INNOVATIONS IN PUBLIC GOVERNANCE Innovation and the Public Sector The functioning of the public sector gives rise to considerable debate. Not only the efficiency and efficacy of the sector are at stake, but also its legitimacy. At the same time we see that in the public sector all kinds of innovations are taking place. These innovations are not only technological, which enable the redesign of all kinds of processes, like service delivery. The emphasis can also be put on more organizational and conceptual innovations. In this series we will try to understand the nature of a wide variety of innovations taking place in the public sector of the 21st century and try to evaluate their outcomes. How do they take place? What are relevant triggers? And, how are their outcomes being shaped by all kinds of actors and influences? And, do public innovations differ from innovations in the private sector? Moreover we try to assess the actual effects of these innovations, not only from an instrumental point of view, but also from a more institutional point of view. Do these innovations not only contribute to a better functioning of the public sector, but do they also challenge grown practices and vested interests? And what does this imply for the management of public sector innovations? Series Editors: Prof. Dr. Victor J.J.M. Bekkers Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Prof. Jean Hartley The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom Prof. Sharon S. Dawes University at Albany/SUNY, Albany, NY, USA Volume 15 Recently published in this series Vol. 14. A. Meijer, K. Boersma and P. Wagenaar (Eds.), ICTs, Citizens and Governance: After the Hype! Vol. 13. D. Griffin, P. Trevorrow and E. Halpin (Eds.), Developments in e-Government – A Critical Analysis Vol. 12. V. Bekkers, H. van Duivenboden and M. Thaens (Eds.), Information and Communication Technology and Public Innovation – Assessing the ICT-Driven Modernization of Public Administration Vol. 11. M. Lips, J.A. Taylor and F. Bannister (Eds.), Public Administration in the Information Society – Essays on Risk and Trust Vol. 10. M. Veenswijk (Ed.), Organizing Innovation – New Approaches to Cultural Change and Intervention in Public Sector Organizations This series is a continuation of “Informatization Developments and the Public Sector” (vols. 1–9, ISSN 0928-9038) ISSN 1871-1073 (print) ISSN 1879-8454 (online) Innovations in Public Governance Edited by Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko University of Tampere, Finland Stephen J. Bailey Glasgow Caledonian University, UK and Pekka Valkama University of Tampere, Finland Amsterdam • Berlin • Tokyo • Washington, DC © 2011 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN 978-1-60750-726-0 (print) ISBN 978-1-60750-727-7 (online) Library of Congress Control Number: 2011925299 Publisher IOS Press BV Nieuwe Hemweg 6B 1013 BG Amsterdam Netherlands fax: +31 20 687 0019 e-mail: order@iospress.nl Distributor in the USA and Canada IOS Press, Inc. 4502 Rachael Manor Drive Fairfax, VA 22032 USA fax: +1 703 323 3668 e-mail: iosbooks@iospress.com Cover Design Joost van Grinsven LEGAL NOTICE The publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS v Innovations in Public Governance A V. Anttiroiko et al. (Eds.) IOS Press, 2011 © 2011 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved. Preface Public governance is one of the most important hot topics in the world of public administration. It depicts the profound changes both in government and public services caused by both external pressures and internal tensions. Administrative and bureaucratic hierarchies are being transformed into complex settings of public governance. Our question in this book is how these governance processes and structures should be changed in order to achieve better results from social, political and economic points of view. This is where ‘innovations’, another buzzword of our time, comes into the picture. We provide a contextual view for innovations in public governance in which the main purpose is to introduce innovations which make a real difference in public governance. February 12, 2011, in Tampere, Finland and Glasgow, Scotland, UK Editors Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko Stephen J. Bailey Pekka Valkama This page intentionally left blank vii Innovations in Public Governance A V. Anttiroiko et al. (Eds.) IOS Press, 2011 © 2011 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved. Acknowledgements The editorial team of this book wishes to express gratitude to all facilitators and partners who have supported our research work and editorial activities. The University of Tampere, Finland and Glasgow Caledonian University, Scotland, UK provided academic settings for the team. The Academy of Finland and the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (Tekes) provided funding for members of the team. This book on innovation in public governance is the outcome of the work done by experts and researchers from the USA and Europe. We want to express our warm thanks to all authors who have contributed to this book. Special thanks go to Professor Mark Bevir of UC Berkeley, Profes- sor John Zysman of BRIE, UC Berkeley and Professor Gerald E. Caiden of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles for their collaboration during the editing process. We would also like to thank Ms Marita Alanko, M.A. Virginia Mattila and M.A. Bentley Mathias from the University of Tampere. Marita set up the camera-ready version of the manuscript. Virginia and Bentley acted as language consultants. Finally, we would also like to thank IOS Press for smooth and fruitful collaboration. February 2, 2011, in Tampere, Finland and Glasgow, Scotland, UK Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko Stephen J. Bailey Pekka Valkama This page intentionally left blank ix Innovations in Public Governance A V. Anttiroiko et al. (Eds.) IOS Press, 2011 © 2011 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved. List of Contributors Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko Adjunct Professor, University of Tampere, Finland. Stephen J. Bailey Professor, Glasgow Caledonian University, United Kingdom. Jennifer F. Baron Senior Researcher, Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA, USA. Victor Bekkers Professor, Center for Public Innovation, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Mark Bevir Professor, Department of Political Science, UC Berkeley, California, USA. Quinlan Bowman Department of Political Science, UC Berkeley, California, USA. Gerald E. Caiden Professor, School of Policy, Planning, and Development (SPPD), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. Helmut Drüke Researcher, University of Applied Labour Studies of the Federal Employment Agency, Mannheim, Germany. Stuart Feldman Vice President, Engineering, East Coast, Google, USA. Tuula Jäppinen Senior Adviser, Service Innovation, The Association of Finnish Local and Regional Authorities, Helsinki, Finland. Peter Klinger Former Head of the IT Department of the City of Hagen, Germany; Lecturer, The FernUniversität of Hagen, Germany. x Kenji E. Kushida Stanford University; Research Fellow, BRIE, UC Berkeley, California, USA. Jonathan Murray Founding Partner, Innovia Ventures, Zurich, Switzerland. Niels Christian Nielsen Director, Mondaymorning, Copenhagen, Denmark. B. Guy Peters Professor, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Pushpinder S. Puniha School of Policy, Planning, and Development (SPPD), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Christopher G. Reddick Associate Professor and Department Chair, Department of Public Administration, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA. Gerry Stoker Professor, School of Social Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom. Pekka Valkama Research Director, University of Tampere, Finland. John Zysman Professor, UC Berkeley; Co-Director, BRIE, UC Berkeley, California, USA. [...]... theorization of innovation in governance is thin in both innovation literature and governance literature (Moore & Hartley 2008), allowing us to conceptualize innovation in public governance and approach those innovations in a contextual way This is also why our interest is not only in innovations per se but also in the conditions in which they are created Some major contextual changes are quite common in many... Anttiroiko et al / Innovations in Public Governance in the Western World 16 The schematic categorization of innovation in governance shown in Figure 6 brings together in a single conceptual framework many transformative dimensions of innovation in public governance This reveals how the concept of governance innovation relates to concepts used to describe deliberate changes in public administration, such... governance (Anttiroiko 2008) A.-V Anttiroiko et al / Innovations in Public Governance in the Western World 13 Analyzing innovation in public governance Innovation in public governance focuses on the public domain to solve problems or to create new opportunities and, in recent decades, has led to an increase in market- and network-oriented forms of governance, such as vouchers, citizen charters, competitive... of open and user innovation (von Hippel 2005; Chesbrough et al 2006) A.-V Anttiroiko et al / Innovations in Public Governance in the Western World 9 From governance theories to governance innovations Governance theories as a window to innovations Theoretically speaking, we can distinguish four fundamentally different approaches to public governance as depicted in Figure 2, which includes the connections... Innovation Policy: The Key to Finnish Local Government Service Reform Tuula Jọppinen 158 Innovations in Democratic Governance Mark Bevir and Quinlan Bowman 174 Three Faces of E-Government: Innovation, Interaction, and Governance Victor Bekkers 194 Citizen-centric E -Governance and Innovative Developments of Public Services Christopher G Reddick 217 Subject Index 235 Author Index 239 Innovations in Public. .. RI QHZ public governance differ from one context to other Moreover, new public governance is also developing fast because national and international stakeholders are growing in number and innovations and recurrent policy reforms are changing elements of public governance Innovation in public governance is a new mechanism or institutional arrangement which is successfully implemented to solve governance. .. networks Figure 4 A rough historical sketch of the main trends in governance innovations 0RGLHG IURP $QWWLURLNR Innovation in public governance is fundamentally distinct from innovation in products and process, the latter usually being the focus of discussions in the innovation literature (Moore & Hartley 2008) In particular, governance innovations tend to: EUHDN RUJDQL]DWLRQVả ERXQGDULHV... VXFFHVV of these innovations, extending the utilitarian perspective to terms such as justice, fairness and community-building 14 A.-V Anttiroiko et al / Innovations in Public Governance in the Western World In the previous section we approached governance innovations on the basis of governance theories An alternative approach is to build a picture of governance innovations on the basis of innovation theories... societal structures and governance systems are different This explains why apparently similar global challenges are met with differing responses and why particular public sector innovations have gained ground at the expense of others in a given polity 2 A.-V Anttiroiko et al / Innovations in Public Governance in the Western World The key concepts and main types of innovation in public governance will be.. .Innovations in Public Governance A.-V Anttiroiko et al (Eds.) IOS Press, 2011 â 2011 The authors and IOS Press All rights reserved xi Contents Preface v Acknowledgements vii List of Contributors ix Innovations in Public Governance in the Western World Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko, Stephen J Bailey and Pekka Valkama 1 Putting Public Governance Innovation into Perspective: From Administrative Reform to Innovation . view for innovations in public governance in which the main purpose is to introduce innovations which make a real difference in public governance. February 12, 2011, in Tampere, Finland and. Tampere, Finland In this book we discuss innovations in public governance. Public governance is about coordination and the use of various forms of institutional arrangements in the policy- making. Contributors ix Innovations in Public Governance in the Western World 1 Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko, Stephen J. Bailey and Pekka Valkama Putting Public Governance Innovation into Perspective: From Administrative