i SINH VIÊN NGUYỄN THỊ NHUNG MÃ SV 1164010042 THUYẾT MINH ĐỀ CƯƠNG KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP Chuyên ngành Kế toán Mã số 401 “Thực trạng và một số giải pháp hoàn thiện kế toán Nguyên vật liệu tại Công ty Cổ[.]
HONG DUC UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES SINH VIÊN: NGUYỄN THỊ NHUNG MÃ SV: 1164010042 GRADUATION THESIS THUYẾT MINH A STUDY ON ENGLISH INVERSION IN COMPARISON ĐỀ CƯƠNG KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP ngành: KếINVERSION toán WITHChuyên VIETNAMESE Mã số: 401 “Thực trạng số giải pháp hoàn thiện kế toán Nguyên vật liệu Supervisor : DR.Nguyen Minh Long” Công ty Cổ phần Tư vấn Đầu tư Xây Thanh dựng Thăng Student : Nguyen Van Anh Nhat Class : K20 - FFL - HDU Course : 2017 - 2021 anh Hóa, tháng 04 năm 2015 Thanh Hoa, June 2021 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During my graduation’s thesis, I had reached precious experience and knowledge thank to teacher’s guidance, family’s care and friend’s cooperation I am very grateful to you for your help, precious experience and useful lessons, which will support me in the future, especially my career This graduation thesis could not be finished without the invaluable help, advice, and encouragement from teachers, especially Dr Nguyễn Thanh Minh - my supervisor First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude Dr Nguyễn Thanh Minh – a joyful teacher who always instructs and supports me during the time of doing graduation’s thesis He always gives me warm gestures, helps and supports in my graduation thesis His support helps me finish my graduation thesis well I also would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all teachers in the Foreign Languages Department, as well as the management board of Hong Duc University, for supporting me to complete this graduation thesis Thank you so much for your support and cooperation during my four years Finally, I would like to express our gratitude to those whose names cannot mention here one by one May God bless them all Thanh Hoa, May 2021 Nhat Nguyen Van Anh Nhat ii ABSTRACT Inversion is one of the most difficult parts of English grammar as well as Vietnamese one There are many types of English and Vietnamese inversions However, the characteristics and the structures of inversion have been not fully described to learners Students are sometimes confused with the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese ones and often make errors Therefore, the study aims at pointing out some various types of English and Vietnamese inversions The most significant objective of the study is to find out the similarities and differences between the two languages From that, the study will suggest some solutions for teaching and learning English inversion Moreover, some good exercises are suggested to help EFL learners practice more at home and have deep understanding about inversion The study has three main parts The first part consists of the rationale, the aims, the scope, the methods, the tasks and the design of the research work The second part includes two chapters: the theoretical background relating to the overview of English and Vietnamese inversions; the methodology of the research; explain the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese inversions According to the material analysis, the predictions on some students’ errors are indicated and the appropriate solutions will be proposed The third part summarizes what has been done in the study and gives suggestions for further research iii ABBREVIATIONS EFL English as a foreign language ed Edition CA Contrastive analysis p Page number S Subject S1 The subject in the first clause S2 The subject in the second clause O Object C Complement V Verb OE Old English L2 Second language A.N Negative adverbial Aonly Adverbial beginning with only Aplace Adverbial of place Op Q-element Q-word Operator Clause element containing the Q- word Interrogative word iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i ABSTRACT iii ABBREVIATIONS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v PART ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale Research questions Research objectives Scope of the study Research method Significance of the research Design of the study work PART TWO: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER ONE: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND An Overview of English and Vietnamese inversion 1.1 Definition of inversion 1.2 Word order 1.3 Functions of inversion 1.3.1 In written text 1.3.2 In spoken text Inversion in English 2.1 Subject - Verb inversion 2.1.1 Inversion after adverbial expressions of place/time 2.1.2 Inversion in reporting sentences 2.1.3 Inversion after a predicate noun 2.1.4 Inversion after a predicate adjective 2.1.5 Inversion in formulae 10 2.1.6 Journalistic style inversion 10 2.2 Subject- Auxiliary verb inversion 10 v 2.2.1 Inversion in some types of questions 10 2.2.1.1 Inversion in Yes-No questions 10 2.2.1.2 Inversion in tag questions 11 2.2.1.3 Inversion in Wh-questions 12 2.2.2 Inversion in exclamations 12 2.2.3 Inversion in conditional sentences 13 2.2.4 Inversion after negative and restrictive adverbials 13 2.2.5 Inversion in comparative than, as clauses 15 2.2.6 Inversion after so, such, neither, nor 15 Inversion in vietnamese 15 3.1 Inversion of predicate and subject 15 3.1.1 Inversion of verb-predicate and subject 15 3.1.2 Inversion of adjective-predicate and subject 16 3.2 Other inverted elements of sentences in Vietnamese 16 3.2.1 Object-complement 16 3.2.2 The predicating word- complement denoting manner 16 3.2.3 The word’s complement denoting manner 17 3.2.4 The sentential complement denoting reason 17 3.2.5 The sentential complement denoting purpose 18 3.3 Inversion of predicating words 18 3.3.1 Inversion with the existential meaning and onomatopoetic or pictographic words 18 3.3.2 Inversion with the manifestation meaning and movement 19 3.4 Summary 19 CHAPTER TWO: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE INVERSION 20 Rationale to choose contrastive analysis 20 Similarities between English and Vietnamese inversion 22 2.2 Similarities in definition 22 2.2 Similarities in the different structures of inversion 22 vi 2.2.1 Subject – verb inversion 22 2.2.1.1 Inversion with the initial “here” 22 2.2.1.1.1 “Here” plus “Be” 22 2.2.1.1.2 “Here” plus other verbs 23 2.2.1.2 Inversion with the initial “There” 24 2.2.1.2.1 “There” plus “Be” 24 2.2.1.2.2 “There” plus other verbs 24 2.2.1.3 Inversion in reported speech 26 2.2.1.4 Inversion in formula 28 2.2.1.5 Inversion with initial adverbials (of place) 28 2.2.1.5.1 Initial adverbials plus “be” 28 2.2.1.5.2 Initial adverbials plus verbs other than lexical be 29 2.2.2 Subject – Operator inversion 30 2.2.2.1 Inversion in question 30 2.2.2.1.1 Inversion in Yes - No questions 30 2.2.2.1.2 Inversion in Wh-questions 32 2.2.2.1.3 Inversion in alternative questions 35 2.2.2.2 Inversion in commands with question tags 36 2.2.2.3 Inversion in exclamations 37 2.2.2.4 Inversion in statements 38 2.2.2.4.1 Inversion in statements with “If” 38 2.2.2.4.2 Inversion after “As” 39 2.2.2.4.3 Inversion after “Neither, Nor” 40 2.2.2.4.4 Inversion after “So” 41 2.2.2.4.5 Inversion after adverbials with initial “Only” 41 2.2.2.4.6 Inversion in negative adverbials 43 2.2.2.4.6.1 Inversion after “Seldom, Rarely”, and “Never” 43 2.2.2.4.6.2 Inversion after “Hardly, Scarcely”, and “No sooner” 44 2.2.2.4.6.3 Inversion after adverbials containing the word “No” 45 2.3 Similarities in the emphasized verb 47 vii 2.4 Similarities in the meaning of expression 47 Differences between English and Vietnamese inversion 48 3.1 Difference in the structure 48 3.3 Differences in the inverted elements of sentence 49 3.4 Summary 51 PART III: CONCLUSION 52 1.1 Conclusions 52 1.2 Limitations and suggestions for further study 53 1.2.1 Limitations 53 1.2.2 Suggestions for further studies 53 REFERENCES 54 viii PART ONE: INTRODUCTION Rationale In a cutting-edge science and technology era, along with the globalization at present, English plays a particularly important role in international trade, business, education, entertainment activities and in almost all aspects of daily life It becomes a bridge among countries and is considered useful means of communication to further relationships and create more mutual understanding among all the peoples around the world Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech& Svartvik (1985) found “English is generally acknowledged to be the world’s most important language” Furthermore, English is used as an official language of many international companies or organizations to exchange information with members from other countries And many countries in the world also speak English as a second language such as Singapore, France In Vietnam, English has been a compulsory subject in high schools, colleges, universities and for every major for many years Besides, Vietnamese students gradually have the awareness of the importance of English and the necessities of learning English to meet the needs of the society However, learning English especially grammar is very difficult for Vietnamese students and for students in English majors particularly There is mounting evidence that English grammar is so complicated that students are not able to master it easily In learning English, grammar is regarded as an important and necessary part Thanks to grammar, students learn about the structures of sentences, the verb tenses and many special theories From that, students accomplish exercises more easily and become accurate than in the past It can be seen that English grammar consists of so many items that we have been learning for a long time One of these items that students feel the most difficult is English inversion English becomes more interesting and impressive with inversion although it is very complicated Inversion in English means the rearrangement of the constituents in the sentence in order to emphasize the action or people which are mentioned in the context In Vietnamese, inversion is more popular in literature than other fields such as in poems, short stories, novels and so on In the process of learning English, some Vietnamese students misunderstand about inversion and make mistakes For example, they write “Why you go to school late?” instead of “Why you go to school late?” The reason why Vietnamese learners construct the above sentence is that they don’t know how word order in English is different from in Vietnamese However, mastering inversion is not easy for an L2 learner, especially Vietnamese learners The comparison of inversion between English and Vietnamese plays a significant role in learning and teaching English It helps students to identify the similarities and differences of English and Vietnamese inversion From that, it will support the EFL students in doing many kinds of exercises such as translating, rewriting sentences and so on There have been many authors who are interested in comparing English and Vietnamese inversions However, they only pay attention to listing the type of inversions in the two languages or distinguish them in brief Therefore, with these purposes, the study “English inversion in comparison to Vietnamese inversion.” is conducted Research questions The study is conducted to answer the following questions: - What are different kinds of inversion in English and in Vietnamese? - What are the similarities and differences between English inversion and Vietnamese one? Research objectives The study’s aims are: - The study to get a fuller understanding of English inversion - Comparing English and Vietnamese inversions - Understanding more about the Vietnamese one Scope of the study English grammar is various In this study, I pay attention not only to inversion in sentences but also to that in discourse Inversion is a key matter to 2.2.2.4.4 Inversion after “So” In English so can be use before Subject – Operation inversion to mean “also” This help to avoid unnecessary repetition in responses and parallel additions “So” is used in affirmative sentences only For example: Statement : Parallel addition : John driver a car And Bob does, too Parallel response : Bob does, too Inversion : So does Bob John lái xe ô tô, Bob The equivalence between English and Vietnamese can be shown as follows: English Vietnamese So + Op + S S + vậy/ Other wise, in English there is no inverted order when we use so to express confirmation or surprise In this case, so is followed by Subject plus Operator - She is studying at University, and so is my sister Cô học đại học chị gái - She is studying at University, and so your sister is Cô học đại học chị gái bạn à? The above example expresses the hearer’s surprise and new discovery following what the speaker has said 2.2.2.4.5 Inversion after adverbials with initial “Only” According to Quirk.R (1973), only is also a word negative in meaning, but not in form When using “only” initially in a sentence, there is inversion of the Subject and Operator 41 The following examples show the inversion structure caused by the fronting of an adverbial beginning with “only” No inversion Inversion - She realized her mistake only then - Only then did she realize her mistake Vietnamese: Chỉ lúc nhận lỗi cô - He speaks English only when he is - Only when he is here does he speak here English Vietnamese: Chỉ đến anh đây, anh nói tiếng anh - I was able to appreciate her only - Only after her death was I able to after her death appreciate her Vietnamese: Chỉ sau chết cô tơi đánh giá - He was able to make himself heard - Only by shouting was he able to only by shouting make himself heard Chỉ cách la lớn lên nghe thấy The equivalent structure between Vietnamese and English is shown as follow English Vietnamese Aonly + Op + S… Chỉ + S + +… 42 2.2.2.4.6 Inversion in negative adverbials 2.2.2.4.6.1 Inversion after “Seldom, Rarely”, and “Never” When a negative adverbial is put at the beginning of a sentence, SubjectOperator inversion is obligatory This kind of inversion, which is used for special emphasis, is typical of formal the rhetoric and formal writing In English, there several words which are negative in meaning, but not in form They are seldom and rarely etc They can function as adverbials in sentences and when in pre – Subject position, they cause Subject – Operator inversion, which is literary or rhetorical in tone This inversion is also obligator function as adverbials in sentences and when in pre – Subject position, they cause Subject – Operator inversion, which is literary or rhetorical in tone This inversion is also obligatory The following examples will illustrate Subject – Operator inversion in No inversion Inversion - There has seldom been so much - Seldom has there been so much protest against the Bomb protest against the Bomb Vietnamese: Rất có phản đối mạnh mẽ việc ném bom - He has rarely met such a - Rarely has he met such a beautiful girl beautiful girl Vietnamese: Hiếm anh gặp cô gái xinh đến - I had never before been asked to accept a bride - Never before had I been asked to accept a bride Vietnamese: Chưa trước chấp nhận dâu 43 the sentence as the initial element: The equivalence between English and Vietnamese can be summarized as follows: English Seldom Rarely Vietnamese Ít + Op + S Never Hiếm + S1 +…+ Chưa 2.2.2.4.6.2 Inversion after “Hardly, Scarcely”, and “No sooner” Hardly, scarcely and no sooner occur with inversion in the first clause when the first subordinator is put at the beginning of the sentence The first element functions as a modifier in the main clause, while the second element introduces of the subordinate clause According to Thomson and Martinet (1985:302), hardly, scarcely and no sooner normally used with the past perfect tense to denote the idea of one thing coming immediately after another Scarcely could replace hardly but is less usual Subject – operator is used in the first clause after No sooner or hardly/ scarcely for emphasis: 44 No inversion Inversion - The performance had hardly - Hardly had the performance begun begun when the lights went out when the lights went out Vietnamese: - Vừa bắt đầu buổi biểu diễn đèn tắt - I had scarcely arrived when - Scarcely had I arrvived when trouble trouble started started Vietnamese: Tôi vừa đến rắc rối xảy - They had no sooner granted one - No sooner had they granted one increase of pay than they asked for increase of pay than they asked for another another Vietnamese: Họ vừa địi tăng lương lại địi tăng lương It can be seen that the structure of No sooner…than or hardly / scarcely… when is correspondent to the pair of linking particles vừa (mới)… in Vietnamese: English • Vietnamese No sooner + O1 + S1 +…than + S2+… • S1 + vừa (mới) + … + thì+ S2+… Hardly/ Scarcely + O1 + S1 + …when 2.2.2.4.6.3 Inversion after adverbials containing the word “No” The initial negative adverbial can be an expression containing the word “No” such as: At no time, nowhere, in/under no circumstances in no way, on no account etc Inversion is used in these cases for emphasis 45 No in version Inversion - You will find so many happy people - Nowhere will you find so any where many happy people Vietnamese: Không đâu bạn tìm thấy nhiều người vui vẻ - We can cash cheques under any - Under no circumstances can we circumstance cash cheques Vietnamese: Dù hoàn cảnh trả tiền thẻ - You must not on any account accept - On no account must you accept any money if he offer it any money if he offers it Vietnamese: Vì lí bạn khơng nhận tiền đưa - The president was aware of what was - At no time was the president happening at any time aware of what was happening Vietnamese: Chưa tổng thống nhận thấy điều xảy - I could not persuade her in any way to - In no way could I persuade her to see the foolishness of her plans see the foolishness of her plans Vietnamese: Khơng tơi thuyết 46 phục cô ta thấy ngu ngốc kế hoạch cô ta From above examples, it can be seen that unlike English, Vietnamese does not have inversion after initial negative adverbials This can be summarized as follows: English Vietnamese A.N + Op + S +… A.N + S +… 2.3 Similarities in the emphasized verb Besides, learners of English should care for the verbs inverted are intransitive ones such as “ be, stand, lie, come, go, fall” and so on in English and “ có, còn, là” and etc in Vietnamese For example: - English: Here comes the bus - Vietnamese: Đằng sau làng núi This is another similar point between English and Vietnamese inversion It can be summarized in the following table: English Vietnamese V+S V+S Place adverbs + be or verbs of Place adverbs + là, có + S place/movement + S Time adverbs + be or verbs of Time adverbs + là, có + S place/movement Here + be + S Có + S + rồi/ There + be + S 2.4 Similarities in the meaning of expression In both English and Vietnamese, inversion also helps to increase the nuances of meaning and the expressiveness of the literary sentences Inversion is used to give an emphasis to the action and the information which are mentioned 47 in the sentences From that, the readers can have a thorough understanding about the emphasized contents, the nature and characteristics of matter in the sentence Both Vietnamese inversion and English inversion are used in the formal writing to make the sentences more impressive and attractive For example: - English: On the mountain is a small church - Vietnamese: Êm đềm dịng sơng trơi Through the two above examples, the readers can see that the adjective: “êm đềm” in Vietnamese and adverb of place: “on the mountain” in English are inverted in to the beginning of the sentences It emphasized the position of the small church in the example in English In Vietnamese, inverting the adjective and adverbials as shown in the example focus the readers’ attention on how the river flows Differences between English and Vietnamese inversion 3.1 Difference in the structure The most obvious difference is that English has subject- auxiliary verb inversion whereas Vietnamese doesn’t have this format For example: What you do? Auxiliary verb Not until the office phoned me did I find out about the meeting Auxiliary verb On the contrary, there is no auxiliary verb in Vietnamese Thus subjectauxiliary verb inversion is not available in Vietnamese sentences Furthermore, English also has the inversion in conditional sentences, reporting sentences, tag questions and in formulae But Vietnamese doesn’t have these structures of inversion These are special things in English only For example: 48 - Tag question: You are drinking a cup of coffee, aren’t you! - Reporting sentence: “What is your job?” asked Linh - Conditional sentence: Should he study hard, he would get some good marks in Math - Formulae: May your dreams come true In Vietnamese, the order of elements doesn’t change when making conditional sentences or reporting sentences The presence of inversion in some cases helps English become more special and attractive than other languages For example: In Vietnamese: Nếu có thật nhiều tiền, tơi làm từ thiện “Mấy rồi?”, Lan hỏi 3.3 Differences in the inverted elements of sentence In English, the elements which take part in the questions may consist of interrogative words, verbs, auxiliary verbs, modal verbs, to be and subjects and even adverbs However, in Vietnamese, the order of elements in the sentences is retained and a number of interrogative particles are inserted when creating questions For example: In English: How long have you stayed in Ha Long Bay? Auxiliary verb In Vietnamese: Họ đến muộn => Có phải họ đến muộn? Interrogative particles It is necessary to put the auxiliary verb: have before the subject in Whquestions in English like the above example In English grammar, auxiliary verbs need to be used in the questions In contrast, in Vietnamese, there is a need 49 to add some interrogative words into the sentence such as “có phải…khơng”, “chưa”, and so on Besides, the order of Vietnamese elements in the sentences does not change in questions In addition, both English and Vietnamese have a type of inversion called inversion of adjective- predicate and subject But in English, it is quite important to have a verb inverted before the subject of sentence For example: Very expensive is Adj your brother’s car V S In Vietnamese, the author doesn not need to put the verb into the sentence For example: Bạc phơ mái tóc người cha Adj S Ba mươi năm Đảng nở hoa tặng Người (Tố Hữu) Moreover, it is clearly realized that with the case subject-verb inversion, Vietnamese verbs can stand before subjects without adverbials, but this just does not happen in English For example: In English: Next is Adv V The important part of the lesson today S Especially, in English, the readers often see adverbs, some words like so, such, neither and some negative adverbials inverted into the beginning of the sentences or in front of the subjects In Vietnamese writings, only the emphasized parts are put in the initial place of sentences This creates the differences between the two languages For example: 50 In English: Hardly had we settled down in our seats when the lights went out Adv In Vietnamese: Những học đó, tơi ln nhớ quay trở lại trường Emphasized part (noun phrase) gắn bó với suốt năm tháng chiến tranh Moreover, it is clearly seen that in some cases of Vietnamese inversion we only see similarities to fronting in English rather than inversion in English If Vietnamese poets or writers want to emphasize any parts of sentence, they will invert these parts into the first position of the sentence For example, in the case of the sentential complement denoting the reason, writers will invert the reason of the problem into the starting of sentence And the remainder of the sentence will preserve their position This case doesnot exist in English inversion Hence, it is another difference between English and Vietnamese inversion For example: Vietnamese: Để học tốt môn Tiếng Anh, em học sinh cần phải nắm vững Emphasized part (The sentential complement denoting the purpose) ngữ pháp vốn từ vựng sâu rộng However, this sentence in English is certainly not an example of inversion It is just an example of using words denoting purpose before the main clause 3.4 Summary In summary, this chapter presents both the differences and similarities between English inversion and Vietnamese inversion, some aspects of inversion are given out to compare between two languages By analyzing the structures of sentences and providing examples, we can easily realize the differences and similarities in component of english inversion and vietnamese inversion 51 PART III: CONCLUSION 1.1 Conclusions Inversion is a syntactic and semantic phenomena that is often utilized in English and Vietnamese Their frequent appearance in separate sentences, especially inliterature, which has proved they serve a critical function in using two languages English has been a compulsory subject for Vietnamese students for many years Learning English is very important for the students in our modern society English grammar in general and English inversion in particular is complex, difficult and usually makes students embarrassed with both major and non-major English So that learning English inversion and comparing English inversion with Vietnamese one are very necessary for EFL learners For the reasons above, this study is conducted to find out some similarities and differences between both languages This study is an overall review about English and Vietnamese inversion: definitions, classifications, similarities and differences between the two languages Hopefully, it can be a useful document for EFL learners The research indicates the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese inversions Similarly, there is subject-verb inversion in the two languages to emphasize the action of the verb In addition, they have many similar points in definitions; the inverted verbs and the meaning of expression and some types of structures On the contrary, the most obvious difference is that Vietnamese doesn’t have auxiliary verbs Therefore, there is no subjectauxiliary verb inversion in Vietnamese Furthermore, the inverted elements of sentences in English are also different from Vietnamese in some cases In general, inversion is very complicated and many students may get confused and make errors The study also predicts some errors which are often made by students From that, it points out some suggested solutions for both teachers and students to help them to have more details about inversions 52 1.2 Limitations and suggestions for further study 1.2.1 Limitations Although the research is carried out with many efforts, there are still some limitations Because of limited time and the size of the graduation paper, the research only concentrates on English inversion in comparison with Vietnamese one Also, this research needs to receive more comments from the readers to be complete and become a good document for teachers and students 1.2.2 Suggestions for further studies The study will be better if other researchers can remove some limitations of my thesis I hope I will have a chance to more researches about the equivalents in further studies to translate some Vietnamese poems which contain some kinds of inversion into English 53 REFERENCES Alonso, J.C.P (2007) Inversion in Written and Spoken Contemporary English Retrieved from: https://dspace.usc.es/bitstream/10347/2418/1/9788498870404_content.pdf Azar, B.S (2002) Understanding and Using English Grammar (3rd ed.) 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