên cứu Mượn sách Giám đốc nhân Nhân viên phục vụ Buổi họp nhóm Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Người lái xe Lời nói xúc phạm Basing on the following criteria, give your opinions about the situations above You just need to choose (1, or 3) to fill in the table  Social distance (the relation between two participants): Strangers Acquaintance Friends  Social power (the relative power between the S and the H): Speaker lower than Hearer Speaker and Hearer are equals Speaker higher than Hearer  Severity (the severity of the violation is high or low): High Low  Obligation (the obligation of apology is high or low): High Low Distance Power Severity Paper Book Manager Waiter Meeting Driver Insult Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn Obligation C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an APPENDIX Questionnaire B - Frequency of apology by Vietnamese speakers Bạn người bạn bạn, thấy xuất tình sau tích : Bố mẹ xin lỗi □b thường xuyên □a □c □d chưa □c □d chưa □c □d chưa □c □d chưa □c □d chưa □c □d chưa □c □d chưa □c □d chưa □c □d chưa □c □d chưa Giáo viên xin lỗi sinh viên □b thường xuyên □a Giám đốc xin lỗi nhân viên □b thường xuyên □a Người lớn xin lỗi trẻ em □b thường xuyên □a Con xin lỗi cha mẹ □b thường xuyên □a Sinh viên xin lỗi giáo viên □b thường xuyên □a Nhân viên xin lỗi giám đốc □b thường xuyên □a Trẻ xin lỗi người lớn □b thường xuyên □a Nam giới xin lỗi nữ giới □b thường xuyên □a 10 Nữ giới xin lỗi nam giới □b thường xuyên □a Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn