(Luận văn) green innovation, green entrepreneurship, and vietnamese sme development the role of market turbulence

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY International School of Business t to ng hi ep w n lo ad Nguyen Tri Thanh ju y th yi pl al n ua Green Innovation, Green Entrepreneurship, and Vietnamese SME Development: The Role of Market Turbulence n va ll fu oi m at nh z z ht vb k jm MASTER OF BUSINESS (HONOURS) om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re Ho Chi Minh City – Year 2019 UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY International School of Business t to ng hi ep w n lo ad Nguyen Tri Thanh ju y th yi pl Green Innovation, Green Entrepreneurship, and Vietnamese SME Development: The Role of Market Turbulence n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z MASTER OF BUSINESS (HONOURS) ht vb k jm om l.c gm SUPERVISOR: DR DOAN ANH TUAN n a Lu n va y te re Ho Chi Minh City – Year 2019 t to ng hi ep Green Innovation, Green Entrepreneurship, and Vietnamese SME Development: The Role of Market Turbulence w n lo ad ju y th yi pl ua al Nguyen Tri Thanh n 22160042@student.isb.edu.vn, Mbus International School of Business va n Master Thesis ll fu oi m at nh Supervisor: Dr Doan Anh Tuan z tuandoan@isb.edu.vn, z ht vb k jm om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re ACKNOWLEGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Doan Anh Tuan, for t to his ongoing guidance and support with my master’s thesis and throughout my graduate ng hi career I would additionally like to thank committee members of International School ep Of Business | University Of Economics Ho Chi Minh City for the insight and w n lo encouragement they have provided throughout the completion of this thesis I am ad ju y th especially gratefully to Mr Pham Ngoc Hung who is a lawyer and vice chairman of the HCM City Union of Business Associations (HUBA) for support he has provided yi pl me I would like to extend my utmost appreciation to Saigon Bizhub Company, and ua al n Leader of District 6’s economic department for support me collect dataset, which va n making this research possible Lastly I would like to thank my family and friends for ll fu oi m the constant encouragement and enduring love they have provided throughout my life at nh z z ht vb k jm om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re ABSTRACT Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are significant part of the national t to economy, which contributed up to 40% of GDP However, in today’s globalized ng hi world, the competition in the marketplace is increasing complex Besides, the state ep attention is more concerned with sustainable environmental Thus, Vietnamese w n lo enterprises, especially MSMEs or small medium enterprises (SMEs) that want to stand ad ju y th up and develop should pay attention to innovation not only consider business opportunities but also benefits of being environmental friendly business The goals of yi pl this study are to investigate the impact of green innovation (GI) on SME development ua al n (SMED) in the turbulent market conditions with mediation effect of green va n entrepreneurship (GE) Based on the research results, the study provides useful ll fu oi m solutions to help SMEs development and help policy makers adjust appropriate at nh policies The activating of SMEs activities in Ho Chi Minh business City is z corresponded to the demographic census of this study A sample of 280 senior z ht vb managers of SMEs is surveyed for the study The questionnaire tool is used to measure jm the research variables A five point Likert scale is used to measure the questionnaire k gm To test the hypotheses, the study use SEM method with the support of Amos software l.c The primary contribution of this study is empirically examining the role of GE in om n a Lu relationship between GI and SMED in market turbulence However, this study use n y te re Cross-region sample and undergraduate will be conducted for the further research va convenience sample of Ho Chi Minh City Thus, limitation of this study is inevitable Table of Contents INTRODUCTION t to LITERATURE REVIEW 13 ng hi ep 2.1 Definition of SMEs in Vietnam 13 2.2 The effect of Green innovation on Green entrepreneurship 15 2.3 Green entrepreneurship and SME development 16 2.4 The moderating impact of market turbulence 18 w RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 23 n 3.1 Research design 23 3.2 Research process 23 3.2.1 Qualitative research 23 3.2.2 Quantitative research 24 3.2.3 Measures of the constructs 26 3.3 Data analysis method 32 3.3.1 Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) 33 3.3.2 Reliability and Validity 33 3.3.3 Structural Equation Modeling 34 3.4 Data collection 35 lo ad ju y th yi pl ua al n DATA ANALYSIS 38 n va 4.1 Descriptive statistics 38 4.2 Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) 40 4.3 Reliability Master 41 4.4 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) 43 4.5 Results 46 4.5.1 Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) 46 4.5.2 Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) of Moderator Analysis 49 4.5.3 Hypothesis Overview 50 ll fu oi m at nh z DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND LIMITATION 51 z ht vb 5.1 Discussion 51 5.2 Conclusion and Implications 54 5.3 Limitations 55 k jm om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re INTRODUCTION Nowadays, the role of innovation for environmental sustainability is significant t to ng growth This is evidenced by relevant issues, which specially focus in importance hi ep among decision makers in organizations Numerous studies have stress the increasing primary of sustainability as a criteria of innovation (Adams, Bessant, Jeanrenaud, w n lo Overy, & Denyer, 2012; Nidumolu, Prahalad, & Rangaswami, 2009; Varadarajan, ad ju y th 2017) There were many terms consist of eco innovation, eco-friendly innovations, yi environmental sustainable innovations, sustainable innovation, green innovations, and pl ua al so forth In the academic literature and/or the issues obviously have used these terms n to denote to innovations with essential of durable environment sustainability This va n study uses the term Green Innovation (GI) with the stipulation, which the approaching ll fu oi m of study considers innovations diminish the collision of organizational activities on the at nh natural environment z Two years ago, the natural environment in central Vietnam was severely z vb ht impacted by the disaster, which involves a Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) company jm discharging the untreated wastewater into the environment After this disaster, policy k gm makers have numerous activities which increasingly strict regulars punishing l.c om environmentally harmful behaviors These policies have encouraged producer to n a Lu control the impacts of their activities on the natural environment to mitigate negative n va reputation and addition cost Thus, responding to the incremental of environment of producer in GI have below expectation (Abdullah, Zailani, Iranmanesh, & y development Despite the significance and benefits of GI, many case, the contribution te re pressure, manufacturer use GI that considered important tool to obtain sustainable Jayaraman, 2016) Some manufactures are prevented by innovation participation because of the difficulties involved and still locked into the established routines To t to achieving adoption of GI, these were important factors, which include stakeholder ng hi compression, environmental protection act, firm size, and characteristics of manager, ep staffs and business field (González, 2006; and Etzion, 2007) w n lo Although GI, and GE literatures are plentiful, relatively little research attention ad has been focused on Vietnam industry The economic, social, community, market y th ju conditions of Vietnam are almost different from other areas The composition of yi pl customers and their preferences are changing swiftly, thus formed market turbulence ua al Moreover, Vietnam’s industries are mostly involved in SMEs, which play important n va n roles in national market, and contributed over 40% GDP (Hoang, 2016) According to fu ll the report by General Statistics office, in 2017, there are nearly 517,900 SMEs oi m at nh operating in the country, up 51.6% compared to 2012, of which SMEs account for z 98.1% They have allocated almost in Ho Chi Minh city on which 172,979 SMEs are z ht vb operating In global market, SMEs contribute to the economic growth and competition jm (Mesquita & Lazzarini, 2008) SME activities allow SMEs to remain competition, k gm meeting requirements of customers, promoting innovation The important role of om l.c SMEs that present in wealth, job production, thus generating consequence and a Lu producing a set of services and products However, their limited resources and n capabilities in the area of human, financial resources, and research, and marketing, y more eminent However, the question is whether confirming the development of SMEs te re conditions, the globalization of environmental pressures, which made the role of SMEs n va thus they will fall without globalizing their activities In the market turbulent form GE approach, which stem form GI in turbulent market conditions? In this thesis, the development of SMEs comprise of incremental employment, performance of t to finance, and the newborn industries (Mangematin et al., 2003) Confidently, ng hi concluding that SMEs development and turbulent market conditions have not received ep attention in previous studies Based on the massive literature review that has disclosed w n lo a clear gap in evidence on the growth of SMEs from GI, and GE in market turbulence ad is confirmed Based on advances that mentioned above, so the activating of SMEs y th ju activities in Ho Chi Minh business City is corresponded to the demographic census of yi pl this study ua al At firm level, GI has been research in two specific aspects According to study n va n of (Caputo, 2014), his study investigated factors related to enable GI, which focus on fu ll stakeholder pressures, environmental protection acts, redundant resources expected oi m at nh economic benefits, employees and environmental awareness of managers The other z aspect focuses on the outcome of GI Many studies debated on how policies driven GIs z ht vb influence innovation and firm performance Porter hypothesis (M E Porter & Van der jm Linde, 1995) provided appropriate conclusion which indicated relationship or k gm mechanism between GI and corporate performance In general, his hypothesis om l.c indicates innovation-offset term Thus, the company increasing in resource efficiency a Lu leads to higher economic efficiency The impact of corporate GI on firm performance n is undisputed conclusion, some empirical studies indicate the positive effect of y term (Horváthová, 2012) However, identifying and classifying GI activities of firm te re 2011) In some case this effect was costing in short term but become positive in long n va corporate GI on business performance (Amores et al 2014; Rennings & Rammer, should consider the significant barriers Beside some companies have inadequate capacities, which reduce their proper understanding of GI’s measure t to Previously, the factors influence to implementation of GI of firm, have been ng hi examined in some studies (Y Lin, Tseng, Chen, & Chiu, 2011; Tseng, 2013) ep Therefore, GI can be classified into four main categories, including technological w n lo innovation, process innovation, performance of management, and product design ad Klassen & Whybark (1999) presented an array of Green measures help manufacturer y th ju adjust processes in design of product to diminish environmental negative yi pl consequences Moreover, well-designed environmental standards can develop an ua al incentive of producer to introduce green products with lower cost and differentiating n va n (Chen, Lai, & Wen, 2006) Thus, GI improve product or processes that reaching fu ll sustainability and the bargain of environmental pressures Rennings & Rammer (2011) oi m at nh and Kemp & Pearson (2007) studies indicated that GI can significantly decrease z environmental pollution and thus can create sustainable development In Vietnam, z ht vb compared to other developing countries, environmental pollution has not deal jm efficiency, cause by serious measures have not adopted, especially in field of making k gm and consumption of green products (Lin et al, 2013) This study presented the original om l.c topic deliberated on the theme of GI and green manufacturing a Lu According to this matter, this study accesses an emerging phenomenon, which n call Green entrepreneurship (GE) The GE approach is an outcome of innovation, 10 y foundation, which is related with sustainable economy Since the global economic te re technology (York & Venkataraman, 2010) GE considers sustainability is the strategic n va which has the potential to solve environmental problem by create new product and t to ng hi Name change from FPG to SMED ep a green attitude Financial performance growth from Ebrahimi (2017) FPG Revenue growth is All respondents expressed that desirable, considering green they understood the meaning of products words used in the scales and FPG Green products have what the scales implied reduced production costs FPG The profits from the sales are good Creating new industries from Ebrahimi (2017) CNI Creation of green Majority respondents expressed packaging industry that they misunderstood the CNI Formation of industries meaning of words used in the exclusively for the production scales and what the scales of goods and new green implied Thus, they suggested that CNI should is eliminated products CNI Creation of new freight transport systems compatible with green products Risk Taking from Oly Ndubisi (2012) RT In our organization, Majority respondents expressed uncertainty is treated as a that they misunderstood the challenge meaning of words used in the RT Employees are scales and what the scales encouraged to venture into implied Thus, they suggested that RT 1,2,4 should are unexplored territories RT Management accept that eliminated the interviewees certain suggestions in the field Besides, that “our of green attitudes may fail when suggested organization” should alter “our implemented RT Our organization company” emphasis opportunity for success rather than chances for failure RT In this organization, the new (green-based approach) venture failure is viewed as learning experience Pro-Activeness from Oly Ndubisi (2012) PA We constantly seeks new Majority respondents expressed opportunities related to our that they misunderstood the present operations meaning of words used in the PA We are usually the first to scales and what the scales Thus, almost introduce new green services in implied respondent recommend specific the industry PA We are constantly on the PA1, should be eliminated loot for business that can be acquired PA We are constantly seeking green investment opportunities to improve our business performance PA We are trying ahead of our competitors in responding w CNI change name to SMED n lo ad ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z ht vb k jm gm Following the comments of most respondents, I changed subject from “we” to “our company” present operations PA Our company is usually the first to introduce new green services in the industry PA Our company is constantly on the lookout for business that can be acquired PA Our company constantly seeks green investment opportunities to improve our business performance om l.c n a Lu n va y te re 72 I changed subject of EEI, from “ employees ” to “ our employees” RT Our Employees are encouraged to venture into unexplored territories I also changed subject of RT RT 5, from “our organization” to “our company RT In this company, the new (green-based approach) venture failure is viewed as learning experience RT change name to PRT to market challenges PA changed to PRT name t to ng hi Autonomy from Oly Ndubisi (2012) A Employees are encouraged Majority respondents expressed to take responsibility for their that they understood the work meaning of words used in the A Employees are supposed to scales and what the scales However, almost get the job done with minimal implied respondent recommend specific supervision A Employees are encouraged form “ employees” to “our employees” to prioritize their work ep Base on most comments, I change subject from “employees” to “ our employees” A Our Employees is encouraged to take responsibility for their work A Our Employees is supposed to get the job done with minimal supervision A Our Employees is encouraged to prioritize their work w n lo ad y th ju Market Turbulence from Wang (2015) MT Consumer preferences All respondents expressed that change unpredictably in the they understood the meaning of market words used in the scales and MT Competition in our what the scales implied product market is relentless MT Technology in our industry changes rapidly yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z ht vb k jm om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re 73 Appendix B: Questionnaire t to Green Innovation, Green Entrepreneurship, and Vietnamese SME Development: The Role of Market Turbulence ng hi Đổi sáng tạo xanh ( bền vững, thân thiện môi trường), tinh thần khởi nghiệp xanh phát ep triễn SME Vietnamese: Vai trò thị trường hỗn loạn w n Dear Sir/Madam, Thưa Quý Ơng/Bà, lo ad As a part of my study, I am doing my research under the above title The questionnaire presented here seeks y th your valuable opinions in some aspects relating to the topic Hope that you will fill the enclosed questionnaire ju and return it at your earliest convenience I assure that your opinions provided in the questionnaire will be treated yi as strictly confidential pl al ua Theo nội dung chûông trình, tôi thực hiện một đề tài nghiên cứu với chủ đề nêu trên n Bảng câu hỏi đûợc trình aày đây nhằm tìm kiếm các ý kiến quý giá aạn một số khía cạnh liên va quan đến đề tài nghiên cứu Hy vọng rằng aạn sẽ trả lời aảng câu hỏi đính kèm và gửi lại thời gian n thuận lợi sớm nhất Tôi cam đoan rằng ý kiến trả lời aạn aảng câu hỏi sẽ đûợc ll fu giữ aí mật oi m at nh Screening Questions Q1 Your company had green products/services in the market Agree z z Q1 Công ty bạn có sản phẩm/ dịch vụ xanh thị trường vb Agree ht Q2 Your company will launch new green products/services to the market k jm Q2 Công ty bạn sẽ giới thiệu sản phẩm/ dịch vụ xanh thị trường gm Q3 Your company intends improve its green products/services to reduce resource consumption, and l.c energy Agree om n te re Q5 Your company does not have any intentions mentioned above Agree va Q4 Công ty bạn ý định cải tiến sản phẩm/ dịch vụ giúp giảm tác động môi trường n Q4 Your company intends improve its green products/services to reduce environmental damage a Lu Q3 Công ty bạn ý định cải tiến sản phẩm/ dịch vụ giúp giảm tiêu thụ tài nguy ên, lượng Agree y Q5 Cơng ty bạn khơng có bất cứ ý định 74 MAIN QUESTIONNAIRE Part I Critical variable t to ng From your point of view, please select the best answer about the variables For each variable, please select one of hi the points: ep Theo quan điểm bạn, chọn câu trả lời biến Mỗi ô/ biến, xin chọn mức độ: w 1-Strongly disagree 5-Strongly agree n Hoàn toàn đồng ý lo Hoàn toàn không đồng ý ad yi Đổi xanh ju y th Green innovation pl Green innovation as hardware or software innovation that is related to green products/services, processes, or ua al administrations, including the innovation in technologies that are involved in energy-saving, pollution- n n va prevention, waste recycling, green product designs, or corporate environmental management ll fu Đổi xanh đổi phần cứng phần mềm có liên quan đến sản phẩm / dịch vụ, quy trình quản oi m trị xanh, bao gồm cải tiến công nghệ liên quan đến tiết kiệm lượng, phịng ngừa nhiễm, tái chế chất thải, thiết kế sản phẩm xanh quản lý môi trường công ty nh at Q1 Service innovation z Đổi dịch vụ k SI Our company has introduced many modifications to the om l.c gm thị trường jm Công ty giới thiệu dịch vụ xanh cho ht market vb SI Our company has introduced new green services to the z PLEASE TICK/ đánh dấu chéo ô chọn existing services n dịch vụ có a Lu Cơng ty giới thiệu nhiều điều chỉnh cho n va SI Our company constantly seeks find new and green services y te re Green services involves modifications to the existing services by enhance product design, quality, and safety with emphasis on the reduction of the negative impact on the environment Các dịch vụ xanh liên quan đến việc sửa đổi dịch vụ có bằng cách tăng cường thiết kế sản phẩm, chất lượng an toàn với nhấn mạnh vào việc giảm tác động tiêu cực đến môi trường 75 Công ty chúng tơi liên tục tìm kiếm dịch vụ mới, dịch vụ xanh SI Our company has introduced more green services than t to our competitors ng Công ty giới thiệu nhiều dịch vụ xanh so hi với đối thủ cạnh tranh ep SI The green services that we have introduced have caused significant changes in the industry w Các dịch vụ xanh mà giới thiệu đưa đến n lo thay đổi đáng kể ngành công nghiệp ad y th Q2 Admin Process Innovations ju Cải tiến quản trị yi PLEASE TICK/ đánh dấu chéo ô chọn pl systems to world-class standards n ua al API Our company is constantly benchmark our operating n với tiêu chuẩn đẳng cấp giới va Chúng liên tục so sanh hệ thống điều hành fu API Work practices are constantly updated to enhance ll m efficiency oi Thực hành việc cập nhật liên tục để nâng cao hiệu nh API Our company use technology constantly to enhance the at quality of green services z z Công ty sử dụng công nghệ liên tục để nâng cao chất vb lượng dịch vụ xanh ht k API Management constantly seeks new ways to improve the om l.c gm green operating systems2 jm API Our company invests heavily in the development of new administration systems with green attitudes API Our company empowers employees to take initiatives y sáng kiến te re Công ty trao quyền cho nhân viên thực n va kinh doanh bền vững thân thiện môi trường) n cải thiện hệ thống điều hành với quan điểm xanh (chú trọng a Lu Ban lãnh đạo khơng ngừng tìm kiếm cách thức để Green operating systems improve management, which is environmentally friendly Hệ thống điều hành xanh cải thiện quản lý, thân thiện với môi trường 76 API Our competitors use our operating systems as a benchmark Đối thủ cạnh tranh sử dụng hệ điều hành t to làm điểm chuẩn để so sánh ng hi Green entrepreneurship ep Khởi nghiệp kinh doanh xanh Green entrepreneurship can be viewed as implementation of innovations related to sustainable, which w its main objective is implementing them and promoting green economy n lo Khởi nghiệp kinh doanh xanh được xem là thực sáng kiến liên quan đến bền vững, mà mục ad tiêu thực chúng và thúc đẩy kinh tế xanh y th Q3 Proactive Risk-taking ju Chấp nhận rủi ro yi PLEASE TICK/ đánh dấu chéo ô chọn pl to our present operations n ua al PRT Our company constantly seeks new opportunities related va Công ty liên tục tìm kiếm hội liên quan n đến hoạt động kinh doanh fu PRT Our company is usually the first to introduce new green ll oi m services in our industry Công ty thường là người giới thiệu dịch z of green attitudes may fail when implemented z PRT Management accept that certain suggestions in the field at nh vụ xanh ngành vb Ban lãnh đạo chấp nhận số gợi ý định lĩnh ht jm vực thái độ xanh thất bại thực k PRT Our company constantly seeks green investment gm opportunities to improve our business performance l.c Cơng ty chúng tơi khơng ngừng tìm kiếm hội đầu tư xanh để cải thiện hiệu kinh doanh om PRT In this company, the new (green-based approach) a Lu venture failure is viewed as learning experience n Trong công ty này, thất bại kinh doanh mạo hiểm (tiếp n va cận dựa xanh) xem là kinh nghiệm học tập Quyền tự trị PLEASE TICK/ đánh dấu chéo ô chọn A Our employees are encouraged to take responsibility for their work 77 y te re Q4 Autonomy Nhân viên khuyến khích chịu trách nhiệm cho cơng việc A Our employees are supposed to get the job done with t to minimal supervision ng Nhân viên chúng tơi có nghĩa vụ phải hồn thành cơng việc hi với giám sát tối thiểu ep A Our employees are encouraged to prioritize their work Nhân viên chúng tơi khuyến khích ưu tiên cơng việc w n lo ad Q5 SMEs development y th Sự phát tiển SMEs ju PLEASE TICK/ đánh dấu chéo ô chọn yi pl SMED Revenue growth is desirable, considering green ua al products Tăng trưởng doanh thu mong muốn, xem xét sản n va phẩm xanh n SMED Green products have reduced production costs ll oi m SMED The profits from the sales are good fu Sản phẩm xanh giảm chi phí sản xuất Lợi nhuận từ việc bán hàng tốt z of goods and new green products at nh SMED Formation of industries exclusively for the production z Hình thành ngành công nghiệp dành riêng cho sản xuất vb ht hàng hóa sản phẩm xanh jm SMED Creation of new freight transport systems compatible k with green products gm Tạo hệ thống vận chuyển hàng hóa tương thích với sản phẩm xanh l.c om SMED This organization invested in order to increase the expertise for the production of green products a Lu Tổ chức này đầu tư để nâng cao chuyên môn cho việc sản n xuất sản phẩm xanh va n Market turbulence te re y Thị trường bất ổn PLEASE TICK/ đánh dấu chéo ô chọn Q6 MT Consumer preferences change unpredictably in the 78 market Các sở thích người tiêu dùng thay đổi khơng lường trước thị trường t to Q7 MT Competition in our product market is relentless ng Cạnh tranh thị trường sản phẩm không hi ngừng ep Q8 MT Technology in our industry changes rapidly Công nghệ ngành thay đổi nhanh chóng w n Part II Characteristic respondents and company lo ad Phần I Đặt điểm người tham gia doanh nghiệp y th Q9 Gender of the respondent ju yi Giới tính người khảo sát pl Male Female ua al Nam Nữ n n va Q10 Age of the respondent oi 25-35 tuổi 35-45 tuổi nh above 55 years at 45 – 55 years 35 – 45 years m Dưới 25 tuổi 25-35 years ll Below 25 years fu Tuổi người khảo sát z Trên 55 tuổi z 45-55 tuổi vb ht Q11 Education qualification of respondent jm Trình độ học vấn người khảo sát k Giáo dục tiểu học Giáo dục trung học Đại học om l.c University education Secondary education gm Primary education Postgraduate education a Lu Sau đại học n Q12 What is sector of your company/organization? va n Công ty/Tổ chức hoạt động lĩnh vực nào? Service Nông nghiệp và đánh bắt Sản xuất Dịch vụ Constructions Other, specify y Manufacture te re Agriculture and fishing 79 Xây dựng Bộ phận khác, nêu rõ Q13 What is your title in the company/organization? Vị trí bạn Cơng ty/Tổ chức? t to ng hi ep Manager Senior Manager Chủ doanh nghiệp Quản lý Quản lý lâu năm CEO Other, specify Entrepreneur w Giám đốc điều hành n Vị trí khác, nêu rõ lo ad Q14 How many years have you been in your company/organization? Less than years ju y th Bạn làm Công ty/Tổ chức bao lâu? 2-5 năm 5-10 năm pl n Trên 10 năm ua al More than 10 years 5-10 years yi Dưới năm 2-5 years va n Q15 Firm annual revenue/VND fu ll Doanh thu m 10-50 billions Dưới 10 tỷ 10-50 tỷ 100-300 billions More than 300 billions 100-300 tỷ Trên 300 tỷ 50-100 billions oi Less than 10 billion nh at 50-100 tỷ z z ht vb k jm Q16 Firm size 50 đến 100 người 101-200 people More than 200 people 101 đến 200 người Trên 200 người n 10 đến 49 người a Lu Dưới 10 người om 50-100 people l.c 10-49 people Less than 10 people gm Quy mô va n Any comments you wish to make: te re Xin cho nhận xét bạn muốn y Thank you very much! Chân thành cảm ơn 80 Appendix C: Reliability Statistic SI t to Reliability Statistics ng Cronbach's Alpha N of Items hi 886 ep Item-Total Statistics w Scale Variance if Corrected Item- Cronbach's Alpha Item Deleted Item Deleted Total Correlation if Item Deleted n Scale Mean if 13.269 13.974 794 845 13.236 15.251 764 854 13.023 y th 15.595 672 874 13.269 15.304 721 863 15.826 679 872 ad SI2 lo SI1 SI3 ju SI4 13.185 yi SI5 pl al n ua API N of Items fu ll 918 n Cronbach's Alpha va Reliability Statistics oi m Item-Total Statistics Scale Variance if Corrected Item- Item Deleted Item Deleted Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha nh Scale Mean if 19.958 30.682 734 API7 20.000 31.935 684 API1 20.222 31.253 710 API2 20.139 30.920 793 901 API3 20.134 30.954 763 903 API4 20.231 30.346 788 901 API5 20.176 30.788 752 905 z API6 vb at if Item Deleted 907 z 911 909 ht k jm om l.c gm PRT a Lu Reliability Statistics n Cronbach's Alpha N of Items va n 857 Scale Variance if Corrected Item- Cronbach's Alpha Item Deleted Item Deleted Total Correlation if Item Deleted PRT3 13.037 13.180 667 829 PRT5 12.986 12.804 639 837 81 y Scale Mean if te re Item-Total Statistics PRT2 13.306 13.088 703 821 PRT1 13.370 12.578 704 820 PRT4 13.153 12.837 657 832 t to ng Autonomy hi ep Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items w 859 n lo Item-Total Statistics ad Scale Variance if Corrected Item- Cronbach's Alpha Item Deleted Item Deleted Total Correlation if Item Deleted y th Scale Mean if 7.106 3.947 712 824 A2 7.190 3.987 750 787 A3 7.056 4.090 740 797 ju A1 yi pl ua al n SMED va fu Cronbach's Alpha n Reliability Statistics N of Items ll oi m 893 Item-Total Statistics nh Scale Variance if Corrected Item- Cronbach's Alpha Item Deleted Item Deleted Total Correlation at Scale Mean if if Item Deleted z 17.190 20.461 655 SMED1 17.074 19.929 683 SMED2 17.222 19.216 761 ht SMED3 17.014 20.153 709 874 SMED4 17.069 19.516 750 868 SMED5 17.000 20.056 718 873 z SMED6 883 vb 879 k jm 866 om l.c gm Appendix D: EFA a Lu Factor1 n Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy Approx Chi-Square 1716.795 66 Sig .000 82 y df te re Bartlett's Test of Sphericity 945 n va KMO and Bartlett's Test t to ng hi ep w n lo ad ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m Factor2 nh KMO and Bartlett's Test Approx Chi-Square 858.631 z Bartlett's Test of Sphericity 888 at Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy .000 ht Sig vb 28 z df k jm om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re 83 t to ng hi ep w n lo ad ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu Factor3 oi m KMO and Bartlett's Test Approx Chi-Square 907 1219.055 at Bartlett's Test of Sphericity nh Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy 36 z df ht vb 000 z Sig k jm om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re 84 Factor4 KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy t to Bartlett's Test of Sphericity 731 Approx Chi-Square 332.788 ng df hi ep Sig .000 w n lo ad ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z ht vb k jm om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re 85 Appendix E: CFA t to ng hi ep w n lo ad ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z ht vb k jm om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re 86