Tactics for speaking legal english fluently and convincingly

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF LAW -*** GRADUATION THESIS B.A DEGREE IN ENGLISH Major: Legal English TACTICS FOR SPEAKING LEGAL ENGLISH FLUENTLY AND CONVINCINGLY Supervisor: Phan Lê Chi, MA Student: Bùi Việt Đức Student ID: 1452202010009 Class: Legal English 39 Ho Chi Minh City, 2018 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF LAW -*** GRADUATION THESIS B.A DEGREE IN ENGLISH Major: Legal English TACTICS FOR SPEAKING LEGAL ENGLISH FLUENTLY AND CONVINCINGLY Supervisor: Phan Lê Chi, MA Student: Bùi Việt Đức Student ID: 1452202010009 Class: Legal English 39 Ho Chi Minh City, 2018 EVALUATION OF SUPERVISOR Ho Chi Minh City, …… / …… / 2018 EVALUATION OF ADVISORY COMMITTEE Ho Chi Minh City, ……/ ……/ 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the period of studying and writing dissertation, I have received several passionate guidance and support from teachers and friends My graduation thesis cannot be fulfilled without the help of many people so I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this report First of all, I wish to give my biggest thanks to all the professors and lecturers at Ho Chi Minh City University of Law, especially at Faculty of Legal English for providing me with valuable knowledge for the time of four years My writing and presentation skills have improved so much thanks to their comment and advices Along the way, I would like to send my sincere and deep gratitude and thanks to my wonderful supervisor, MA Phan Le Chi for her dedicated instruction and contribution in stimulating suggestions as well as encouragement She has assisted me throughout the course of research and helped me complete this paper Furthermore, may I extend my acknowledgement of a number of students who have supported me and contributed so much in completing the research, especially my studying team, classmates and friends of LE38, LE39, LE40 class I am also deeply grateful to my friend, Hoang Minh Hung of CLC39B class for helping me by sending surveys to law firms at Ho Chi Minh City Last but not least, my deepest gratitude goes to my family who have always loved, encouraged and provided the best conditions for me to study and finish dissertation on time I am indebted to my parents, my elder sister and all my relatives I own you a big long trip back to our home Family is a great source of encouragement for me to finish this thesis In the completion of this paper, although making various attempts of improving, exchanging and accepting comments, due to the limitation of time and data, there is inevitable shortcomings I hope to receive valuable feedback from teachers and readers Ho Chi Minh City, May 31st 2018 i LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ESL English as a Second Language GE General English HCMC Ho Chi Minh City IELTS International English Language Testing System ILE International Legal English ILEC International Legal English Certificate L2 Second Language LE Legal English LLB Bachelor of Law NS Native Speaker TEFL Teaching English as a Foreign Language TESOL Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages TOLES Test of Legal English Skills WTO World Trade Organization ii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Law students’ view of frequent speaking partners 27 Table 2: Legal practitioners’ view of frequent speaking partners 27 Table 3: Respondents’ agreement on necessity of listening via media 31 Table 4: Discourse markers for organising 37 Table 5: Discourse markers for responding 37 Table 6: Discourse markers for paraphrasing or clarifying 38 LIST OF PICTURES Picture 1: Three modes of persuasion 40 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Education First English Proficiency Index 2017 Rankings Figure 2: Research process 20 Figure 3: Law students’ frequency on speaking LE 22 Figure 4: Legal advocates’ frequency on speaking LE 22 Figure 5: Respondents’ view of frequent using of Latin words in Legal language 23 Figure 6: Respondents’ view of Latin as an easy language 23 Figure 7: Law students’ view of events to speak Legal language 24 Figure 8: Legal advocates’ view of events to speak Legal language 24 Figure 9: Law students’ view of learning sources 25 Figure 10: Law students’ desire of practicing partners 26 Figure 11: Legal advocates’ desire of practicing partners 26 Figure 12: Law students’ view of practicing group size 28 Figure 13: Legal advocates’ view of practicing group size 29 Figure 14: Law students’ view of practical speaking activities 29 Figure 15: Legal practitioners’ view of practical speaking activities 30 Figure 16: Law students’ view of enjoyable exercises 30 Figure 17: Legal practitioners’ view of enjoyable excercises 31 Figure 18: Law students’ view of improvable aspects from listening 32 Figure 19: Respondents’ view of practicing environment 33 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ii LIST OF TABLES iii LIST OF FIGURES iv GENERAL INTRODUCTION .1 The reason for choosing this topic .1 Background of the studys .2 Research objectives 4 Scope and limitations of the study .4 Significance of the study Structure of the paper CHAPTER ONE: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Legal English 1.1.1 Common definition 1.1.2 Learning International Legal English (ILE) .6 1.2 Speaking activity 1.2.1 Definition 1.2.2 Features of speaking process 1.3 Legal speaking as a practical skill 1.4 Conclusion CHAPTER TWO: CHARACTERISTICS 10 2.1 Fluency 10 2.1.1 Definition 10 2.1.2 Two sides of the view .10 2.2 Components of fluency 11 2.2.1 Accuracy 11 2.2.2 Vocabulary 11 2.2.3 Pronunciation 12 2.2.4 Intonation 13 2.2.5 Conclusion .14 2.3 Influential factors 14 2.4 Persuasion .15 2.5 Components of persuasion 16 2.5.1 The sender .16 2.5.2 The receiver .16 2.5.3 The means 17 v 2.6 2.7 Attitude 17 Summary of the chapter 19 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 20 3.1 Research process .20 3.2 Qualitative study .20 3.3 Instruments .20 3.4 Participants .21 3.5 Document review 21 3.6 Questionaire design 21 CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS AND RESULTS .22 4.1 Externals 22 4.1.1 Frequency on speaking Legal English 22 4.1.2 Latin words 23 4.1.3 Speaking occasions 24 4.2 Individuals 25 4.2.1 Learning sources .25 4.2.2 Practicing sources 26 4.2.3 Actual audience .27 4.3 Internals 28 4.3.1 Size 28 4.3.2 Practical activity .29 4.3.3 Speaking exercises 30 4.3.4 Necessity of listening skill .31 4.4 Environment 33 4.5 Summary of chapter 33 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 34 5.1 Tactics for fluent speeches 34 5.1.1 Technical language 34 5.1.2 Rate of delivery 36 5.1.3 Interactions 38 5.2 Tactics for convincing speeches .40 5.2.1 Ethos 40 5.2.2 Pathos 41 5.2.3 Logos .42 5.3 Summary and futher discussion 44 CONCLUSION .45 BIBLIOGRAPHY vii APPENDICES x vi trustworthiness of the speakers45 This credibility is allocated to the communicators based on the audience’s perception That means if speakers are not considered as credible sources regarding the topics which they are representing, listeners may find those arguments confusing and hard to believe Persuasion is achieved by the speaker’s personal characteristics since, the speeches make audience evaluate them credible It thereby requires the presenters should have to enough knowledge to provide informed statements or be sufficiently dependable to convince all or part of the listeners when they not know much about who is saying Specifically, a high fraction of students will pay attention to and follow instructions from an experienced professor instead of a training instructor However, it is not completely true that you will not be able to change anyone’s belief or viewpoint if your “ethos” is at low rank since “attractiveness” may grant some benefits There has been a tendency that people are likely to be persuaded by goodlooking speakers than unlovely ones, which depicted from many researches in the last fifty years In 1979, Shelly Chaiken – a social psychologist, published an amazing study about how attractiveness influences the emotional senses we make on others At first, her research aimed to train her students’ voices to become fully emotional for giving persuasive speech but she eventually found that her fashionable students could seek for higher levels of agreement from the audience than their “unattractive” counterparts, and for some reason, they could perform better whilst they had been well-dressed But the speakers should draw much attention on the events as well because they cannot apply street-style or runway fashions if their works demand a professional suit Clearly, this quality even leads to a larger visual impression on the listeners as achieving the credibility, trustworthiness and persuasive abilities in individuals but targets' perceptions of communicator knowledge and ability are not affected In modern view, “attractive” characteristic cannot be rated solely on speakers’ clothes or appearances anymore Physical features related to attractiveness owns multi-faceted settings in its nature because researchers have shown that voice intonation and intelligence influence judgments of attraction 5.2.2 Pathos Overall, the goal of a persuasive speech is that the acceptance of speakers’ viewpoint from the audience However, difference speeches may lead to more than one actual goal because those persuasive statements are designed to convince, actuate or just stimulate the audience And, the thing that lawyers or legal advocates want to gain in every trial is to convince not their clients, but judges or arbitrators 41 When it comes to conversations between judges-lawyers, a convincing speech is planned to cause the audience to internalize and believe a piece of advice or submission from communicators Being convinced and having accurate information, which listeners did not formerly possess, are two different ideas Generally, by gaining a listener's trust through rhetorical techniques and appealing to a listener's emotions or senses, the lawyer is able to persuasively alter his or her listener's perceptions in a way that aligns with his or her own beliefs – and benefits the client.46 Since communicators help their audience discover the emotional dimension, they may find given viewpoint acceptable and reasonable Aristotle named this as “pathos” – an appeal to audience’s feelings and emotions The emotions are all those feelings that make people come up another judgment, sometimes caused by the deepest pain or pleasure Take an example of storytelling, people react in a gentle way and obtain the information less critically than hearing a university lecture Likewise, lawyers are commonly spent their time in court telling a great story or explaining troublesome background so that the wrongdoers can earn some benefits or less heavy judgment from both jury and society Indeed, “pathos” aim to reduce the ability to judge from audience as well as minimize the weak points of delivery skills thanks to the audience’s direct sympathy There are various tactics for speakers to induce the emotions of receivers, yet, it is crucial that there entails a basic knowledge about the audience before they might be placed in the appropriate emotional states so as to fully agree with presenters This technique is called “audience analysis”, which involves indentifying and the audience and adapting a speech to their interests, level of understanding, attitudes, and beliefs47 Since attitude is formerly discussed in Section 3.6, it is interesting that speakers can attain the knowledge of expectations and demographics (like age, gender, occupation, education, ethnic background or even the salary) from the audience 5.2.3 Logos As a matter of fact, there are hundreds of rules for designing an excellent intension, which mainly depends on relevant theme, namely business, travel or laws In general, speakers have to research, select information, and then coherently organize them with intent to achieve some of agreements Nonetheless, by means of persuasive communication, “logos” are the main principle because this term comprises all requirements for effective messages, which are concerned with the content, structure, and argumentation of a speech 46 D Barnwell, Rhetoric And Law: How Do Lawyers Persuade Judges? How Do Lawyers Deal With Bias In Judges And Judging, Thesis, Georgia State University, 2015, http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_hontheses/10, (accessed on 29 May 2018) 47 M Bannon, Audience Analysis, University of Pittsburgh, [web], http://www.comm.pitt.edu/oral-comm-lab/audienceanalysis, (accessed on 29 May 2018) 42 On the one hand, as Aristotle stated “thirdly, persuasion is effected through the speech itself when we have proved a truth or an apparent truth by means of the persuasive arguments suitable to the case in question”48, logos can be understood as logical appeal and evidence that speakers put in their arguments to give audience the reason why their speech make sense or at least it should appear to prove something As a general rule, a message consists of three parts: an advocated position, a set of general arguments in support of the advocated position, and specific factual evidence designed to bolster the general arguments However, in modern society, this term academically refers the rationale of persuasive messages and legal practitioners in common law system particularly divide their speeches or essay into five parts as “invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery” Invention is the term symbolizes for the message content and it consists of those ordinary elements facts, statistics, examples, expert opinion, analogies, etc While facts are of the utmost importance, the organization of striking statistics and evidence is proved to lead the arguments more compelling by creating the connection between speakers and audience On the other hand, the arrangement speech in rhetoric is still the part can be missed as it considerably affects ability to convince others Due to the certain limits in perception, just a few of listeners can grasp all ideas without difficulty and the possibilities of the audience to critically analyze the statements are restricted as well There is no assurance that listeners will completely agree with the given information even though those required elements organized logically Thus, communicators are also demanded to make speech that appears sufficient enough and in understandable way because rhetoric deals foremost with functionality not with correctness Many rhetoricians suggest that speakers can divide their speeches into six parts: "an introduction, a narration of the facts, an outline of the structure of the speech, a proof of the argument, a refutation of opposing arguments, and a conclusion (or peroration)49 In this way, the data is simply and clearly presented, which enables audience to follow along the whole presentation That means, speakers need to utilize straightforward structures as well as cohesive devices for the purpose of allowing the listeners to have better memorization and perception Let’s look at the examples below: E.g I have a copy of your letter and will respond shortly E.g During our initial conference, I was provided with a copy of your correspondence, which I am presently reviewing Following the completion of our review and consideration, and the taking of further instructions from my senior supervisor, I will revert to you by way of further correspondence Aristotle et al., Rhetoric, 1954, cited in K Bernhard, ‘Modes of Persuasion, European Rhetoric, 2010, [web], http://www.european-rhetoric.com/ethos-pathos-logos-modes-persuasion-aristotle/, (accessed on 29 May 2018) 49 R Toye, Rhetoric: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2013, p.38 Available from E-book Library, (accessed on 29 May 2018) 48 43 It is apparent that due to the same message, the second speaker use complex structure to deliver it and it may cause many ambiguity and confuse for the listeners In common law systems like USA or UK, the use of specialized structures than ordinary ones is always made by lawyers since they want to look professional and just like other colleagues in their practice However, if speech is arranged too complicated, audience can neither understand nor enjoy the content of the message Finally, in order to increase the rate of persuasion, there is a piece of advise that speakers should use “visual aid technique” by incorporating the real objects or demonstrations to support for what they are going mention For example, university students in Vietnam, in many recent years, have always use Powerpoint slides to make their presentation not more corlorful but effective Other visual materials advised to adopt in speeches are video clips, photographs, samples, DVD segments, etc 5.3 Summary and futher discussion Over the years, fluency are seen to be priority judgement when examining one’s spoken presentation but Vietnamese law students and practitioners still underestimate its place as weilding ESL/ILE owing to the belief that they slightly need to enter with ease into language dialogue Since so many foreign law firms presently set their offices in Vietnam, the requirement about English does not stand at a low level because band score for English skill should be around from 6.0 to 6.5 in IELTS test (The International English Language Testing System), which means the learners shall “speak at length, though may lose coherence at times due to occasional repetition, self-correction or hesitation” (band of Fluency in IELTS descriptor) Consequentially, there is no doubt that fluency is the complementary in accomplishing given legal speaking tasks Many questions have been raised about the role of the persuasive factor in theory of learning and using English as L2 By virtue of information exchange and expression, most of the non-native speakers actually does not seek their opinions to be fully agreed by others In contrast, when law students and attorneys start to talk, the speech should be arranged in such a way as to hopefully cause the audience to accept all or part of the expressed view Therefore, persuasive is considered as important feature if technical language is applied 44 CONCLUSION Nowadays, English is an indispensable language in almost developing countries, including Viet Nam Learning English cannot rely on the goal of gaining flying colors or ancient strategies any more as many examinations recently tests learners’ reaction as well as actual skills From that view, Legal English bears the same situation but four skills has not been focused equally Overall, learners concentrates on legal writitng in view of the fact that it helps them to manage the documnets and, Legal speaking skills is still seeking its true place in learning and practicing although lawyers or legal practitioners have to use it in the near future Besides, this skill witnesses the growth of a huge amount of jargon coming from many area in the world, where common law dominants It is said by the methodologists, although they not always use the same words, agree that speaking involves both theoretical and practical aspects, which means gaining knowledge and the skill of using knowledge It brings along aiming speaking development at persuasion as well as at fluency As a result, while spending most of the time keep an eye on terminologies, learners are advised to practice using what have learnt at university At the same time, to achieve fluency, speakers should accomplish that all of the general aspects regarding linguistics like phonology, semantics or pragmatics Also, sellection of relevant words and using approriate speaking tone become one of the most important features as they bring the messages more closely to the listeners Furthermore, this thesis draw out a few of feasible techniques, which is able to be applied in both schools and workplaces On the contrary, speech is not always predictable as it is influenced by external and internal factors Students may learn a bunch of useful phrases for communication but they easily get lost as not being able to imcorporate those terms automatically Then, preparartion of the content, analyse the audience or dress up nicely can only make speakers more confident when enter into many kinds of communcations but they also minimize the stress and mistakes To sum up, it is neccessary not to miss any skills when learning a new language or a new style of that language, namely Legal English Since making any utterance, there is no doubt that fluency is always examined innitially and strictly by native speakers Besides, persuasive speech can make the performance better and show that speakers own a deep knowledge of what being discussed Yet, speakers can choose suitable for strategies for themselves to develop this speaking skills further 45 BIBLIOGRAPHY Baker, L., IELTS Express, TEFL, 22 June 2017, [weblog], https://www.teflexpress.co.uk/blog/discourse-markers-in-spoken-english/, (accessed on 28 May 2018) Bannon, M., Audience Analysis, University of Pittsburgh, [web], http://www.comm.pitt.edu/oral-comm-lab/audience-analysis, (accessed on 29 May 2018) Barnwell, D., Rhetoric and Law: How Do Lawyers Persuade Judges? 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p.261 Hughes, R., Teaching and Researching Speaking, New York: Pearson Education, 2002, p.113 K.L Amy and Trans legal, International Legal English (Second Edition), What are the aims of the course, p.ii Kayi, H., Teaching Speaking: Activities to Promote Speaking in a Second Language, The Internet TESL Journal, Vol XII, No 11, 2006 (accessed on 14 May 2018) Kristi, N., The Barriers of Teaching Speaking English for EFL Learners, ELITE Journal, Volume 01, No.1, 2016, p.7 (accessed on 11 May 2018) Lan, L.S., Fluency and Accuracy in Spoken English – Implications for Classroom Practice in a Bilingual Context, The English Teacher, Vol XXII, p.3, (accessed on 16 May 2018) Law Dictionary Online (LDO), ALM Media Properties, 2018, https://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=1780, https://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=1348 https://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=1784 https://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=847 (accessed on 28 May 2018) Lumen Learning, Boundless Communication, 2017, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-communications/chapter/elements-ofspeech-communication/, (accessed on 25 May 2018) Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2018, [web], https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/attitude?q=attitude, (accessed on 25 May 2018) https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/speaking, (accessed on 15 May 2018) https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/fluency, (accessed on 15 May 2018) Pascale, C., Legal language in English, [weblog], 2010, https://www.communicaid.com/business-language-courses/blog/legal-language-inenglish/, (accessed 20 May 2018) Pascale, C., What is Legal English, [weblog], 2010, https://www.communicaid.com/business-language-courses/blog/what-is-legal-english/ (accessed on 11 May 2018) Richards, J C and W A Renandya (eds.), Methodology in Language Teaching: An Anthology of Current Practice Cambridge, Cambridge University, 2002, p.204 Richards, J.C, and T.S Rodgers, Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching (Second Edition), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p.157 viii Doughty, C., & M Long (Eds.), The handbook of second language acquisition, Oxford, Blackwell, 2004, p.384 Son, T.L., Teaching English in Vietnam: Improving the Provision in the Private Sector, Ph.D thesis, 2011, p.2 – p.140 Toye, R., Rhetoric: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2013, p.38 Available from E-book Library, (accessed on 29 May 2018) Thornbury, S., How to teach speaking, Harlow, Longman, 2005, p.25, 38, 83 & 116 Ur, P A course in language teaching: Practice and theory, Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p.120 Wacks, R., Law: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2008, p.36 Weil, A., Three Breathing Exercises and Techniques, 2016, [web], https://www.drweil.com/health-wellness/body-mind-spirit/stress-anxiety/breathingthree-exercises/, (accessed on 28 May 2018) ix APPENDICES Appendix – Questionnaires SURVEY ON THE USING ILE AT LAW SCHOOL Hello beloved respondents, I am Bui Viet Duc from Ho Chi Minh City University of Law - Faculty of Legal English This survey is created to understand how frequent you would use your legal language in classroom, which is as part of my graduation paper about "Legal English Speaking Skill" Your participation would be of great help for me, so I hope you will spend 35 minutes filling in this form and feel free to add in any other answer that is not in multiple choices The valuable information that you provide will be solely for the purpose of doing research Thank you in advance * Required How often you speak legal language when you are at school? * Mark only one oval Always (Everyday) Often (3-4 times per week) Sometimes (1-2 times per week) Rarely (1-2 per month) Never Do you think Latin words is easy to learn and use when speaking Legal English? * Mark only one oval Yes No Maybe On which occasion(s) you have to speak Legal English? * Check all that apply Discussion with classmates Answering the questions from teachers Taking speaking tests Presentation Other: ……………………… x From which source(s) you think is excellent for learning legal terminologies? * Check all that apply Teachers Classmates Written materials (textbooks, magazine …) Media channels (YouTube, television, radio …) Other: ……………………… In order to improve legal speaking, with whom would you prefer to practice? * Check all that apply Teachers Lawyers Classmate English native speakers Friends Other: ……………………… Who you often speak to when using those terms about laws? * Please rate your level of agreement for the following statements (1= Never; 2= Rarely; 3= Sometimes; 4= Often; 5= Always) Mark only one oval per row Vietnamese teachers Foreign teachers Classmates English native speakers Friends Which types of ways below you find it useful to practice your Legal English speaking skill? * Mark only one oval Individually In pairs In a small group (3-4 persons) In a big team (more than persons) xi In order to improve spoken legal language, you think which kind(s) of activity below is/are practical? * Check all that apply Role play Talking/Chatting with classmate Memorizing conversations/dialogues from text books Language games with legal topics Watching films (relates to legal sector) Other: …………………………… If you have to speak Legal language in class, you think which activity below is suitable for yourself? * Check all that apply Conversations Presentation Client interview Trial practice Moot court 10 Do you think listening to media channels (such as BBC, CNN, YouTube …) is necessary for improving Legal English speaking skill? * Mark only one oval Yes No Maybe 11 Do you think listening to media channels will improve which aspects of your Legal speaking skill? * Check all that apply Intonation Pronunciation Legal terminologies Legal knowledge Legal idea Other: ……………………… xii 12 Do you think which type of legal learning environment below is suitable for improving Legal English speaking skill? * Mark only one oval English with 100% English more than Vietnamese English less than Vietnamese xiii Appendix – Questionnaires SURVEY ON THE USING ILE AT LEGAL WORKPLACES Hello beloved respondents, I am Bui Viet Duc from Ho Chi Minh City University of Law - Faculty of Legal English This survey is created to understand how frequent you would use your legal language in working office, which is as part of my graduation paper about "Legal English Speaking Skill" Your participation would be of great help for me, so I hope you will spend 35 minutes filling in this form and feel free to add in any other answer that is not in multiple choices The valuable information that you provide will be solely for the purpose of doing research Thank you in advance * Required How often you speak legal language when you are at work? * Mark only one oval Always (Everyday) Often (3-4 times per week) Sometimes (1-2 times per week) Rarely (1-2 per month) Never Do you often use Latin words relatintg to laws when you speak Legal English? * Mark only one oval Yes No On which occasion(s) you have to speak Legal English? * Check all that apply Discussion with classmates Discussion with co-workers Negotiation Conference Seminar Other: ……………………… xiv With whom would you prefer to practice your Legal English speaking skill?* Check all that apply Vietnames colleagues Foreign colleagues Clients Vietnamese managers Foreign managers English native speakers Other: ……………………… Who you often speak to when using those terms about laws? * Please rate your level of agreement for the following statements (1= Never; 2= Rarely; 3= Sometimes; 4= Often; 5= Always) Vietnamese colleagues Foreign colleagues Clients Vietnamese managers Foreign managers Which types of ways you find it useful to practice speaking Legal English? * Mark only one oval Individually In pairs In a small group (3-4 persons) In a big team (more than persons) In order to improve spoken legal language, you think which kind(s) of activity is/are practical? * Check all that apply Role play Talking/Chatting with classmate Memorizing conversations/dialogues from text books Language games with legal topics Watching films (relates to legal sector) Other: …………………………… xv If you and your colleagues have chance to practice Legal English, you think which activity below is suitable for yourselves? * Check all that apply Conversations Presentation Client interview Trial practice Moot court Do you think listening to media channels (such as BBC, CNN, YouTube …) is necessary for improving Legal English speaking skill? * Mark only one oval Yes No Maybe 10 Do you think which type of legal learning environment below is suitable for improving Legal English speaking skill? * Mark only one oval English with 100% English more than Vietnamese English less than Vietnamese xvi