Natural regeneration of evergreen broad leaved forest in the thuong tien nature reserve, kim boi district, hoa binh province

ABSTRACT To evaluate the current situation as well as research on the natural regeneration in Thuong Tien nature reserve, I have conducted fieldwork, observation in the reserve Survey data through high tree, shrub and regeneration tree class in the study site Mainly statistic some information necessary to serve for the processing of data such as: name species, average height, status and origin of trees The research was performed from 31 July, 2015 in Thuong Tien nature reserve Based on results obtained I conducted data processing to bring out the results as: formula composition of high trees and regeneration trees, calculate the density of trees, phenotypic of distributions regeneration trees, origin of regeneration trees and number of regeneration prospects In addition, show relationship between high trees and regeneration trees class To improve the efficiency of research, I have based on the following purposes: (1) investigated the status of regeneration at Thuong Tien nature reserve; (2) statistic about the characteristics natural regeneration in the study site This research is the best way to evaluate the natural regeneration of evergreen broad - leaved forest The findings of this research will provide an important scientific basis to serve the in-depth study into the problem of forest regeneration as well as assistance in finding the best way to manage forests in Vietnam TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Basic concepts 2.1.1 Forest regeneration 2.1.2 Forms of forest regeneration 2.2 Study in foreign countries 2.2.1 Research on natural regeneration 2.2.2 Survey methods for natural regeneration 2.3 Study in domestic 2.3.1 Research on natural regeneration 2.3.2 Survey methods for natural regeneration 2.4 Conclusion CHAPTER III GOALS AND OBJECTIVES CHAPTER IV STUDY SITES AND METHODS 4.1 Natural conditions 4.1.1 Geographical location, boundary 4.1.2 Topography 11 4.1.3 Climate and hydrology 11 4.2 Characteristics of livelihood, economic and social 14 4.2.1 Livelihood 14 4.2.2 Economic and social 15 4.3 Study site 15 4.5 Survey methods 17 4.5.1 Determined forest status 17 4.5.2 Trees investigation 17 4.5.3 High trees investigate 18 4.5.4 Shrub investigate 19 4.5.5 Regeneration trees investigate 19 4.6 Data processing methods 20 4.6.1 Method determine the composition regeneration trees 20 4.6.2 Determine the phenotypic of distribution regeneration trees 21 4.6.3 Statistical methods for the quality of regeneration trees 22 CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 23 5.1 Current status of evergreen broad - leaved forest 23 5.2 High trees 23 5.3 Shrub layer 26 5.4 Regeneration trees class 26 5.4.1 The composition regeneration trees 26 5.4.2 Phenotypic of distributions regeneration trees: 28 5.4.4 Quality of regeneration trees: 30 5.4.5 Regeneration prospects: 31 5.4.6 Relationship between of high trees and regeneration trees class 33 CONCLUSION 37 6.1 Current status of evergreen broad - leaved forest 37 6.2 High trees and shrubs 37 6.2.1 High trees 37 6.2.2 Shrub 37 6.2.3 Regeneration trees 37 REFERENCES 36 APPENDICES 37 LISTS OF TABLE Table 4.1 Bioclimate index 12 Table 4.2 Categories of forest in Thuong Tien 16 Table 4.3 Data summary of high tree floor 18 Table 4.4 Data summary of regeneration trees class 19 Table 5.1 Phenotypic of distributions index 28 Table 5.2 Statistics numbers of tree follows origin and height level 29 Table 5.3 Rate of quality of regeneration trees 31 Table 5.4 Rate of regeneration prospects 31 Table 5.5 Relationship between of high trees and regeneration trees class 35 LISTS OF FIGURE Figure 4.1 Map of study site in Thuong Tien nature reserve 10 Figure 4.2 Bioclimate diagrams of Kim Boi – Hoa Binh 13 Figure 4.3 Structure of the sample plot diagram 17 Figure 4.4 Location of research area 18 Figure 5.1 Regeneration trees and division according to height levels and origin 30 Figure 5.2 Rate of regeneration prospects in both plots 32 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Thuong Tien nature reserve located in Kim Boi district is a reserve of evergreen broad - leaved forest on Limestone Mountains Total area of 7308 hectares (ha) includes: forested area about 4894 (ha), natural area about 4657 (ha) and 237 (ha) plantations forest, nonforested land 1254 (ha) Nature reserve is also one of the few areas with remaining natural forest area of Hoa Binh province and the Northwest, with vegetation at lower elevations on the mountain land (˂ 700 m) Therefore, the reserve is one of places have important role protect this valuable ecosystem There are some of gymnosperms appear in the reserve such as: Taxus wallichiana (Thông đỏ), Podocarpaceae (Thông tre), and some species are threatened at the global level as: Vatica cinerea (Táu mật) – EN (Endangered), Excentrodendron tonkinensis (Nghiến) – EN (Endangered), Amoora dasyclada (Gội đỏ) – VU (Vulnerable), and some endangered species in Vietnam are listed in Viet Nam Red Book as: Fernandoa bracteata (Đinh vàng), Vatica subglabra (Táu nước), Excentrodendron tonkinensis (Nghiến) Characteristic of the nature reserve is tropical rain evergreen forest with rich flora In fact, research of natural regeneration of the forest is a topic, which has interested scientists There have been numerous of research on the diversity of flora and fauna, however, Study about the structure, regeneration dynamics, mechanism for maintaining biodiversity and resilience of natural forests has not been so attracted The purpose of the research was to determine composition of regeneration, quantity, quality, phenotypic of distributions regeneration trees on ground and follow vertical aspect as scientific basis to find best of solution suited for forest management Starting from that, I was carried out a thesis on this issue: “Natural regeneration of evergreen broad - leaved forest in the Thuong Tien nature reserve, Kim Boi district, Hoa Binh province” CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Basic concepts 2.1.1 Forest regeneration According to Phung Ngoc Lan (1986) forest regeneration is a biological process and has characteristics of forest ecosystems A specific characteristic of the forest regeneration is appearing of new generation of the wood species in the forest, where there are circumstances: under the forest canopy, hole in the forest, forest land after mining, forest land after cultivation and harvest The role of seedlings is replacing old trees Therefore, forest regeneration, can understand like the process to recover the basic components of forest, mainly wood floors Features of natural regeneration were many scientists around the world to conduct research to establish a scientific basis and reasoning for serve in the forestry business Overall, tropical forest regeneration is very complex, not many research and largely concentrated in a number of species with economic value 2.1.2 Forms of forest regeneration Researchers on forest regeneration divided two major forms of regeneration: continuous regeneration and streak regeneration a Continuous regeneration: because of climatic conditions suitable for the combination of complex species, age of species lead to regeneration periods occurred around the year However, only the shade-tolerant species in small stages can survive under the forest canopy In this period the seedlings often weak, slow growth When conditions are favorable lead to small tree can growth, participate in the high trees floor and rapid development b Streak regeneration (hole regeneration): especially for species adapted to light and frequent occurs in older primary forests When large trees are dead, some of space has enough light will facilitate the process of strong regeneration The regeneration trees are mainly composed species adapted to light, rapid growth, short life, softwood or develop from seeds already in the soil, or brought from other places These are mainly holes regeneration After creating the canopy, shade tolerant plants in the primeval forest appearing and developing, then gradually overwhelms species adapted to light and participated in components of high tree floor in the forest 2.2 Study in foreign countries 2.2.1 Research on natural regeneration In the world, some studies show that a common type of regeneration of tropical forests is continuous regeneration Van Steenis showed tropical forest have composition complex in high trees floor, because different age trees of populations lead to regeneration taking place throughout the year Only shade tolerant plants in small stages are able to survive under the forest canopy Conversely, the authors studied about natural regeneration of tropical forests in Asia as Bava (1954), Budowski (1956) has identified under the canopy of tropical forests generally have a sufficient number of tree regeneration have economic value Therefore need some of silvicultural measures necessary to ensure the development and regeneration is available under the forest canopy The study of Nava (1954), Budowski (1956) also showed its ability of regeneration under the canopy of the tropical rainforest depends greatly on the level of species and species diversity Another common characteristic of regeneration in rainforest suitable with species adapted to light is hole regeneration The appearances of the hole in the rainforest make change conditions include: light, humidity and temperature under the forest canopy, according to Van Steenis (1956), composition of tree species grow in holes regeneration is the species fast growing, adapted to light, usually short-lived and not appear in forest composition caused by origin starting from far or bought from other places by animal, human 2.2.2 Survey methods for natural regeneration Establish square plot with the area: 25m2, investigating the regeneration trees have economic value (diameter - 2.5cm) origin from the seeds and have good condition According to Lamprecht (1989) established the plot investigate high tree with the area: 2.500m2 (50m x 50m), one circle sub – plot with the area: 707m2 (d = 30m) have center of sub - plot coincide with the center of plot for investigated seedlings, trees with diameter at breast height 20cm around the hole According to Jans et al (1993), Nanf Wulf (2007), hole area is determined by dividing the hole under the small triangle with joint vertices in hole, measure the distance and azimuth respectively from the center hole to the point on the edge of plot in the surrounding forest Accordingly, the authors selected positions at the edge of the hole corresponding to the azimuth 0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, 315 with the center hole and the distance from the center to points These points are connected to each other and in center hole created polygons with triangles The total area of main triangle is area of hole and set up one sub plot with area 25m2 (5m x 5m) in each triangle to investigate the characteristics of tree regeneration 2.3 Study in domestic 2.3.1 Research on natural regeneration Research on natural regeneration in Vietnam is just beginning in the 1960s The process of regeneration is a biological process with specific characteristics of forest ecosystems Regeneration tree is replacing old tree generation In Vietnam, regeneration also has the general characteristics of tropical forest, but is complicated by the impact of human The process of continuously regenerated not only occur in primary forests but also in secondary forest Natural regeneration appear even in the most plantations are in areas with good soil Formula composition of regeneration associated with the composition of high trees because regeneration tree is the next generation under the canopy of high tree floor and have affected by the seeding of high tree floor, or development of buds on the roots of trees or development based on the seeds brought from other place According to Thai Van Trung (1963, 1970, and 1978) has confirmed: Natural regeneration of tropical forests in northern Vietnam also have the characteristics of tropical forest regeneration Continuous regeneration of shade tolerant species under the forest canopy and hole regeneration of the photophilic species Research in Yen Bai, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh and Lang Son according to Do Thi Ngoc Le (2007) shows a layer structure regeneration associated with high trees, one tree species have high coefficient of high tree floor composition will have similar coefficients in the composition of regeneration class According to Vu Dinh Hue has divided regeneration into levels: good regeneration has density >12000 trees/ha, medium regeneration has density 4000 – 8000 trees/ ha, bad regeneration has density 2000 – 4000 trees/ However, this study only focuses on the density of regeneration tree Hole regeneration is one of the common characteristics of the natural forest regeneration, when assessing the distribution of regeneration tree by level height Ta Thi some species have high rate of composition and economic value such as: Vernicia montana Lour, Lithocarpus Some dominant species appear in both of plot: Pterospermum heterophyllum Hance, Michelia mediocris Dandy Distributions of regeneration trees in the plot follow height level decrease when height increased This shows the level of adaptation of some plants with their living conditions Distribution of regeneration on the ground in the plots is distributed evenly, suitable for the study area is rich in forests and primary forests In all survey of transect in the study area, regeneration trees from seed have rate higher than regeneration trees from buds The quality of regeneration trees in the area we are investigating look good, only a small number of trees have poor quality 38 REFERENCES Tran Van Con, 2009 Động thái tái sinh rừng tự nhiên rộng thường xanh vùng núi phía bắc The journal of Agriculture and Rural Development Number 7/2009 Tran Van Con and partners, 2010 Nghiên cứu đặc điểm lâ học (diễn thế, cấu trúc, tổ thành, tái sinh (TS), tăng trưởng, khí hậu thủy văn, đất, …) số hệ sinh thái rừng (HSTR) tự nhiên chủ yếu Việt Nam Final report of the threads, Forest Science Institute, Ha Noi Vo Dai Hai and Tran Van Con, 2001 Kết nghiên cứu bược đầu khả phục hồi rừng tự nhiên rộng thường xanh sau nương rẫy Tây Nguyên Information science and forestry number 1/2001:7-10 Do Thi Ngoc Le, 2007 Nghiên cứu đặc điểm tái sinh lựa chọn phương pháp điều tra tái sinh rừng tự nhiên xã Đú Sáng, huyện Kim Bơi, tỉnh Hịa Bình Master thesis of Forest Science, Forestry University, Hà Tây Tran Viet Ha, 2010 Growth and quality of indigenous bamboo species in the mountainous regions of Northern Vietnam.Ph.D thesis, the Faculty of Forest Science and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Kasensne, J.M, 1987 The influence of selective logging, felling intensity and gap site on the regeneration of a tropical rain forest in the Kibale Forest Reserve, Uganda, Michigan State University East Lasing, MI Pham Minh Toai, 2012 Structure and regeneration of lowland tropical moist evergreen forest in North and Central Vietnam PhD thesis, Goettingen University, Goettingen, Germany APPENDICES Name of species appear in the study site: Number of tree Latin name Vietnamese name Vernicia montana Lour Trẩu Ginoniera subequalis Planch Ngát Peltophorum tonkinensis Lithocarpus Oroxylon indicum (L) Vent Pterospermum heterophyllum Hance Buretiodendron hsienmu Chun et How Saraca dives Pierre Acacia auriculiformis 10 Liquidambar formosana Hance 11 Cinamomum parthenoxylon 12 Markhamia stipulate (Roxb) Seem 13 Species 14 Endospermum chennenese Benth 15 Cheirospondias lakonensis 16 Pterocarya tonkinensis Cơi 17 Michelia mediocris Dandy Giổi 18 Machilus bombycina Gagnep Kháo 19 Dipterpcarpus retusus Chò nâu 20 Parashorea chinensis Wang Hsie Chò 21 Cryptocarya lenticellata H.Lec 22 Podocarpus wallichianus Kim giao 23 Lithocarpus pseudosundaicus Sồi xanh Lim xẹt Dẻ Núc nác Lòng mang Nghiến Vàng anh Keo Sau sau Re hương Đinh Côi núi Vạng trứng Lát xoan Nanh chuột 24 Sapindus oocarpus Sâng 25 Malotusco chinchinensis Ba soi 26 Aporosa dioica Mucll 27 Streculia lanceolata Cav 28 Castanopsis indica 29 Vatica subglabra Merr Táu nước 30 Species Sung cao 31 Schefflera octophylla Hams Chân chim 32 Canarium album Lour Trám trắng 33 Manglietia glauca Dandy 34 Manglietia conifera Dandy 35 Species 36 Symplocos dolichitricha Merr 37 Litsea laucilimba 38 Syzygium 39 Cratoxylon Prunifolium Kurtz Thẩu tấu Sảng nhung Cà ổi Mỡ Vàng tâm Chò tía Dung đen Bời lời Trâm Đỏ High trees use Ki coefficient: Plot Number Name species (Vietnamese name) Ni Ki Vernicia montana Lour 1.71 Ginoniera subequalis Planch 1.71 Peltophorum tonkinensis 1.22 Lithocarpus 0.48 Oroxylon indicum (L) Vent 0.98 Pterospermum heterophyllum Hance 0.73 Buretiodendron hsienmu Chun et How 0.73 Saraca dives Pierre 0.48 Acacia auriculiformis 0.24 10 Liquidambar formosana Hance 0.24 11 Cinnamomum bejolgata 0.24 12 Markhamia stipulate (Roxb) Seem 0.24 13 Côi núi (local name) 0.24 14 Endospermum chennenese Benth 0.48 15 Cheirospondias lakonensis 0.24 Ni Ki Plot Number Name species Pterocarya tonkinensis 2.35 Michelia mediocris Dandy 1.76 Machilus bombycina Gagnep 1.18 Dipterpcarpus retusus 0.88 Parashorea chinensis Wang Hsie 0.59 Cryptocarya lenticellata H.Lec 0.29 Nagaia fleurii (Hickel) De Laub 0.59 Cinnamomum bejolgata 0.29 Lithocarpus pseudosundaicus 0.29 10 Peltophorum tonkinensis 0.29 11 Vernicia montana Lour 0.29 12 Markhamia stipulate (Roxb) Seem 0.29 13 Sterculia lanceolata Cav 0.29 14 Lithocarpus 0.59 Plot Number Name species Ni Ki Michelia mediocris Dandy 1.43 Malotusco chinchinensis 1.67 Ginoniera subequalis Planch 1.19 Aporosa dioica Mucll 0.95 Lithocarpus 0.71 Streculia lanceolata Cav 0.24 Pterospermum heterophyllum Hance 0.24 Endospermum chennenese Benth 0.24 Saraca dives Pierre 0.48 10 Dipterpcarpus retusus 0.95 11 Parashorea chinensis Wang Hsie 0.71 12 Machilus bombycina Gagnep 0.24 13 Vernicia montana Lour 0.24 14 Markhamia stipulate (Roxb) Seem 0.24 15 Buretiodendron hsienmu Chun et How 0.48 High trees use IV% (imporatant value): Plot Numbers of species Name of species Ni N% G% IV% Vernicia montana Lour 17.07 18.99 18.03 Ginoniera subequalis Planch 17.07 10.45 13.76 Peltophorum tonkinensis 12.20 12.14 12.17 Lithocarpus 4.88 17.78 11.33 Oroxylon indicum (L) Vent 9.76 9.32 9.54 Pterospermum heterophyllum Hance 7.32 6.18 6.75 Buretiodendron hsienmu Chun et How 7.32 5.18 6.25 Saraca dives Pierre 4.88 6.36 5.62 Acacia auriculiformis 2.44 1.42 1.93 10 Liquidambar formosana Hance 2.44 4.80 3.62 11 Cinnamomum bejolgata 2.44 1.16 1.80 12 Markhamia stipulate (Roxb) Seem 2.44 0.98 1.71 13 Côi núi (local name) 2.44 1.70 2.07 14 Endospermum chennenese Benth 4.88 2.32 3.60 15 Cheirospondias lakonensis 2.44 1.43 1.89 Plot Numbers of species Name of species Ni N% G% IV% Pterocarya tonkinensis 23.53 28.76 26.10 Michelia mediocris Dandy 17.65 15.89 16.77 Machilus bombycina Gagnep 11.76 13.04 12.40 Dipterpcarpus retusus 8.82 10.32 9.57 Parashorea chinensis Wang Hsie 5.88 7.68 6.78 Cryptocarya lenticellata H.Lec 2.94 5.58 4.26 Nagaia fleurii (Hickel) De Laub 5.88 5.36 5.62 Cinnamomum bejolgata 2.94 1.58 2.26 Lithocarpus pseudosundaicus 2.94 2.04 2.49 10 Peltophorum tonkinensis 2.94 2.46 2.70 11 Vernicia montana Lour 2.94 2.64 2.79 12 Markhamia stipulate (Roxb) Seem 2.95 1.44 2.19 13 Sterculia lanceolata Cav 2.94 1.36 2.15 14 Lithocarpus 5.88 1.96 3.92 Plot Numbers Name of species of species Ni N% G% IV% Michelia mediocris Dandy 14.29 31.73 23.01 Malotusco chinchinensis 16.67 18.87 17.77 Ginoniera subequalis Planch 11.90 19.62 15.76 Aporosa dioica Mucll 9.52 6.06 7.79 Lithocarpus 7.14 5.78 6.46 Streculia lanceolata Cav 2.38 1.80 2.09 Pterospermum heterophyllum Hance 2.38 3.02 2.70 Endospermum chennenese Benth 2.38 1.64 2.01 Saraca dives Pierre 4.76 1.40 3.08 10 Dipterpcarpus retusus 9.52 2.60 6.06 11 Parashorea chinensis Wang Hsie 7.14 2.88 5.01 12 Machilus bombycina Gagnep 2.38 0.92 1.65 13 Vernicia montana Lour 2.38 0.42 1.40 14 Markhamia stipulate (Roxb) Seem 2.38 0.48 1.43 15 Buretiodendron hsienmu Chun et How 4.76 2.82 3.79 Shrub layer Number of plots Plot Sub- Name of species Height average Status plot Dương xỉ (Microsorum pteropus), guột (Dicranopteris linearis), mâm xôi (rubus alceaefolius poir) Cỏ tranh (Imperata cylindrica), găng (Randia dumetorum 0.55 G 0.63 G Benth) 10 11 12 13 Dong rừng (Phrynium placentarium), mây Găng (Randia dumetorum Benth), sim (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) Dương xỉ (Microsorum pteropus), mâm xôi (rubus alceaefolius poir) Cỏ lăng (Medicago sativa), riềng rừng (Alpinia conchigera Criff.) Mâm xôi (rubus alceaefolius poir), cỏ tranh (Imperata cylindrica) Găng (Randia dumetorum Benth), cỏ lăng (Medicago sativa) Cỏ chân gà (Cynodon dactylon), cỏ tranh (Imperata cylindrica) Chít, guột (Dicranopteris linearis) Dong riềng (Canna edulis), bùm bụp (Mallotus apelta Muell Arg.) Dong riềng (Canna edulis), cỏ tranh (Imperata cylindrica) Bướm bạc (Mussaenda pubescens Ait.f.), cỏ tranh (Imperata cylindrica) 0.53 G 0.52 G 0.62 G 0.54 G 0.61 G 0.53 G 0.58 G 0.45 M 0.62 M 0.59 M 0.68 M 14 Mâm xơi (rubus alceaefolius poir), chít 0.54 G Dương xỉ (Microsorum pteropus), dây leo 0.52 G Mây, ráy (Alocasia odora), dong riềng (Canna edulis) 0.68 G 0.42 M 0.64 M 0.69 G 0.50 G Dương xỉ (Microsorum pteropus), guột (Dicranopteris linearis) Mâm xôi (rubus alceaefolius poir), dong rừng (Phrynium placentarium) Mây, dây leo Mâm xôi (rubus alceaefolius poir), guột (Dicranopteris linearis) Sim (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa), chít 0.42 M Chít, ráy (Alocasia odora) 0.54 G Dong riềng (Canna edulis), cỏ chân gà (Cynodon dactylon) 0.43 G 10 Bùm bụp (Mallotus apelta Muell Arg.), dây leo 0.56 G 11 Guột (Dicranopteris linearis), dương xỉ (Microsorum 0.48 G pteropus) 12 Bướm bạc (Mussaenda pubescens Ait.f.), muống tuồng 0.37 G 13 Muống tuồng, ba chạc (Euodia lepta) 0.58 M 14 Dây leo, hoàng thảo 0.47 G 0.41 G Dương xỉ (Microsorum pteropus), cỏ xước (Achyranthes aspera L.) Gừng rừng, ráy (Alocasia odora) 0.46 G Găng (Randia dumetorum Benth), mây 0.55 G Cỏ tranh (Imperata cylindrica), dây leo 0.59 G Chít, cỏ chân gà (Cynodon dactylon) 0.39 M 0.61 G Dứa dại (Pandanus tectorius), dương xỉ (Microsorum pteropus) Muống tuồng, dong riềng (Canna edulis) 0.55 G Dây leo, sim (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) 0.54 G Cỏ chân gà (Cynodon dactylon), mây 0.41 G 0.52 G 10 Sầm, sim (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa), dong riềng (Canna edulis) 11 Cỏ tranh (Imperata cylindrica), ráy (Alocasia odora) 0.48 M 12 Mây, cỏ chân gà (Cynodon dactylon) 0.60 M 13 Dó lơng, cỏ chân gà (Cynodon dactylon) 0.42 M 14 Muống tuồng, bùm bụp (Mallotus apelta Muell Arg.) 0.61 G Regeneration trees Regeneration trees of plot Number Name species Ni Ki Ginoniera subequalis Planch 0.96 Vernicia montana Lour 0.84 Peltophorum tonkinensis 0.60 Buretiodendron hsienmu Chun et How 0.72 Acacia auriculiformis 0.84 Castanopsis tonkinesis 0.60 Côi núi (local name) 0.60 Lithocarpus 0.48 Michelia mediocris Dandy 0.24 10 Cinnamomum bejolgata 0.84 11 Saraca dives Pierre 0.48 12 Pterospermum heterophyllum Hance 0.60 13 Markhamia stipulate (Roxb) Seem 0.72 14 Endospermum chennenese Benth 0.48 15 Vatica subglabra Merr 0.12 16 Dipterpcarpus retusus 0.12 17 Sung cao (local name) 0.12 18 Sterculia lanceolata Cav 0.12 19 Liquidambar formosana Hance 0.12 20 Cratoxylon Prunifolium Kurtz 0.12 21 Schefflera octophylla Hams 0.12 22 Malotusco chinchinensis 0.12 83 10 Total: 22 species Regeneration trees of plot Number Name species Ni Ki Lithocarpus 1.06 Sterculia lanceolata Cav 0.67 Michelia mediocris Dandy 0.93 Canarium album Lour 0.40 Peltophorum tonkinensis 0.80 Vernicia montana Lour 0.80 Markhamia stipulate (Roxb) Seem 0.40 Nagaia fleurii (Hickel) De Laub 0.80 Cinnamomum bejolgata 0.53 10 Castanopsis tonkinesis 0.93 11 Machilus bombycina Gagnep 0.53 12 Pterocarya tonkinensis 0.67 13 Pterospermum heterophyllum Hance 0.67 14 Manglietia glauca Dandy 0.13 15 Cheirospondias lakonensis 0.13 16 Ginoniera subequalis Planch 0.13 17 Endospermum chennenese Benth 0.13 18 Cheirospondias lakonensis 0.13 19 Parashorea chinensis Wang Hsie 0.13 19 species 75 10 Total: Regeneration trees of plot Number Name species Ni Ki Aporosa dioica Mucll 0.86 Saraca dives Pierre 0.74 Machilus bombycina Gagnep 0.86 Endospermum chennenese Benth 0.74 Lithocarpus 0.49 Dipterpcarpus retusus 0.49 Vernicia montana Lour 0.62 Buretiodendron hsienmu Chun et How 0.62 Michelia mediocris Dandy 0.74 10 Markhamia stipulate (Roxb) Seem 0.74 11 Parashorea chinensis Wang Hsie 0.37 12 Pterospermum heterophyllum Hance 0.62 13 Ginoniera subequalis Planch 0.74 14 Streculia lanceolata Cav 0.12 15 Manglietia conifera Dandy 0.12 16 Schefflera octophylla Hams 0.12 17 Syzygium 0.12 18 Symplocos dolichitricha Merr 0.12 19 Sterculia lanceolata Cav 0.12 20 Litsea ghinosa Lour 0.12 21 Malotusco chinchinensis 0.12 22 Canarium album Lour 0.12 23 Chị tía (local name) 0.12 24 Liquidambar formosana Hance 0.12 24 species 81 10 Total: ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my deep gratitude towards Dr Tran Viet Ha, Lecturer at Vietnam Forestry University, Ha Noi, Vietnam for his scientific guidance and whole-hearted advices to me throughout my study period I would like to express my special thanks to Vietnam Forestry University was facilitating implementation of my thesis I would like to express my deep gratitude towards Prof Lee MacDonald from Colorado United State I would like to express my special thanks to Management Authority at Thuong Tien nature reserve helped me during period of probation at the reserve I greatly appreciated the help of members at the ranger station and people living around Thuong Tien nature reserve, especially thank Mr Quy, Mr Hung, and Mr Phuc who helped me directly