THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF ART VOLUME III ‘As much a work of intellectual history as art history, Hauser’s work remains unparalleled in its scope as a study of the relations between the forces of social change and western art from its origins until the middle of the 20th century.’ Johanna Drucker, Professor of Art History, State University of New York ‘Harris’s introductions to each volume—dealing with Hauser’s aims, principles, concepts and terms are extremely useful… This edition should bring Hauser’s thought to the attention of a new generation of readers.’ Whitney Davis, Professor of Art History, Northwestern University First published in 1951 Arnold Hauser’s commanding work presents an account of the development and meaning of art from its origins in the Stone Age through to the ‘Film Age’ Exploring the interaction between art and society, Hauser effectively details social and historical movements and sketches the frameworks within which visual art is produced This new edition provides an excellent introduction to the work of Arnold Hauser In his general introduction to The Social History of Art, Jonathan Harris assesses the importance of the work for contemporary art history and visual culture In addition, an introduction to each volume provides a synopsis of Hauser’s narrative and serves as a critical guide to the text, identifying major themes, trends and arguments Arnold Hauser was born in Hungary and studied literature and the history of art at the universities of Budapest, Vienna, Berlin and Paris In 1921 he returned to Berlin to study economics and sociology under Ernst Troeltsch From 1923 to 1938 he lived in Vienna where he began work on The Social History of Art He lived in London from 1938 until 1977, when he returned to his native Hungary He died in Budapest in 1978 Jonathan Harris is Senior Lecturer in Art History and Critical Theory at the University of Keele He is the author of Federal Art and National Culture: The Politics of Identity in New Deal America (1995), co-author of Modernism in Dispute: Art Since The Forties ii (1993) and co-editor of Art in Modern Culture: An Anthology of Critical Texts (1992) The Social History of Art Arnold Hauser, with an introduction by Jonathan Harris Volume I—From Prehistoric Times to the Middle Ages Volume II—Renaissance, Mannerism, Baroque Volume III—Rococo, Classicism and Romanticism Volume IV—Naturalism, Impressionism, The Film Age THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF ART VOLUME III Rococo, Classicism and Romanticism Arnold Hauser with an introduction by Jonathan Harris London and New York First published in two volumes 1951 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Second edition published in four volumes 1962 by Routledge & Kegan Paul plc Third edition 1999 © 1951, 1962, 1999 The Estate of Arnold Hauser Introductions © 1999 Routledge Translated in collaboration with the author by Stanley Godman All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-98124-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-415-19947-6 (Vol III) ISBN 0-415-19945-X (Vol I) ISBN 0-415-19946-8 (Vol II) ISBN 0-415-19948-4 (Vol IV) ISBN 0-415-21386-X (Set) CONTENTS List of illustrations x General introduction xi Introduction to volume III xxix The dissolution of courtly art The end of the age of Louis XIV The Régence The new wealth of the bourgeoisie The Voltairian ideal of culture Watteau Pastoral poetry 14 The pastoral in painting 18 The heroic novel and the love novel 21 The psychological novel 23 The triumph of the love motif in literature 24 Marivaux 25 The concept of the rococo 26 Boucher 30 Greuze and Chardin 12 30 The new reading public 33 The English monarchy and the liberal strata of society 33 Parliament 34 The new periodicals and the middle-class reading public 38 Literature in the service of politics 41 Defoe and Swift 42 vii The changes in the conditions of literary life The revival and end of patronage 46 Pre-romanticism 47 The Industrial Revolution 49 The new ethic of labour 52 The ideology of freedom 52 Individualism 53 Emotionalism 54 Moralism 55 The return to nature 57 Richardson 59 Rousseau 64 The stylistic consequence of public concerts 72 The origins of domestic drama 75 The drama in the service of the class struggle 75 The social character of the dramatic hero 77 The significance of the milieu in the domestic drama 79 The problem of tragic guilt 81 Freedom and necessity 84 The tragic and the non-tragic attitude to life 44 Subscription and publishing 43 85 Germany and the enlightenment 91 The political immaturity of the German bourgeoisie 92 German particularism 93 The estrangement of the German intelligentsia from public life 96 The metropolis and the free literary life 99 The aestheticizing of the philosophical world-view 105 The new concept of genius 107 The ‘vitalism’ of the ‘Storm and Stress’ 110 Rationalism 111 viii Herder Goethe and the bourgeoisie 117 Revolution and art 121 Naturalism, classicism and the bourgeoisie 121 Baroque classicism 125 Rococo classicism 127 Archaeological classicism 128 Revolutionary classicism 131 David 133 The art programme of the Revolution 135 The renewal of the ceremonial and the historical picture 137 Art and political propaganda 138 The preparation of romanticism by the Revolution 140 Napoleon and art 142 The consolidation of the bourgeoisie as an art public 144 Art exhibitions and the Academy 145 The reform of art education 114 The idea of world literature 112 147 German and western romanticism 151 The connection of romanticism with liberalism and reaction 151 Historicism 154 The ‘emanatistic’ philosophy of history 156 Historical materialism 158 The flight from the present 160 Romantic irony’ 162 Romanticism as a middle-class movement 163 The ambivalent relationship of the romantics to art 165 The idea of the ‘second self’ 165 Romanticism as a ‘disease’ 166 The dissolution of form 167 ix The ‘occasionalism’ of romanticism 168 The romanticism in Western Europe 169 The Restoration in France 170 The literature of the émigrés 173 The romantic coteries 174 The origins of the bohème 177 ‘Jeune France’ 179 Victor Hugo and Béranger 181 The struggle for the theatre 182 The popular theatre of the revolutionary epoch 183 The melodrama 185 The vaudeville 187 Pixerécourt 188 English romanticism 190 The Byronic hero 194 Walter Scott and the new reading public 198 Romanticism and naturalism 200 Delacroix and Constable 201 The dissolution of classical form in music 204 Notes 209 Index 219 NOTES 217 221 GEORG LUKÁCS: ‘Walter Scott and the Historical Novel’ International Literature, 1938, No 12, p 80 222 Ivanhoe, chap XLI 223 LÉON ROSENTHAL, op cit., pp 205–6 224 ‘Le premier mérite d’un tableau est d’être une fête pour l’œil.’ 225 DELACROIX: Journal, i.a the entry of 26th April 1824 226 Ibid., 14th February 1850 227 L.ROSENTHAL, op cit., pp 202–3 228 PAUL JAMOT: ‘Delacroix’ In Le Romantisme et l’art, 1928, p 116 229 Ibid., p 120 230 Ibid., pp 100–1 231 ANDRÉ JOUBIN: Journal de Delacroix, 1932, I, pp 284–5 232 ALFRED EINSTEIN: Music in the Romantic Era, 1947, p 39 233 DELACROIX: Journal, passim, i.a the entry of 30th January 1855 218 INDEX Adolphe, 66 Aestheticism, 117, 165 Albert, Maurice, 215 Altdorfer, Albrecht, 97 Altoviti, 75 Amadis, 21 Aminta, 17 Angers, David d’, 177 Anne, Queen of England, 41, 44 Antal, Frederick, 213 Arcadian ideal, 14, 18 Archaeological classicism, 128–4 Ariosto, 16 Aristocracy and the bourgeoisie, amalgamation of., f Arnim, Achim von, 163 Arnold, Matthew, 192 ‘Arsenal’, 174, 177 Art exhibitions, 149 f., 177 instruction, 147 market, 149 public, 144 f ‘Artistic intention’ (Kunstwollen), 157 Astrée, 17 Aubigné, Agrippa d’, 124 Augustus, 2, 15 Austen, Jane, 39 Autonomy of mind, 164 Aynard, Joseph, 208, 210, 214 Bab, Julius, 216 Babbitt, Irving, 211 Bach, Johann Sebastian, 69 f., 205, 206 Bach, Philipp Emmanuel, 72 ‘Bad taste’, 30 Bainville, Jacques, 212 Baldovinetti, Alessio, 35 Balet, Leo, 211, 213 Balzac, 22, 61, 64, 66, 173, 177, 189, 198, 204 Bandello, Matteo, 207 Barberini family, 168 Baroque, 124, 125, 128 and classicism, 125 dissolution of, f., 11 rococo tradition, Barraclough, G., 213 Bartas, Baron du, 124 Baudelaire, 64, 180 Bayle, Pierre, Beaumarchais, 126, 212 Bédier, Joseph, 208 Beers, Henry A., 215, 216 Beethoven, 29, 73, 204, 206 Beljame, Alexandre, 210 Bellange, Jacques, 124 Benoit, Franỗois, 214 Béranger, 181 f Bergeret, P.-N., Berlioz, 205, 206 Biedermann, Karl, 213 220 INDEX Billiet, Joseph, 214 Blake, William, 152, 191 Boccaccio, 15 Bode, W von, 205, 206, 212 Boehme, Jakob, 97 Bogart, Humphrey, 195 Bohème, 177 f., 179, 197, 203 Bohemianism, 117 Boileau, 3, 21, 210 Bolingbroke, Viscount, 43 223 Bologna, 16 Bonald, V de, 164 Bonapartism, 181 Bossuet, 3, Boucher, xlix, 19, 30, 30, 31, 128 Bouilly, Jean-Nicolas, 184 Boulanger, Louis, 177, 203 Boulevard theatres, 182–90 Bourbon, House of, 182 Bourgeoisie and art, 116 f Brailsford, H.N., 216 Brandes, Georg, 215 Brueggemann, Fritz, 213 Bruford, W.H., 213 Brumaire 18th, 136 Bucolic ideal, 13 f., 18 Bunyan, 60 Burke, Edmund, 113 Butler, Joseph, 152 Byron, 164, 173, 190, 191, 194–198, 199, 203 Byronic hero, 194–197 Byzantine art, tradition, 20 Campanella, Tommaso, 43 Canitz, Baron von, 98 Castiglione, Baldassare, 16 Castle of Otranto, 58 Caylus, Comte de, 19, 126, 129 Céladon, 21 Chamisso, Adalbert von, 163 Chardin, Jean-Siméon, xlix, 20, 29, 30, 30, 132 Charles I, 33, 77 Charles V, 94 Charles X, 178 Chartres, Chateaubriand, 143, 151, 163, 172, 173 f., 177, 178, 194, 195, 199, 203 Chaussée, P.-C Nivelle de la, 185 Chénier, 126, 127 Chesterfield, Lord, 45 Chopin, 204, 206 Christ, Wilhelm von, 210 Christophe, J., Cid, 124 Classicism, 121–35 and the aristocracy, 121, 124 f and the bourgeoisie, 121, 124, 125 formalism of, 127 and republican virtues, 132, and the Revolution, 132 and romanticism, 141 Claude Lorrain, 122 Cobban, Alfred, 216 Cochin, Ch.-N., 126, 129 Coleridge, 162, 191, 192, 199, 215 Collins, A.S., 210 Commedia dell’ arte, 183 Concordat, 143 and art, 143 Congreve, William, 43, 45 Constable, John, 201 Constant, Benjamin, 144, 174, 194 Consulate, 136, 143 Convention, 162 Corneille, 21, 79, 86, 124, 125, 182, 183 Courtly art, xlix Cousin, Jean, 124 Coypel, Antoine, 129 Crébillon, fils, 20 Cromwell (Victor Hugo), 177 Cross, W.L., 211 Crozat, 8, 19 INDEX 221 Cyrano de Bergerac, 43 D’Alembert, 6, 9, 61 Dame aux camélias, La, 24 Dante, 15, 203 Danton, 151 David, Jacques Louis, 1, 29, 121, 127, 130, 131, 132–42, 141, 142, 143, 147, 148, 203 David, Jules, 214 Decamps, A.G., 203 Defoe, Daniel, 39, 41 ff., 46 Delacroix, 29, 137, 177, 200–10, 207, 216 224 Delaroche, 203 ‘Deliberate self-deception’, 162 D’Ennery, 189 Deschamps, Emile, 177 Des Granges, Charles-Marc, 215 Des Grieux, 21, 22 Devéria, Eugène, 177 Diable bteux, Le, 22 Dialectic of artistic development, 127 Dialectical thinking, 151 Dichtung und Wahrheit, 192 Diderot, 3, 19, 23, 30 f., 63, 69, 79 ff., 82, 166, 185, 188, 210, 211, 212, 215 Dilthey, Wilhelm, 168 Directoire, 136 ff Don Carlos, 88, 114 Don Juan, 197 Don Quixote, 42 Dorat, C.-J., 46 Dostoevsky, 64, 66 Dramatic unities, 123 and naturalism, 123 Dresdner, Albert, 208, 213, 214 Dreyfous, Maurice, 213, 214 Dryden, John, 38 Ducis, Jean-Franỗois, 184 Dumas, Alexandre, 177, 178, 184, 188, 190 Dumas, fils, 24 Dürer, 97 Economic liberalism, 52 Eichendorff, 100, 163 Eighteenth-century drama, 75 f characters of 80 f and classical drama, 75, 77 ff., 80f freedom and necessity in, 84 heroes of, 77 f milieu description in, 80 morality of, 83 optimism of, 85 f problem of guilt in, 81 psychological motivation in, 82 f Eighteenth-century music, 69–7 audiences of, 71 f expressionism of, 72 f and the middle class, 72 Lied- and sonata form of, 70 Einstein, Alfred, 216 Eisenstadt, Mussia, 210 Elizabeth Charlotte, Eloesser, Arthur, 210, 212 Émigré literature, 169, 173, 194 Emma Bovary, 66 Emotionalism, 126 Empire (of Napoleon), 136 f., 142 f., 143, 170 and art, 137 f., 142, 144, 149 and romanticism, 143 style, 137 Encyclopédie, 66 Engels, Friedrich, 199 England in the eighteenth century, 31, 35 f English aristocracy, 31–9 capitalism, 33 f garden, 58 222 INDEX lending libraries and literary pro- duction, 198 liberalism, 31 literary market in the eighteenth century, 46 ff literary patronage, 40–6 middle class, 36 f., 56 ff monarch and Parliament, 33 ff and the social classes, 31–9 novel, 198 f Parliament, 31, 34 f periodicals in the eighteenth century, 40 f., 46 reading public, 37–40, 46, 60, 198 f Revolution, 34 romanticism, 169 f., 176, 190, 192 f and conservatism, 190 f., 199 and French romanticism, 190, 194, 199 225 English romanticism, and the Industrial Revolution, 191 and liberalism, 190 f and Napoleon, 190 f and the novel, 198 ff society in the eighteenth century, 35 ff upper classes, 31 f writers in the eighteenth century, social and economic situation of, 43–9 Enlightenment, 31, 42, 53, 64 f., 91, 103, 107 and Germany, 91, 101 rationalism of, 91, 101 f Ernst, Paul, 213 Eroica, 73 Faguet, Émile, 189, 210, 216 Fajon, Étienne, 214 Falconet, 129 Fauriel, M., 208 Fénelon, Ferme générale, 8, 30 Fermiers généraux, 132 Ferrara, 16 Fêtes galantes, 12 f., 18, 20 Fichte, 100, 113, 151, 169 Fielding, Henry, 39, 45, 48, 64 Fischer, Wilhelm, 211 Fléchier, Florence, 16 Fontaine, André, 208, 214 Fontenelle, 2, Forms, untruth of, 167 Fowler, W.W., 210 Fragonard, 8, 20, 26, 29, 30, 128, 131, 151 Frédéric Moreau, 66 Frederick II, the Great, 99 French academies, 171 Academy of Fine Arts, 19 f., 136, 145, 146 ff French aristocracy, and the bourgeoisie, ff in the eighteenth century, ff bourgeoisie, 5–11 cultural ascent of, economic ascent of, and literature, and the Revolution, 10 Voltairianism of, court, dissolution of, ff society, Revolution, 45, 70, 82, 84 and Academy, 145, 146 ff and art, 135, 139, 140, 143, 144, 146 and art instruction, 147 and artistic freedom, 141 and artist, 148 and the bourgeoisie, 143 INDEX 223 and the intelligentsia, 163 and Napoleon, 137, 139 and romanticism, 140, 149 and theatre, 183 ff romantic drama, 188 f writers and painters, amalgamation of, 177 romanticism, 169, 171–88 anti-bourgeois mood of, 178 ff aristocratism of, 178 bohemianism of, 177 f., 179, 180 and classicism, 171 clericalism, 174, 178 conservatism of, 174 coteries of, 174–81 cult of youth in, 179 disillusionment of, 173 f and English romanticism, 169 f 176 and German romanticism, 176 ‘l’art pour l’art’ of, 177, 180 liberalism of, 176 ff., 181 f and literary parties, 172 f 226 French romanticism, pessimism of, 174 and political parties, 171 and the reading public, 172 royalism of, 174 school character of, 175 in struggle for the theatre, 180f society in the eighteenth century, 5–11 Freud, 67 Friedlaender, Walter, 213 Funck-Brentano, F., 208 Gabriel, Jacques Ange, 126 Gaiffe, F., 210 Garbo, Greta, 24 Gautier, Théophile, 177, 178, 179, 180, 197, 204, 207 Gellert, 100 Génie du christianisme, 143, 172 Genius, 46 f., 108 f Gentilhomme, Geoffrin, Mme., Gérard, 142, 147, 148 Gerhard, E., 211, 213 Géricault, 29, 202 German aestheticizing of world-view, 105 anti-rationalism, 104 f., 111 f classicism, 113–22 liberalism of, 115 middle-class character of, 115 f conservatism and liberalism, 110 f idealism, 97, 102 f., 105 f intelligentsia, 96, 102, 104 anti-rationalism of, 104 f and enlightenment, 92 its estrangement from public life, 96 f middle class, 92 f., 96–98, 101 culture, 97 f., 99, 115 f literature, 99 ff particularism, 93–97 princely courts, 95 f rationalism, 101, 110 ff German Reformation, 94 rococo, 95, 99 romanticism, 131, 149–73 and Western romanticism, 149, 159 f Germany and the enlightenment, 91, 92, 103 Gersaint, 19 Gessner, Salomon, 114 Gibbon, 155 Gigoux, Jean, 177 224 INDEX Gil Blas, 22 Ginisty, Paul, 215 Giotto, 121, 122 Girodet, 141, 143 Glover, T.R., 208 Godwin, William, 190 Goerres, Joseph, 100, 151 Goethe, 66, 69, 73, 83, 84, 87, 99, 101, 104, 106, 109, 113, 107–20, 130, 131, 151, 165, 166, 167, 169, 192, 194, 198, 203 Goldfriedrich, Johann, 212 Goldsmith, Oliver, 46, 57, 191 Goncourt, Edmond and Jules de, 214 Gottsched, 98, 100 Grande manière, dissolution of, 11 f Grand goût, 20 Granville, George, 43 Greek tragedy, 143, 146 f Greg, W.W., 208 Gretton, R.H., 210 Greuze, xlix, 1, 28, 30, 79, 128, 132 Grierson, H.J C., 216 Grimm, Brothers, 100 Grimm, Melchior, Gros, Baron, 141, 142 Guardi, 26, 30, 127 Guardini, 15, 16, 17 Guérin, 141 Guilds, 13–15 Guizot, 215, Gulliver’s Travels, 41 ff 227 Halm, August, 211 Hamann, Johann Georg, 100, 109, 113, 213 Hamilton, William, 129 Hammond, J.L and B., 210 Handel, 206 Hardy, Alexandre, 124 Hartog, W.J., 215, 216 Hassenfratz, J.H., 135 Hauptmann, Gerhardt, 76 Hausenstein, Wilhelm, 213 Hautecoeur, Louis, 214 Haydn, 72, 73 Haym, R., 168 Hazard, Paul, 208 Hebbel, 67, 82, 85, 197 Hegel, 55 Hehn, Viktor, 213 Heine, 165, 181, 196, 199, 213 Helvétius, 118 Henri IV, 17, 122 Heraclitus, 155 Herculaneum, 130 Herder, 100, 106, 112 f., 131, 155 Hernani, 177, 180, 182, 188 High Renaissance, 122 Hill, Christopher, 210 Hintze, Otto, 211 Historical materialism, 158 Historicism, 155–62 and conservatism, 159 and the social classes, 159 ‘History of art without names’, 157 f Hobson, John A., 211 Hoelderlin, 100, 194 Hoffmann, E.T.A., 100 Hogarth, William, 1, 61 Holy Alliance, 151, 170 Honnête homme, Hosius, C., 208 Houdon, Jean Antoine, 148 Hourticq, Louis, 208, 214 Huch, Ricarda, 215 Hugo, Victor, 174, 177, 178, 180, 181–8, 188, 190, 204 Huizinga, J., 208 Hume, David, 46, 155 Hunt, H.J.,, Hunt, Leigh, 190 Ibsen, 87, 88, 190 Illusions perdues, 173 INDEX 225 Immanence of intellectual spheres, 164 Industrial Revolution, 191 Intelligentsia, 159 f Isabey, L.G.E., 147 Jacobi, F.H., 113 James II, 33 Jamot, Paul, 216 Jaspers, Karl, 214 Jeune-France, 179 Johannot, 177 John of the Cross, 44, 45, 46 Joubin, André, 216 Joyce, James, 55 Julienne, 19 Julien Sorel, 66 July revolution, 136, 181 Justi, Carl, 213 Kabale und Liebe, 87 Kahn, Ludwig W., 214 Kalokagathia, 107 Kant, 100, 102, 105, 106, 113, 164 Kaufmann, Angelika, 133 Kautsky, Karl, 208 Keats, 165, 191, 194, 197 Keferstein, Georg, 214 Ker, W.P., 216 Kirchner, Erwin, 215 Kleist, Heinrich von, 67, 81, 163, 194 Klopstock, 99 Knebel, Karl Ludwig, 114 Korff, H.A., 213 Kotzebue, 114 Kunstwollen, 157 228 La Calprenède, 21 Lacey, Alexander, 216 Laclos, Cholderlos de, 20, 23, 199 Lacroix, Paul, 188 Lafayette, Mme de, 22 Lafontame, 172, 186 Laissez-faire, 49, 52 f fight against, 109 Lamartine, 164, 171, 174, 177, 178, 181, 196, 203 Lamennais, F.-R de, 164 Lancret, Nicolas, 19 Landscape, 201 f Lange, Konrad, 215 Lanson, Gustave, 208, 210, 214 Laplace, Largilliere, xlix, 12 La Rochefoucauld, 23 ‘L’art pour l’art’, 135, 177, 180 Lask, Emil, 215 La Tour, Maurice Quentin de, 26 Lavater, 100, 108 Le Brun, 3, 12, 30, 125, 136, 172 Leconte de Lisle, 180 Le Nain, Louis, 124 Lenz, Reinhold, 100 Leonardo da Vinci, 134 Leopardi, 164, 196 Lermontov, 164, 194 Lesage, 23 Lessing, 1, 24, 79, 83, 86, 91, 99 f., 101, 113, 131 Lewis, C.Day, 216 Lillo, George, 76, 78, 211 Liszt, 204, 205, 206, 207 Literary coteries, 174–81 schools, 176 Locke, John, 43, 106, 118 Logau, Friedrich von, 99 Louis XIII, 123 Louis XIV, ff., 5, 7, 11, 12, 21, 28, 123, 126, 136, 171 Louis XV, 3, 4, 6, 7, 28 Louis XVI, 3, 4, 6, Louis Napoleon, 181 Louis-Seize, 127 Louvre, 147 226 INDEX Love, in modern literature, 21, 24 f Luc, Jean, 211 Lucas, F.L., 214 Lucien de Rubempré, 66 Lukács, Georg, 213, 216 Luther, 94 Macpherson, James, 48 Macri-Leone, Francesco, 208 Madelin, Louis, 214 Maigron, Louis, 215, 216 Maine, Duchesse du, Maintenon, Mme de, 3, 11 Mairet, 124 Maistre, Joseph de, 51, 62 Mtrc Pathelin, 77 Mal de siècle, 194 f., 202 Malebranche, Mann, Thomas, 66, 103, 207 Mannerism, 122, 124 Mannheim, Karl, 213, 214 Manon Lescaut, 22 Mantoux, Paul, 210, 211 Manzoni, Alessandro, 164 Marcel, Pierre, 208, 210 Marigny, 129 Marino, 16 Marivaudage, 25 Marivaux, 20, 23 ff., 29, 163, 199 Marot, Clément, 15 Martin, Germain, 208 Marx, 67, 140, 214 Mathiez, Albert, 208 Medici, Lorenzo, 16 Méditations (Lamartine), 172 Mehring, Franz, 212 Melodrama, 184–95 and romantic drama, 188 f and tragédie classique, 186 f Ménageot, 133 Mengs, Anton Raffael, 1, 129, 133, 146 229 Merchant of London, 77 Mercier, 76, 78, 86, 91, 212 Mérimée, 180, 184, 196, 204, Metternich, 151 Meusel, Friedrich, 214 Meyerbeer, 207 Middle-class drama, 75 f., 78, 80, 82, 85, 87 f its alienation from the bourgeo- isie, 88 Middle-class novel of family life, 59 ff ‘super-bourgeois’ features of, 87 f Milton, 15, 38 Mime, 183, 186 f Ministeriales, 47 Modern landscape, origins of, 201 f painting, dehumanization of, 201 times and historical times, 208 Molière, 3, 21, 25, 77, 78, 183, 186 Montemayor, 15, 17 Montesquieu, 155 More, Thomas, 43 Moreau, Pierre, 215 Mornet, Daniel, 211 Moser, Hans Joachim, 211 Mozart, 29, 72, 73, 204, 206 Mueller, Adam, 151 Mumford, Lewis, 211 Musset, 164, 177, 180, 196, 197, 204, Mystères de Paris, Les, Nanteuil, Célestin, 177 Napoleon, 136 f., 139, 142, 143, 144, 169, 170 f., 173, 181, 184, 190, 191 Naturalism, 121 f., 200 f and formalism, 121 f Neo-classicism, 126 f Neo-Gothic, 58, 63 INDEX 227 Neoplatonism, 105, 106 Nerval, Gérard de, 177 Nicolai, Chr Fr., 99 Nietzsche, 152 Nineteenth century, 200 f and the eighteenth century, 200 foundations of, 208 f and music, 207 Nodier, Charles, 174, 177, 188 Nollau, Alfred, 213 Nouvelle Héloïse, La, 67 Novalis, 2, 56, 61, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67 Novel, love, 24 f picaresque, 22 psychological, 23 of terror, 188 Oath of the Horatii, 131, 133 f., 139 Oath of the Tennis Court, 138, 139 Obermann, 66 Odéon, 183, 184 Onegin, 200 Ortega y Gasset, José, 156, 215 Ossian, 48, 142 Paganini, 206 Palais Royal, 4, 11 Palladio, 58 Pamela, 61 Pantomime, 185 Paris, 4, 12 Pastoral novel, 21 Pastoral in painting, 18 f poetry, 14–19 and courts, 15 ff Pastourelles, 16 f Pater, Jean Baptiste, 19 Pater, Walter, Petersen, Julius, 213 Petit de Julleville, 210, 214 Petrarch, 15 Petri, J.S., 211 Pevsner, Nikolaus, 210 Peyre, Henri, 214 Phelps, W.L., 211 230 Philip of Orleans, ff Piazzetta, Giambattista, 26 Picaresque novel, 22 Piece bien faite, 189 Pierre, J.B.M., 139 Pierre Bezhukov, 66 Piranesi, 130 Pisanello, 127 Pixerécourt, Guilbert de, 186–4, 216 Plato, 192 Platonic ‘enthusiasm’, 192 Platonism, 157 Pléiade, 123 Plekhanov, George, 214 Poetzsch, Albert, 215 Political propaganda, and art, 135, 139 in English literature, 41–47 Pompadour, Madame de, 129 Pompeii, 130 Pope, Alexander, 39, 42, 44, 45, 126, 126, 163, 197, 213 Popular theatre, 182–95 Post-revolutionary Europe and writers, 160 Poussin, 18, 124 Poussinistes and Rubénistes, 144 Pre-romantic ‘discomfort with civilization’, 64 ff emotionalism, 47, 54, 64, 68 escapism, 56 individualism, 53 f irrationalism, 64 f., 68 f moralism, 55 f novel, 59–6 author and public of, 61 f heroes and readers of, 61 f 228 INDEX of middle-class family life, 59 ff moralism of, 61 music, 69 f pessimism, 56 sense of nature, 57 f., 64 f sentimentalism, 47, 54 f., 69 subjectivism, 60, 66 Pre-romanticism, 47 f., 53–59, 62 ff 64 ff., 69, 88f., 200 and romanticism, 47 f., 140 and the bourgeoisie, 47 Prévost, Abbé, 20, 23–8, 163, 199 Princesse de Clèves, 22 Prinz von Homburg, 81 Prior, Matthew, 43, 44 Protestant clergy and secular litera- ture, 38 f Proust, 64, 66, 214 Prudhon, P., 142, 147 Psychological novel, 23 Public concerts, origins of, 71 f stylistic consequences of, 71 ff Publishing, 46 Pushkin, 164, 194, 197, 198, 199, 200 ‘Quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns’, 3, 125, 172 Racine, 3, 23, 24, 79, 121, 125, 183 Radcliffe, Mrs, 186 Rameau, 29 Rationalism, 91, 101 f., 110 ff., 118 f., 124 f Reading public, 37–40, 46, 60, 198 f Réau, Louis, 208 Régence, 2, 4, f., 11, 12, 125 f René, 22, 66, 173, 174 Renouvier, Jules, 215 Restif de la Bretonne, 20 Restoration, 149, 151, 169 ff., 178, 184 Revolution davidienne, 136 Revolutionary classicism, 131f., 139 Reynière, Grimrod de la, 215 Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 126 Rheims, Richardson, 1, 39, 48, 56, 59–6, 64, 118, 198 Richelieu, Cardinal, 123 Richelieu, Marshal, Riegl, Alois, 157, 158 Riemann, Hugo, 211 231 Rigaud, Hyacinthe, 199 Rimsky-Korsakov, 205 Robespierre, 151 Robinson Crusoe, 41 ff Rococo, xlix f., 26–30, 126, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133 and baroque, xlix, 26 f and the bourgeoisie, 27 f., 30 classicism, 127 f., 132 eclecticism of, 128 eroticism of, 28 hedonism of, 28 f and impressionism, 29 f and ‘l’art pour l’art’, 29 and modern art, 27 f struggle against, 30 f Romanticism, 200, 203, 207 ambivalent relationship to art, 165 antiformalism of, 167 and the aristocracy, 163 f and artistic freedom, 140 f and classicism, 141 concept of, 149 ff emanatistic philosophy of history, 156 f and enlightenment, 163 escapism of, 152, 154, 160, 166 and the German intelligentsia, 159 and history, 154 and liberalism, 149 INDEX 229 as a middle-class movement, 163 f and modern art, 153 molochism of, 202 pathological features, 151 f., 166 f and realism, 149, 168 f and religion, 143 and the Restoration, 149 f., 168 f and the Revolution, 149 f., 168 f Romantic aestheticism, 165 historicisms, 154–62 homelessness, 161 individualism, 152 f music, 204–13 and the middle class, 205 Romantic ‘occasionalism’, 168 painting, 200–9 sensibility, 152 f Ronsard, Pierre de, 15 Rose, Hans, 213 Rosenthal, Léon, 214, 216 Rothacker, Erich, 215 Rousseau, J.-J., 1, 3, 8, 9, 10, 13 23, 24, 48, 55, 57, 64–69, 106 114, 114, 118, 128, 131, 142 173, 185, 194, 195, 199, 212 Rousseauism, 65 ff Rubens, 12, 202, 203 Rudge, Arnold, 215 Sachs, Hans, 97 Sainte-Beuve, 25, 177 Saint-Preux, 22, 66, 173, 194 Salons (annual exhibitions), 12, 145 146, 148, 177 Salons (literary), 5, 172, 174 f Salomon, Albert, 215 Sampson, George, 210 Sand, George, 204 Sannazzaro, Jacopo, 15, 16 Savage, Richard, 44 Scavi, 130 Sceaux, Schanz, M., 208 Scheffer, Ary, 203 Schelling, 100, 165 Schiller, 15, 67, 87, 100, 106, 113 114, 114, 161 Schlegel, A.W., 100 Schlegel, Friedrich, 113, 151, 156, 165, 193 Schleiermacher, 100 Schlesser, Julius, 205, 206, 207, 208 Schmitt, Carl, 215 Schnabel, Franz, 208 Schoeffler, Herbert, 38, 210, 211 Schoenemann family, 116 Schopenhauer, 207 Schubert, 106, 109 232 Schuecking, L.L., 210 Schumann, Robert, 204, 206 Schweitzer, Bernhard, 212 Scott, Walter, 190, 191, 198–6 Scribe, 184, 187 Scudéry, Mlle de, 21 Sedaine, 185, 188 Senancour, 161, 174, 194 Shaftesbury, Earl of, 106 f Shakespeare, 82, 85, 86, 157, 192, 203 Shaw, G.B., 88 Shelley, 15, 164, 190, 191, 193 f Sidney, Sir Philip, 15 Smetana, 205 Smith, Adam, 53 Smollett, 46, 198 Sombart, Werner, 211, 212 Sophists, 155 Soufflot, Jacques Germain, 126, 129 Southey, Robert, 191 Spain, 16 230 INDEX Spee, Friedrich von, 98 Spengler, Oswald, 57, 113, 211 Spenser, Edmund, 15 Staël, Mme de, 64, 104, 144, 174 Stange, Alfred, 213 Steele, Sir Richard, 40 f., 43, 44 Stein, Frau von, 114 Stendhal, 22, 180, 182, 204 Stephen, (Sir) Leslie, 210, 212 Sterne, Laurence, 48, 62, 163 Stockmeyer, Clara, 212 Storm and Stress, 100 ff., 106, 10712, 113, 114, 115, 117, 188 and the concept of genius, 108 f and enlightenment, 102, 107 f., 109 ff irrationalism of, 101 f., 104, 107 in ‘philosophy of life’, 110 Strich, Fritz, 213, 215, 216 Strowski, F., 208 Stuart dynasty, 33 Subscription and publishing, 46 Swift, Jonathan, 41 ff., 163 Taine, 180 Talleyrand, M de, 28 Tasso, 15, 16, 17 Teniers, David, the younger, 19 Texte, Joseph, 211 Theatre and the French bourgeoisie, 123 f Thộõtre Franỗais, 182, 183, 184, 185 Theocritus, 13, 15, 15, 17, 19 Thermidor 9th, 136, 137, 148, 163 Thibaudet, A., 214 Thompson, Francis, 216 Thomson, James, 44, 48 Tischbein, Wilhelm, 133 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 3, 5, 33, 103, 208, 210, 212 Tolstoy, 66 Tompkins, J.M.S., 216 Torquate Tasso, 83, 114 Touquet, 181 Toynbee, Arnold, 211 Tragédie classique, 182 and the middle class, 123 and naturalism, 123 origins of, 122 f and rationalism, 123 Tragedy, periods of, 85 Tragic and non-heroic outlook, 85 Trevelyan, G.M., 210 Troeltsch, Ernst, 215 Tudor, House of, 31 Ultras and liberals, 171 Unger, Rudolf, 212 Urbino, 16 Urfé, Honoré d’, 15, 17, 21 Vanbrugh, Sir John, 43 Vanloo, J.B., 31, 126 Vaudeville, 184, 187 f Vernet, Horace, 142 Versailles, 4, 12 Viau, Théophile de, 124 Vico, G.B., 155 Vie de Marianne, 24 233 Vien, 128, 129, 132, 133 Vigée-Lebrun, Mme E.L., 148 Vigny, Alfred de, 164, 174, 177, 196, Virgil, 15 f Vitet, Louis, 184 Voltaire, 8, 9, 23, 46, 48, 61, 66, 68, 69, 106, 126, 128, 144, 163, 174, 181 f Voltairianism, 9, 65, 181 and Rousseauism, 66, 68 Wackenroder, 165 Wagner, Richard, 64, 152, 206, 207 Walpole, Horace, 45, 58, 61 INDEX 231 Walpole, Sir Robert, 38, 41, 44 Watteau, 12f., 18ff., 25f., 29, 30, 202 Webb, Geoffrey, 211 Weber, C.H.von, 206, 207 Weil, Hans, 214 Weimar, 99, 113, 114 f., 130 Weisbach, Werner, 210 Weiser, C.F., 212 Weltschmerz, 194 f Werther, 21, 22, 24, 66, 101, 114, 116, 173, 194 West, Benjamin, 129 Whigs, 44, 49 and Tories, 34 f., 41–6 Wieland, 113, 114 Wilhelm Meister, 114, 115, 117, 151 William III, 41 Winckelmann, 1, 100, 129, 130, 131, 155 ‘Wits’, 39 f Woelfflin, Heinrich, 28, 58, 213 Wordsworth, 152, 191 f., 197, 199 World literature, 117 f., 198 Young, Edward, 46, 48, 108 ... origins of domestic drama 75 The drama in the service of the class struggle 75 The social character of the dramatic hero 77 The significance of the milieu in the domestic drama 79 The problem of tragic... List of illustrations x General introduction xi Introduction to volume III xxix The dissolution of courtly art The end of the age of Louis XIV The Régence The new wealth of the bourgeoisie The. .. constitutes, however, is the belief that the experience of modern human history? ?? the events of the Terror in the French Revolution, the slaughter of the First and Second World Wars, Nazism, the Holocaust,