Printing of platinum for use in neural implants

University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 2017+ University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2018 Printing of platinum for use in neural implants Ryan Patrick Sullivan University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1 University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Sullivan, Ryan Patrick, Printing of platinum for use in neural implants, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, 2018 https://ro.uow.edu.au/ theses1/261 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong For further information contact the UOW Library: research-pubs@uow.edu.au PRINTING OF PLATINUM FOR USE IN NEURAL IMPLANTS A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY from THE UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by RYAN PATRICK SULLIVAN Supervisors: Prof Gordon G Wallace A/Prof Michael J Higgins Dr Zhillian Yue Australian Institute of Innovative Materials June 2018 CERTIFICATION I, Ryan Patrick Sullivan, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy in the Australian Institute of Innovative Materials at the University of Wollongong, is entirely my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged This document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution Ryan Patrick Sullivan 20 June 2018 Ryan P Sullivan i PUBLICATIONS The following publications and presentations have arisen directly from work contained within this thesis Publications in Refereed Journals:  O’Connell C.D., Higgins M J., Sullivan R P., Moulton S.E., Wallace, G.G Ink-onProbe Hydrodynamics in Atomic Force Microscope Deposition of Liquid Inks Small 2014; 10(18) 3717–3728; doi: 10.1002/smll.201400390 Author contribution: I assisted with the mathematical analysis and interpretation of data, along with development of the three regime model  O’Connell C.D., Higgins M J., Sullivan R.P., Jamali S.S., Moulton S.E., Wallace, G.G Nanoscale platinum printing on insulating substrates Nanotechnology; 2013; 24(50):505301; doi:10.1088/0957-4484/24/50/505301 Author contribution: I assisted with the design of plasma reduction parameters and performed all SEM and SEM-EDS measurements of deposited features  Wagner M, O’Connell C.D., Harman D.G., Sullivan R., Ivaska A., Higgins M.J., Wallace G.G., Synthesis and optimization of PEDOT:PSS based ink for printing nanoarrays using Dip-Pen Nanolithography Synthetic Materials; 2013; 181 64-71 Author contribution: I fabricated the PEDOT:PSS and component patterns and analyzed FTIR data Ryan P Sullivan ii Manuscripts in Preparation:  Sullivan, R.P., Higgins, M.J., Yue, Z., Wallace, G.G “Rapid Automatic Characterization of Inkjet Grids Using an ImageJ Plugin.”  Sullivan, R.P., Higgins, M.J., Yue, Z., Wallace, G.G “Inkjet Printing of Conductive Platinum Lines on PDMS for use in Neural Implants.”  Sullivan, R.P., Higgins, M.J., Yue, Z., Wallace, G.G “Rapid Inkjet Deposition of Platinum using 10 pL Polyol Ink Drops.”  Sullivan, R.P., Higgins, M.J., Yue, Z., Wallace, G.G “Dip-Pen Nanolithography of Platinum on PDMS: Difficulties of Soft, Hydrophobic Substrates.” Conference Proceedings:  Sullivan, R.P., Higgins, M.J., Yue, Z., Wallace, G.G Micronscale Inkjet Printing and Nanoscale Dip-Pen Nanolithography of Platinum on PDMS towards use in Bionics fabrication The 10th Annual International Electromaterials Symposium Wollongong NSW, Australia February 11-13, 2015  Sullivan, R.P., Higgins, M.J., Yue, Z., Wallace, G.G Platinum Printing on PDMS The 9th Annual International Electromaterials Symposium Wollongong NSW, Australia February 12-14, 2014 Ryan P Sullivan iii  Sullivan, R.P., Higgins, M.J., Yue, Z., Wallace, G.G Platinum Printing on Flexible Insulating Substrates The 4th Asia-Pacific Symposium on Nanobionics, Melbourne VIC, Australia November 14-15, 2013  Sullivan, R.P., Wagner, M., O’Connell, C.D., Nakashima, H., Higgins M.J., Wallace, G.G Dip-Pen Nanolithography of PEDOT:PSS: Capabilities and Prospects The 8th Annual International Electromaterials Science Symposium, Wollongong NSW, Australia February 13-15, 2013  O’Connell, C.D., Sullivan, R., Higgins, M.J., Moulton, S.E., Wallace, G.G Nano-scale electroless platinum printing: micro-snowflakes and nano-dots The 8th Annual International Electromaterials Science Symposium, Wollongong NSW, Australia February 13-15, 2013  Sullivan, R.P., O’Connell, C.D., Yue, Z., Higgins, M.J., Wallace, G.G Using Dip-Pen Nanolithography for fabrication of the next generation of flexible bionic electrodes: that of the nanoscale regime The 3rd Asia-Pacific Symposium on Nanobionics, Wollongong NSW, Australia September 19-21, 2012  O’Connell, C.D., Sullivan, R., Sherrell, P., Jamali, S., Higgins, M J., Moulton, S.E., Wallace, G.G Electroless Nanoscale Noble Metal Printing on Flexible Substrates with Dip Pen Nanolithography The 3rd Asia-Pacific Symposium on Nanobionics, Wollongong NSW, Australia September 19-21, 2012 Ryan P Sullivan iv Yue Z., Molino M.P., Liu X., Sullivan R., Svehla M., Wallace G.G Surface Bioengineering Strategy to Improve Electrode Performance The 2nd International Conference on Medical Bionics, Melbourne VIC, Australia November21, 2011 Additional Publications The following publications and presentations have arisen as a result of other projects that I have been involved in during my doctoral studies, but are unrelated to this thesis Publications in Refereed Journals:  Andrews J.L, Sullivan R.P., Wang H., Newell K.A., Huang XF., Fernandez-Enright F Pharmacological blockade of Lingo-1 in combination with olanzapine administration reverses phencyclidine induced effects on dendritic morphology, cognitive performance and locomotor activity (In Preparation) Author contributions: I designed the confocal microscopy protocol and created ImageJ scripts and protocol to help analyze the dendrites and spines I fed and injected rodent specimens on weekends  Andrews J.L., Zalesky A., Nair S.S., Sullivan R.P., Colson, N.J., Clarke S.J., Green M.J., Pantelis C., Newell K.A., Fernandez-Enright F Genetic and epigenetic regulation in Lingo-1: effects on cognitive function in a case-control study for schizophrenia (Submitted to Molecular Psychiatry) Author contributions: I assisted with statistical design and implementation of statistical analyses and interpretation of the results Ryan P Sullivan v Conference Proceedings:  Andrews J.L., Sullivan R.P., Newell K.A., Huang XF, Fernandez-Enright F Pharmacological blockade of Lingo-1 in combination with olanzapine administration reverses phencyclidine induced effects on dendritic morphology, cognitive performance and locomotor activity The 45th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Chicago IL, USA October 17-21, 2015  Andrews J.L., Sullivan R.P., Newell K.A., Huang XF, Fernandez-Enright F Effects of pharmacological blockade of Lingo-1 pathways in a Phencyclidine Rat Model for Schizophrenia The 44th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Washington DC, USA November 15-19, 2014 Ryan P Sullivan vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATION I PUBLICATIONS II TABLE OF CONTENTS VII LIST OF FIGURES XI LIST OF TABLES XX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XXII ABSTRACT XXIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XXVI CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO NEURAL PROSTHETICS 1.1.1 History of Prosthetics 1.1.2 Neural Interfacing Techniques 1.2 TYPES OF NEURAL ELECTRODES AND LOCATIONS SITES 1.2.1 Hearing 1.2.2 Vision 12 1.2.3 Arms and Legs 17 1.2.4 Memory 19 1.3 ELECTRODE MATERIALS AND DESIGN 20 1.3.1 Overview of Implant Challenges 20 1.3.2 General Electrode Design 23 1.3.3 Insulating materials 25 1.3.4 Impact Resistance/Structural Layer 26 1.3.5 Adhesion Layer 27 1.3.6 Conductive Layer and Electroactive Surface 28 1.3.7 Biologics 31 1.4 FABRICATION TECHNIQUES 32 1.4.1 Deposition Overview 36 1.4.2 Dip-Pen Nanolithography 39 1.4.3 Inkjet 42 1.4.4 Metal Inks and the Polyol Process 45 1.5 RATIONALE 56 1.6 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 56 1.6.1 General Aim 56 1.6.2 Specific Aims 57 1.7 SIGNIFICANCE 57 CHAPTER TWO: DIP-PEN NANOLITHOGRAPHY OF PLATINUM INK ONTO POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 59 Ryan P Sullivan vii 2.1 INTRODUCTION 59 2.2 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 60 2.2.1 PDMS Substrate Creation 60 2.2.2 Polydopamine Synthesis 64 2.2.3 Ink Formulation 64 2.2.4 DPN Modification 65 2.2.5 DPN Fabrication 67 2.2.6 DPN Feature Characterization 68 2.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 69 2.3.1 PDMS Casting 69 2.3.2 PDMS Surface Modification with Dopamine 71 2.3.3 DPN Deposition 73 2.3.3.1 2.3.3.2 2.3.3.3 2.3.3.4 2.3.3.5 NanoInscriptor to Asylum 73 Effect of Tip Modification 73 Effect of Withdrawal Speed 75 Line Printing on PDMS-PDA without Plasma Reduction 78 Line Printing on PDMS-PDA with Plasma Reduction 82 2.3.4 Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy 83 2.4 CONCLUSION 84 2.5 APPENDIX 85 2.5.1 Overlapping drops 85 CHAPTER THREE: AUTOMATION OF CHARACTERIZATION OF INKJET DROPLETS USING IMAGEJ SOFTWARE 87 3.1 INTRODUCTION 87 3.2 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 90 3.2.1 Geometric and Order Values 91 3.2.2 Overview of program 94 3.2.2.1 3.2.2.2 Calibration Grids 94 Installation and Usage 94 3.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 99 3.3.1 Automatic Background Removal 99 3.3.2 Binarization 102 3.3.3 Sorting 103 3.3.4 Example Data Set 108 3.4 CONCLUSION 110 3.5 APPENDIX 111 3.5.1 Source Code for Inkjet Plugin 111 CHAPTER FOUR: 10 PICOLITRE INKJETTING OF PLATINUM INKS 129 4.1 INTRODUCTION 129 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 131 4.2.1 Ink Formulation 131 4.2.2 In Flight Jetting 132 4.2.3 PDMS Substrate Creation 133 Ryan P Sullivan viii C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan 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