Addison wesley tcpip illustrated

TCP/IP Illustrated Oleg V. Titov, CTD IFMO RU Table of Contents 1TCP/IP Illustrated 1TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1 1The Protocols 1W. Richard Stevens 1Contents 8Preface 8Preface 8Introduction 8Organization of the Book 9Readers 10Systems Used for Testing 11Typographical Conventions 11Acknowledgments 13Chapter 1. Introduction 13Introduction 131.1 Introduction 131.2 Layering 171.3 TCP/IP Layering 181.4 Internet Addresses 191.5 The Domain Name System 201.6 Encapsulation 211.7 Demultiplexing 221.8 Client-Server Model 231.9 Port Numbers 23Reserved Ports 241.10 Standardization Process 241.11 RFCs 251.12 Standard, Simple Services 261.13 The Internet 261.14 Implementations 271.15 Application Programming Interfaces 281.16 Test Network 281.17 Summary 29Exercises 30Chapter 2. Link Layer 30Link Layer 302.1 Introduction 302.2 Ethernet and IEEE 802 Encapsulation 322.3 Trailer Encapsulation 332.4 SLIP: Serial Line IP 342.5 Compressed SLIP 342.6 PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol 362.7 Loopback Interface 382.8 MTU 382.9 Path MTU 392.10 Serial Line Throughput Calculations 402.11 Summary 40Exercises i 41Chapter 3. IP: Internet Protocol 41IP: Internet Protocol 413.1 Introduction 413.2 IP Header 453.3 IP Routing 47Examples 493.4 Subnet Addressing 513.5 Subnet Mask 51Example 523.6 Special Case IP Addresses 533.7 A Subnet Example 553.8 ifconfig Command 563.9 netstat Command 563.10 IP Futures 573.11 Summary 58Exercises 59Chapter 4. ARP: Address Resolution Protocol 59ARP: Address Resolution Protocol 594.1 Introduction 594.2 An Example 604.3 ARP Cache 614.4 ARP Packet Format 624.5 ARP Examples 62Normal Example 64ARP Request to a Nonexistent Host 65ARP Cache Timeout 654.6 Proxy ARP 674.7 Gratuitous ARP 684.8 arp Command 684.9 Summary 68Exercises 69Chapter 5. RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol 69RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol 695.1 Introduction 695.2 RARP Packet Format 695.3 RARP Examples 725.4 RARP Server Design 72RARP Servers as User Processes 72Multiple RARP Servers per Network 725.5 Summary 73Exercises 74Chapter 6. ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol 74ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol 746.1 Introduction 746.2 ICMP Message Types 776.3 ICMP Address Mask Request and Reply 786.4 ICMP Timestamp Request and Reply 81Alternatives 826.5 ICMP Port Unreachable Error 84tcpdump Time Line ii 856.6 4.4BSD Processing of ICMP Messages 876.7 Summary 87Exercises 88Chapter 7. Ping Program 88Ping Program 887.1 Introduction 887.2 Ping Program 89LAN Output 91WAN Output 91Hardwired SLIP Links 92Dialup SLIP Links 937.3 IP Record Route Option 94Normal Example 96Abnormal Output 977.4 IP Timestamp Option 987.5 Summary 98Exercises 99Traceroute Program 99Traceroute Program 998.1 Introduction 998.2 Traceroute Program Operation 1008.3 LAN Output 1048.4 WAN Output 1068.5 IP Source Routing Option 107traceroute Examples with Loose Source Routing 109traceroute Examples with Strict Source Routing 111traceroute Round Trips with Loose Source Routing 1128.6 Summary 112Exercises 114Chapter 9. IP Routing 114IP Routing 1149.1 Introduction 1149.2 Routing Principles 115Simple Routing Table 117Initializing a Routing Table 118A More Complex Routing Table 119No Route to Destination 1199.3 ICMP Host and Network Unreachable Errors 1209.4 To Forward or Not to Forward 1219.5 ICMP Redirect Errors 121An Example 123More Details 1249.6 ICMP Router Discovery Messages 125Router Operation 125Host Operation 126Implementation 1269.7 Summary 126Exercises 128Chapter 10. Dynamic Routing Protocols 128Dynamic Routing Protocols iii 12810.1 Introduction 12810.2 Dynamic Routing 12910.3 Unix Routing Daemons 12910.4 RIP: Routing Information Protocol 129Message Format 130Normal Operation 131Metrics 131Problems 132Example 133Another Example 13610.5 RIP Version 2 13610.6 OSPF: Open Shortest Path First 13710.7 BGP: Border Gateway Protocol 13810.8 CIDR: Classless Interdomain Routing 13910.9 Summary 140Exercises 141Chapter 11. UDP: User Datagram Protocol 141UDP: User Datagram Protocol 14111.1 Introduction 14111.2 UDP Header 14211.3 UDP Checksum 143tcpdump Output 144Some Statistics 14411.4 A Simple Example 14511.5 IP Fragmentation 14811.6 ICMP Unreachable Error (Fragmentation Required) 148Example 15011.7 Determining the Path MTU Using Traceroute 151The Worldwide Internet 15111.8 Path MTU Discovery with UDP 151Example 15511.9 Interaction Between UDP and ARP 15611.10 Maximum UDP Datagram Size 157Datagram Truncation 15811.11 ICMP Source Quench Error 15911.12 UDP Server Design 160Client IP Address and Port Number 160Destination IP Address 160UDP Input Queue 162Restricting Local IP Address 163Restricting Foreign IP Address 164Multiple Recipients per Port 16511.13 Summary 165Exercises 167Chapter 12. Broadcasting and Multicasting 167Broadcasting and Multicasting 16712.1 Introduction 16812.2 Broadcasting 168Limited Broadcast 169Net-directed Broadcast iv 169Subnet-directed Broadcast 169All-subnets-directed Broadcast 16912.3 Broadcasting Examples 17212.4 Multicasting 172Multicast Group Addresses 173Converting Multicast Group Addresses to Ethernet Addresses 174Multicasting on FDDI and Token Ring Networks 17512.5 Summary 175Exercises 176Chapter 13. IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol 176IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol 17613.1 Introduction 17613.2 IGMP Message 17713.3 IGMP Protocol 177Joining a Multicast Group 177IGMP Reports and Queries 178Implementation Details 178Time-to-Live Field 179All-Hosts Group 17913.4 An Example 181Multicast Router Example 18313.5 Summary 183Exercises 184Chapter 14. DNS: The Domain Name System 184DNS: The Domain Name System 18414.1 Introduction 18414.2 DNS Basics 18714.3 DNS Message Format 189Question Portion of DNS Query Message 190Resource Record Portion of DNS Response Message 19114.4 A Simple Example 19514.5 Pointer Queries 196Example 196Hostname Spoofing Check 19714.6 Resource Records 20014.7 Caching 20414.8 UDP or TCP 20414.9 Another Example 20614.10 Summary 206Exercises 207Chapter 15. TFTP: Trivial File Transfer Protocol 207TFTP: Trivial File Transfer Protocol 20715.1 Introduction 20715.2 Protocol 20815.3 An Example 21015.4 Security 21015.5 Summary 211Exercises 212Chapter 16. BOOTP: Bootstrap Protocol 212BOOTP: Bootstrap Protocol v 21216.1 Introduction 21216.2 BOOTP Packet Format 214Port Numbers 21416.3 An Example 21716.4 BOOTP Server Design 21716.5 BOOTP Through a Router 21816.6 Vendor-Specific Information 21916.7 Summary 219Exercises 220Chapter 17. TCP: Transmission Control Protocol 220TCP: Transmission Control Protocol 22017.1 Introduction 22017.2 TCP Services 22117.3 TCP Header 22417.4 Summary 224Exercises 225Chapter 18. TCP Connection Establishment and Termination 225TCP Connection Establishment and Termination 22518.1 Introduction 22518.2 Connection Establishment and Termination 225tcpdump Output 227Time Line 227Connection Establishment Protocol 228Connection Termination Protocol 229Normal tcpdump Output 22918.3 Timeout of Connection Establishment 230First Timeout Period 231Type-of-Service Field 23118.4 Maximum Segment Size 23218.5 TCP Half-Close 23318.6 TCP State Transition Diagram 2342MSL Wait State 238Quiet Time Concept 238FIN WAIT 2 State 23818.7 Reset Segments 239Connection Request to Nonexistent Port 239Aborting a Connection 241Detecting Half-Open Connections 24218.8 Simultaneous Open 243An Example 24518.9 Simultaneous Close 24618.10 TCP Options 24618.11 TCP Server Design 247TCP Server Port Numbers 248Restricting Local IP Address 249Restricting Foreign IP Address 250Incoming Connection Request Queue 25418.12 Summary 254Exercises vi 257Chapter 19. TCP Interactive Data Flow 257TCP Interactive Data Flow 25719.1 Introduction 25719.2 Interactive Input 25919.3 Delayed Acknowledgments 26019.4 Nagle Algorithm 262Disabling the Nagle Algorithm 262An Example 26719.5 Window Size Advertisements 26719.6 Summary 267Exercises 268Chapter 20. TCP Bulk Data Flow 268TCP Bulk Data Flow 26820.1 Introduction 26820.2 Normal Data Flow 271Fast Sender, Slow Receiver 27220.3 Sliding Windows 273An Example 27420.4 Window Size 275An Example 27620.5 PUSH Flag 277Examples 27820.6 Slow Start 278An Example 27920.7 Bulk Data Throughput 282Bandwidth-Delay Product 283Congestion 28320.8 Urgent Mode 285An Example 28720.9 Summary 288Exercises 289Chapter 21. TCP Timeout and Retransmission 289TCP Timeout and Retransmission 28921.1 Introduction 28921.2 Simple Timeout and Retransmission Example 29121.3 Round-Trip Time Measurement 293Karn’s Algorithm 29321.4 An RTT Example 294Round-Trip Time Measurements 295RTT Estimator Calculations 297Slow Start 29721.5 Congestion Example 29821.6 Congestion Avoidance Algorithm 30021.7 Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery Algorithms 30121.8 Congestion Example (Continued) 30421.9 Per-Route Metrics 30421.10 ICMP Errors 304An Example 30821.11 Repacketization 30921.12 Summary vii 310Exercises 311Chapter 22. TCP Persist Timer 311TCP Persist Timer 31122.1 Introduction 31122.2 An Example 31422.3 Silly Window Syndrome 314An Example 31822.4 Summary 318Exercises 319Chapter 23. TCP Keepalive Timer 319TCP Keepalive Timer 31923.1 Introduction 32023.2 Description 32123.3 Keepalive Examples 321Other End Crashes 323Other End Crashes and Reboots 324Other End Is Unreachable 32523.4 Summary 326Exercises 327Chapter 24. TCP Futures and Performance 327TCP Futures and Performance 32724.1 Introduction 32724.2 Path MTU Discovery 328An Example 330Big Packets or Small Packets? 33124.3 Long Fat Pipes 332Gigabit Networks 33324.4 Window Scale Option 334An Example 33624.5 Timestamp Option 33724.6 PAWS: Protection Against Wrapped Sequence Numbers 33824.7 T/TCP: A TCP Extension for Transactions 34124.8 TCP Performance 34224.9 Summary 343Exercises 345Chapter 25. SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol 345SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol 34525.1 Introduction 34525.2 Protocol 34725.3 Structure of Management Information 34825.4 Object Identifiers 34925.5 Introduction to the Management Information Base 350Case Diagrams 35125.6 Instance Identification 351Simple Variables 351Tables 352Lexicographic Ordering 35325.7 Simple Examples 353Simple Variables 353get-next Operator viii [...]... whatever is required to deliver the final product to the readers This all revolves around the editor, and John Wait is simply the best there is Working with John and the rest of the professionals at Addison- Wesley is a pleasure Their professionalism and attention to detail show in the end result Camera-ready copy of the book was produced by the author, a Troff die-hard, using the Groff package written... (Appendix C) ttcp Program Author-Written Software List of Acronyms ACRONYMS xiii 513 513 514 514 515 515 TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1 The Protocols W Richard Stevens Contents Preface Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Layering 1.3 TCP/IP Layering 1.4 Internet Addresses 1.5 The Domain Name System 1.6 Encapsulation