electrocrystallization in nanotechnology, 2007, p.280

[...]... Chemistry Faculty of Engineering Kogakuin University, 1-24-2 Nishi-shinjuku Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 163-8677 Japan Reginald M Penner Department of Chemistry and Institute for Surface and Interface Science University of California Irvine CA 92697-2025 USA ´szlo ´ter La ´ Pe Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics Hungarian Academy of Sciences P.O.B 49 1525 Budapest Hungary Werner Schindler ¨ Technical... Impact of Electrocrystallization on Nanotechnology Georgi Staikov and Alexander Milchev 1.1 Introduction Electrocrystallization processes occurring at electrochemical solid/liquid interfaces have for a long time attracted the interest of many researchers from both fundamental and applied viewpoints After the pioneering works of Max Volmer at the beginning of the last century [1, 2], the processes of electrocrystallization. .. this process is the rate determining step in the initial stage of the phase transition This finding must be taken into consideration when interpreting experimental data on the kinetics of nucleus formation, both on foreign and on native substrates An important question closely related to the nucleation kinetics concerns the location of nuclei on the electrode surface In particular, it turns out to be... crystalline cluster, respectively Two different growth modes can generally be distinguished, depending on the electrocrystallization conditions, as illustrated schematically in Fig 1.11: (i) a mononuclear growth mode occurring at tn g tg through the formation and growth 1.6 Localization of Electrocrystallization Processes and Nanostructuring Mono- and multinuclear growth modes in a negative insulator/conductor... , the electrode potential E being ð2Þ kept constant at Ey As pointed out in Refs [7, 66–68], this second possibility of applying the supersaturation allows one to invent a modified pulse potentiostatic technique, which has certain advantages, particularly when it is necessary to preserve the energy state of the electrode surface The increase in supersaturation by increasing the activity of metal ions... Garching Germany Georgi Staikov Institute of Thin Films and Interfaces (ISG 3) and CNI-Centre of Nanoelectronic Systems for Information Technology ¨ Research Centre Julich ¨ 52425 Julich Germany N J Tao Department of Electrical Engineering Center for Solid State Electronics Research Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA Daniel Wheeler Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory National Institute... dealing with nanoscale structures and objects, including single atoms and molecules The application of electrocrystallization processes in nanotechnology requires a scaling down of the structures to the nanometer range Therefore, in this chapter, we discuss some specific aspects of electrocrystallization, which are relevant for the electrochemical preparation and properties of various nanostructures In. .. current one obtains: iN ðtÞ ¼ bzFc      D 1=2 1 1 À exp À J0 pð8pcVM Þ 1=2 Dt 2 pt 2 ð1:33Þ if NðtÞ clusters are progressively formed on the electrode surface during the time interval ð0; tÞ and iN0 ðtÞ ¼ zFc   D 1=2 f1 À exp½ÀN0 pð8pcVM Þ 1=2 DtŠg pt ð1:34Þ if N0 clusters appear instantaneously at the initial moment t ¼ 0 In Eq (1.33) b is a numerical constant, which equals 1 according to Refs... modification of a conducting substrate with an insulating template results in the formation of negative (recessed) structures A single negative structure of this type is shown schematically in Fig 1.11 For the filling of such a structure by electrodeposition, its aspect ratio h=d (depth/diameter) and the surface state of the conducting substrate are important As already discussed in Section 1.4, the energy... Chitradurga L Aravinda Institute of Physical Chemistry University of Karlsruhe 76128 Karlsruhe Germany Hidetaka Asoh Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Engineering Kogakuin University 1-24-2 Nishi-shinjuku Shinjuku-ku 163-8677 Tokyo Japan Imre Bakonyi Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics Hungarian Academy of Sciences P.O.B 49 1525 Budapest Hungary Ditimar Borissov Institute of Physical . not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law. Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Printed on acid-free paper Composition Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong Printing. Kautek 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Bottom-up Template Approach 61 3.3 Top-down SPM Approach 66 3.4 Thermodynamics of Low-dimensional Phases 68 3.5 Experiments on the Electrodeposition in STM-tip-generated Nanocavities 69 3.6. 175 8.2.7.1 Mechanical Properties 175 8.2.7.2 Electron Transport 177 8.2.7.3 Electrochemical Properties 178 8.2.7.4 Device Properties 180 8.2.7.5 Magnetic Properties 181 8.2.7.6 Sensing Properties 182 8.3