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Contents
Chapter 1 Introductory
I: Metaphysical Religion and its Critics
II: Descartes
III: The Meaning of ‘God’ and the Idea of the Absolute
IV: What Religion Is and what it may Do for Us
V: Worship and Prayer
VI: The Religious Relevance of a Metaphysical God
VII: Texts
VIII: Good and Bad Religion
Chapter 2 The God of Spinoza
Part One: Life of the Philosopher
Part Two: Thought of the Philosopher (the ETHICS)
I: The Aim of Part 1 of the Ethics
II: There is Just One Substance
III: How Finite Things are Related to the One Substance
IV: How a Thing Relates to its Essence
V: God-or-Nature is through and through both Physical and Mental; thus it is Mentally Aware of Everything which it is Doing Physically
VI: The Attributes of Substance: Different Interpretations
VII: God’s Infinity
VIII: Proofs of the Uniqueness and Necessary Existence of God
IX: Alternative Proof of God’s Necessary Existence
X: Further Remarks on Essences
XI: The conatus
XII: The Divine Freedom
XIII: Freedom as Determination by Adequate Ideas, i.e. by Rational Thought
XIV: Rational and Irrational Minds
XV: What Distinguishes One Finite Mind from Another as Ideas in the Divine Mind?
XVI: Emotion and Perception
XVII: Spinoza’s Determinism
XVIII: Absolute and Relative Necessity
XIX: Determinism does not Make Careful Decision Making Pointless
XX: Belief in Determinism should Make for Tolerance
XXI: Is the Universe Perfect, Properly Understood?
XXII: Spinoza’s Chief Ethical Doctrines
Part Three: Spinoza on Organized Religion and the Reduction of Religious Strife
XXIII: The Universal Religion
XXIV: Spinoza on Jesus and on Salvation
XXV: Spinoza’s Inter-faith Message for Today
Part Four: Spinozism as a Personal Religion
XXVI: Could Spinozism Function for Some People as a Personal Religion?
XXVII: The Intellectual Love of God
XXVIII: God as the Infinite Physical Universe
XXIX: God as Infinite Mind
XXX: Human Immortality or Mortality
XXXI: Further Remarks on Time and Eternity
XXXII: In What Sense is God Perfect?
XXXIII: Determinism as a Religious Doctrine
Part Five: Conclusion
Chapter 3 Hegelian Christianity
Part One: Interlude—Immanuel Kant
Part Two: Hegel as a Person
Part Three: Hegel’s Early Thought
a. The Tübingen Period (1788–1793)
b. The Berne Period (1793–1796)
c. The Frankfurt Period (1797–1800)
d. The Jena Period (1801–1807)
Part Four: The Final System
Introductory
Outline of the Dialectic
Part Five: Conclusion
The Anti-climactic Feature of Hegelianism
James Yerkes on Hegel’s Christianity
Chapter 4 Kierkegaard and Hegelian Christianity
Part One: Philosophical Fragments
I: On the Provenance and Pseudonymous Authorship of Philosophical Fragments
II: The Socratic (and Hegelian) Perspective on Religious Knowledge and Experience
III: Transition to an Alternative (the Christian) Point of View: The Incarnation
IV: The Paradox of the Moment
V: Where Hegelianism is Un-Christian
VI: Necessity and Contingency
VII: Original Sin
VIII: The Disciple at Second Hand
IX: Comment On All This
Part Two: Concluding Unscientific Postscript
X: Outline of Unscientific Postscript
XI: Religiousness A and Religiousness B
XII: Why be Interested in Christianity?
XIII: Objective and Subjective Truth
XIV: More on the Paradoxical and Absurd Nature of Christianity
XV: Christianity is Sticking by Absolute Faith to the Paradox and the Absurdity
XVI: More contra Hegelian Christianity
XVII: On Becoming Subjective and Away from Objectivity
XVIII: Original Sin Again and Children
XIX: How Hard on the Ages before Jesus Christ: How does Kierkegaard Relate to Damnation?
XX: Is the Religious and Ethical Viewpoint of Kierkegaard/ Climacus Essentially Egotistical?
XXI: Works of Love
XXII: We should Live the Religious Life without its being Clear from our Behaviour that we are Doing so
XXIII: Bourgeois Christianity and Christian Suffering: Christianity Not Cosy
XXIV: How Friendly is Kierkegaard’s God?
XXV: Concluding Remarks
Chapter 5 T. H. Green and the Eternal Consciousness
I: Absolute Idealism
II: T. H. Green
III: Green and Bosanquet
IV: Green and the Welfare State
V: Grounds of Green’s Idealism: Background
VI: Green’s Implicit Event Ontology
VII: The Human Mind is not Merely Something in the Story but is Part of the Story-Teller
VIII: The Case for Green’s Idealism in more Detail
IX: Green’s Psychology and Ethics
X: A Problem about Animals
XI: The Eternal Consciousness and Human Responsibility
XII: Comparison of Virtue Ethics and Utilitarianism
XIII: The Superiority of Virtue Ethics
XIV: From Aristotle to Christianity
XV: Negative and Positive Freedom
XVI: Green’s Idealism and Religion
XVII: Green’s Philosophy and Christianity
XVIII: The Overall Religious Significance of Green’s Philosophy
XIX: Decline of Green’s Reputation
Chapter 6 Bernard Bosanquet
Part One: Earlier Work
I: Introducing Bernard Bosanquet
II: Bosanquet and Christianity
III: The Future of Religious Observance
Part Two: Later Work
IV: A Brief Sketch of the Metaphysics of F. H. Bradley
V: Contrasts and Affinities between Bosanquet and Bradley
VI: Two Tensions in Bosanquet’s Thought
VII: Some Terminological Clarifications: ‘Consciousness’, ‘Experience’, and ‘Materialism’
VIII: Materialist Tendencies in Bosanquet’s Principle of Individuality and Value
IX: Laws of Nature
X: Contradiction and Wholeness
XI: The Emergence of Mind from Nature
XII: Hegelian versus Bradleyan Loyalties
XIII: Does Nature Only Exist as the Posit of Finite Mind?
XIV: Bosanquet on Panpsychism
XV: The World should be Interpreted Teleologically in a Deep Sense of ‘Teleological’
XVI: The Problem of Evil
XVII: Bosanquet’s Conception of Value
XVIII: Proof of the Existence of the Absolute
XIX: Time and the Absolute
XX: Bosanquet and the State
XXI: What was Bosanquet’s Religion?
XXII: What Religion Is
XXIII: Mr and Mrs Bosanquet and the Charity Organisation Society
Chapter 7 Josiah Royce
I: Introductory
II: Royce’s The Religious Aspect of Philosophy
III: The World of Description and of Acquaintance in The Spirit of Modern Philosophy
IV: The World and the Individual
V: The Philosophy of Loyalty
VI: The Problem of Christianity
VII: Concluding Comment on Royce as Religious Thinker and Man
VIII: Conclusion
Chapter 8 Process Philosophy and Theology: Whitehead and Hartshorne
Part One: The Process Philosophy of William James
Part Two: Whitehead and Hartshorne
I: Biographical
II: Views Shared by Whitehead and Hartshorne and now Definitive of Process Philosophy, or at least Theology
III: God Changes
IV: Event Ontology versus Continuant Ontology
V: Simplified Account of the Structure of an Actual Occasion for Whitehead
VI: Actual Occasions and Time
VII: Whitehead on Ordinary Macroscopic Objects
VIII: Whitehead on Causation
IX: Whitehead on Science and What It Leaves Out
X: Panpsychism
XI: Space and Time in Process Philosophy
XII: Process Theology
XIII: Whitehead’s View of Religion
XIV: Proofs of God’s Existence
XV: Process Philosophy and Ethics
XVI: Process Philosophy in General and Religion
XVII: Conclusion
Chapter 9 Pantheistic Idealism
I: Introductory
II: Self and Not-Self
III: The Nature of Metaphysical Truth
IV: Everything which Exists is either an Experience or a Part of an Experience
V: The Case for Panpsychism
VI: The Absolute
VII: The Absolute (Continued)
VIII: Are There, Maybe, Other Universes?
IX: Continuants
X: The Illusion of Time and the Question of Novelty
XI: Mind and Body, Self and Not-Self: Construction of the Physical World
XII: Body and Soul
XIII: The Scientific World
XIV: What is Space?
XV: Pleasure and Pain, Volition and Action, Beauty and Goodness
XVI: Our Relations to External Things
XVII: Two Sorts of Real Relation
XVIII: Absolute Idealism and Ethics
XIX: The Problem of Evil for Absolute Idealism
XX: Is the World Improving?
XXI: Religion
Chapter 10 Concluding Remarks
Bibliography
Chapter 1
Chapter 2 Spinoza
Chapter 3 Hegel
Chapter 4 Kierkegaard
Chapter 5 Green
Chapter 6 Bosanquet
Chapter 7 Royce
Chapter 8 Process Thought
Chapter 9 Pantheistic Idealism
Index
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Nội dung
[...]... order ofthe elements: that is the job ofthe pagans and Epicureans He does not consist simply of a God who exerts his providence over the lives and property of people in order to grant a happy span of years to those who worship him: that is the allocation ofthe Jews But theGodof Abraham, theGodof Isaac, theGodof Jacob, the Godofthe Christians is a Godof love and consolation; he is a God who... Critics Descartes The Meaning ofGod and the Idea ofthe Absolute What Religion Is and what it may Do for Us Worship and Prayer The Religious Relevance of a Metaphysical God Texts Good and Bad Religion 1 1 4 6 8 11 12 14 15 Chapter 2 TheGodof Spinoza 17 Part One: Life ofthe Philosopher 17 Part Two: Thought ofthe Philosopher (the ETHICS) I The Aim of Part 1 ofthe Ethics II There is Just One Substance... that theGod or Absolute whose existence they purport to establish is, or would be, a Being who mattered religiously (though not necessarily in the Judaeo-Christian or Muslim way) Whether theGodof one philosopher is the same individual as theGodof some other philosopher, or of some theology, or some sacred book or other form of revelation, is a tricky question for the theory of identity If God does... God who fills the souls and hearts of those he possesses; he is a God who makes them inwardly aware of their wretchedness and his infinite mercy, who unites with them in the depths of their soul, who makes them incapable of ´ any other end but himself (PENSE ES , 172) Introductory Around two centuries later, Søren Kierkegaard similarly contrasted theGodof Christian faith with the Godofthe philosophers:... thought of as a public act on the part of a community The whole concept of worship has been associated with the idea ofGod requiring it of us It seems to many of us that a God who longs to be praised is not a very ethically compelling one But if it is a way of opening oneself to a sense ofthe glory of God, however conceived, that is rather different VI The Religious Relevance of a Metaphysical God So... was the main concern ofthe critics mentioned, James excepted) which is my concern as their relation to any form of religious belief.1 It was Pascal who most notoriously criticized the Godofthe philosophers for his (or its?) irrelevance to religion He was thinking primarily of Descartes and said: TheGodof Christians does not consist of a God who is simply the author of mathematical truths and the. .. commentary on these metaphysical systems which should be of interest to anyone concerned with metaphysical issues, whether for the implications for religion or otherwise III The Meaning ofGod and the Idea ofthe Absolute But what does the word God mean? The traditional Judaeo-Christian and, I think, Muslim idea ofGod is as the uniquely almighty, all-good, and all-knowing creator ofthe universe... any quality deserving of reverence or worship The Godofthe traditional proofs is not theGodof religion Particular targets of such criticism have been certain post-Hegelian absolute idealists who claimed to have arrived rationally at the existence ofthe Absolute, which many of them identified with God Such a supposed reality contrasts sadly, it is said, with the living Godof Judaeo-Christianity... emerges as an essential part ofthe general account of reality which they present, and to ask whether such a God is ‘religiously available’.4 Pascal and Kierkegaard were of course concerned with the relevance of a philosopher’s God to theGodof Christianity as they conceived him However, my enquiry will be broader than that, inasmuch as I shall be asking whether theGodof each metaphysical system... will be a matter of degree But if there is a single, genuine God, the question should have a precise answer One aspect of Pascal’s critique of theGodofthe philosophers, is that the philosophers, by the very fact of putting forward such a demonstration, show themselves quite alienated from the proper Christian recognition ofthe feebleness of human reasoning We desire truth, but find in ourselves nothing . Religion 15 Chapter 2 The God of Spinoza 17 Part One: Life of the Philosopher 17 Part Two: Thought of the Philosopher (the ETHICS)24 I The Aim of Part 1 of the Ethics 24 II There is Just One Substance. class="bi x0 y0 w0 h1" alt="" The God of Metaphysics This page intentionally left blank The God of Metaphysics Being a Study of the Metaphysics and Religious Doctrines of Spinoza, Hegel, Kierkegaard,. Physically 29 VI The Attributes of Substance: Different Interpretations 31 VII God s Infinity 32 VIII Proofs of the Uniqueness and Necessary Existence of God 33 IX Alternative Proof of God s Necessary