Evaluating the effect of insecticides on multigeneration of predatory mite neoseiulus longispinosus (evans) (acari phytoseiidae)

VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF AGRONOMY -*** - UNDERGRADUATE THESIS TITLE: EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF INSECTICIDES ON MULTIGENERATION OF PREDATORY MITE NEOSEIULUS LONGISPINOSUS (EVANS) (ACARI: PHYTOSEIIDAE) INSTRUCTOR : Assoc Prof Dr NGUYEN DUC TUNG DEPARTMENT : ENTOMOLOGY STUDENT’S NAME : LE THI TRANG STUDENT’S CODE : 621821 CLASS : K62-KHCTT Hanoi – 2022 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this paper is my work All results and data in this thesis are absolutely honest and have not been submitted before to any institution for assessment purposes All sources used in this paper were cited in references Student Le Thi Trang i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To complete this thesis, I am deeply indebted to people who have been providing me with precious support and advice Firstly, I would like to send my gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Duc Tung, Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, for his enthusiastic support, helpful advice, and considerable encouragement in the completion of my thesis I would also like to express sincere thanks to the lecturers from the Faculty of Agronomy in general and lecturers in the Department of Entomology in particular, who taught and created the best conditions for students during the learning process and research Last but not least, I want to express my sincere thanks to my family and friends who have always been by my side, given me support and strength to complete this graduation thesis Student Le Thi Trang ii CONTENTS Declaration i Acknowledgements ii Contents iii List of tables .v List of figures vii List of acronyms viii Abstract ix PART INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem statement 1.2 Objective and Requirement 1.2.1 Objectives 1.2.2 Requirements .2 PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The research i n the world 2.1.1 The characteristics of Phytophagous mites 2.1.2 The characteristics of predatory mite 2.2 The research i n Vietnam 19 2.2.1 General introduction to phytophagous mite 19 2.2.2 The characteristics of Neoseiulus longispinosus (Evans) 21 PART III RESEARCH CONTENT AND METHODOLOGY 25 3.1 Research subject: 25 3.2 Time and Location 25 3.2.1 Location 25 3.2.2 Time 25 3.3 Materials and methods 25 3.3.1 Interviewing farmers about pesticides commonly used in the field 25 iii 3.3.2 Investigation of the composition and density dynamic of Phytoseiid predatory mites in Gia Lam, Hanoi 26 3.3.3 Mites rearing 27 3.3.4 Testing insecticide 28 3.3.5 Effect of concentrations on the offspring of the treated predatory mites through generation 30 3.3.6 Method of measuring the size of N longispinosus 31 3.4 Method of calculation 32 3.5 Statistical analysis 33 PART IV RESULTS 34 4.1 Investigate the usage of insecticides to control red spider mites in Van Duc, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 2021 34 4.2 Determine the composition and the occurrence degree of Phytoseiid predatory mite in Van Duc commune, Gia Lam district, Ha Noi city, 2021 34 4.2.1 Determine the composition of Phytoseiid predatory mite in Van Duc, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 2021 35 4.2.2 Determine the occurrence degree of Phytoseiid predatory mite in Van Duc, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 2021 37 4.3 Effects of some pesticides on N longispinosus collected at Van Duc, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 38 4.4 The LC50 and LC30 concentrations of N longispinisus after exposure to some pesticides 39 4.5 Morphological characteristics and developmental time of N longispinosus 40 4.6 Reproduction parameters of N longispinosus 48 PART V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 68 REFERENCES 70 APPENDIX 74 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Developmental time of N.longispinosus at different temperature 12 Table 2.2 The biological parameters of the predatory mite N longispinosus reared on T urticae 22 Table 3.1 Transformation of percentages to probits 32 Table 4.1 Several common insecticides were used by famers to control T.urticae at Van Duc commune, Gia Lam district, Ha Noi city, 2021 34 Table 4.2 Determine composition of Phytoseiid predatory mite in Van Duc, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 2021 35 Table 4.3 Density dynamic of Neoseiulus longispinosus and Tetranychus urticae in Van Duc, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 2021 37 Table 4.4 Effectiveness of several common insecticides on N longispinosus collected at Van Duc, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 2021 38 Table 4.5 The body width of N longispinosus after pesticide application at 27±1oC, 75%±0.4 RH 41 Table 4.6 The body length of N longispinosus after pesticide application at 27℃ 42 Table 4.7 Developmental time (days) of adult female N longispinosus after pesticides application at 27ºC 44 Table 4.8 Developmental time (days) of the immature stages of adult male N Longispinosus after pesticide application at 27º 46 v Table 4.9 Reproduction parameters of N longispinosus adult females after pesticide application at 27ºC 48 Table 4.10 Life table parameters of N longispinosus adult females after pesticide application at 27oC 53 Table 4.11 Life – table of the 1st generation N longispinosus adult females non treated with insecticide at 27oC 54 Table 4.12 Life – table of the 3rdgeneration N longispinosus adult females non treated with insecticide at 27oC 55 Table 4.13 Life – table of the 5thgeneration N longispinosus adult females non treated with insecticide at 27℃ 57 Table 4.14 Life – table of the 1st generation N longispinosus adult females after Detect 500SC application at 27℃ 58 Table 4.15 Life – table of the 3rdgeneration N longispinosus adult females after Detect 500SC application at 27℃ 60 Table 4.16 Life – table of the 5thgeneration N longispinosus adult females after Detect 500SC application at 27℃ 61 Table 4.17 Life – table of the 1st generation N longispinosus adult females after Comite 73EC application at 27℃ 63 Table 4.18 Life – table of the 3rdgeneration N longispinosus adult females after Comite 73EC application at 27±1oC 75%±0.4 RH 64 Table 4.19 Life – table of the 5thgeneration N longispinosus adult females after Comite 73EC application at 27℃ 66 Table 4.20 Effectiveness of LC 30 concentration of insecticides on N longispinosus after 24h pesticide application 67 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Merremia eberhardtii leaf bottle 27 Figure 3.2 Stock colony of predator mites N longispinosus 28 Figure 3.3 Tools 29 Figure 3.4 Rearing microcosm 31 Figure 3.5 Microscope 31 Figure 4.1 The composition of Phytoseiid predatory mite in Van Duc, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 2021 36 Figure 4.2 Mung bean field in Van Duc, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 37 Figure 4.3 The LC50 concentration graph with Detect 500SC 39 Figure 4.4 The LC50 concentration graph with Comite 73EC 39 Figure 4.5 Developmental stages of Neoseiulus longispinosus 44 Figure 4.6 Daily oviposition rate of Neoseiulus longispinosus adult females fed on T urticae none treated with insecticide at 27oC 49 Figure 4.7 Daily oviposition rate of Neoseiulus longispinosus adult females fed on T urticae after Detect 500SC application at 27oC 51 Figure4.8 Daily oviposition rate of Neoseiulus longispinosus adult females fed on T urtica after Comite 73EC application at 27oC 52 vii LIST OF ACRONYMS Neoseiulus longispinosus N.longispinosus Tetranychus urticae T urticae Two-spotted spider mite TSSM Amblyseius largoensis A largoenis Euseius aizawai E aizawai Paraphytoseius cracentis P cracentis viii ABSTRACT Among the natural enemies, the phytoseiid mite Neoseiulus longispinosus (Evans) has an important predatory role on spider mites To evaluate the effect of an LC30 insecticide concentration on the descendant generation predatory mite, and then make reasonable recommendations for using insecticide to reduce the risks posed to the predatory mite while also assisting individuals in becoming acclimated to pesticide pressure Using a bioassay experiment to calculate the LC50 and LC30 values of the insecticides Detect 500SC and Comite 73EC The rearing microcosm experiment on munger cell at the 1st, 3rd, and 5th generation N longispinosus after LC30 concentration of insecticides application under 27±1℃, 75%±0.4 RH condition The life cycles of the mites exposed with Comite 73EC in all generations were similar as the control, the life cycle ranged from 5.21 to 5.81 days However, the life cycles of the mites exposed Detect 500 SC at 1st, 3rd generation (4.79, 4.33 days, respectively) were significantly shorter than the 5th generation and other treatments Developmental time of male immature stages was shortest at 3rd generation control treatment (4.19 days) and longest at 3rd, 5th generation Detect 500SC and 5th generation Comite 73EC treatments (2.27, 3.07, 2.47 days, respectively) The total number of eggs per female at control treatments was higher than Detect 500SC and Comite 73EC treatments At the 3rd generation of Detec500SC treatment gives the highest result with the intrinsic rate of natural increase rm (0.325 females/female/day), and the lowest values were recorded on 3rd generation of Comite 73EC (0.218) ix Comite5 Doichung1 tongsotrungde Roi ,051 ,768 17 ,001 30 ,200* ,980 30 ,829 ,976 28 ,743 Doichung3 ,098 28 Doichung5 ,168 33 ,019 ,873 33 ,001 Detect1 ,170 24 ,072 ,923 24 ,069 Detect3 ,172 21 ,104 ,938 21 ,195 Detect5 ,237 21 ,003 ,839 21 ,003 ,948 24 ,239 Comite1 ,097 24 ,200* Comite3 ,247 32 ,000 ,699 32 ,000 Comite5 ,181 17 ,140 ,907 17 ,088 30 ,200 * ,979 30 ,805 ,105 Doichung3 ,094 28 ,200* ,985 28 ,953 Doichung5 ,109 33 ,200* ,962 33 ,287 Detect1 ,113 24 ,200* ,966 24 ,574 Detect3 ,157 21 ,189 ,913 21 ,062 ,865 21 ,008 Detect5 ,156 21 ,200* Comite1 ,257 24 ,000 ,835 24 ,001 Comite3 ,324 32 ,000 ,641 32 ,000 Comite5 ,194 17 ,088 ,938 17 ,294 Doichung1 ,106 30 ,200* ,976 30 ,705 Doichung3 ,101 28 ,200* ,987 28 ,970 Doichung5 ,178 33 ,010 ,900 33 ,005 Detect1 ,162 24 ,102 ,920 24 ,059 Detect3 ,175 21 ,093 ,941 21 ,230 Detect5 ,238 21 ,003 ,845 21 ,003 ,946 24 ,218 Comite1 ,093 24 ,200* Comite3 ,247 32 ,000 ,683 32 ,000 Comite5 ,231 17 ,017 ,873 17 ,024 30 ,200* ,979 30 ,800 ,985 28 ,951 Doichung1 ri ,098 17 ,200* Doichung1 Ti ,207 ,084 Doichung3 ,102 28 ,200* Doichung5 ,119 33 ,200* ,962 33 ,295 Detect1 ,170 24 ,071 ,947 24 ,230 Detect3 ,195 21 ,037 ,946 21 ,282 Detect5 ,104 21 ,200* ,965 21 ,616 ,962 24 ,484 Comite1 ,139 24 ,200* Comite3 ,092 32 ,200* ,967 32 ,424 17 ,200* ,950 17 ,452 Comite5 ,154 * This is a lower bound of the true significance a Lilliefors Significance Correction 110 Test of Homogeneity of Variances ri Levene Statistic df1 df2 5,151 Sig 221 ,000 ANOVA ri Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Between Groups ,214 ,027 Within Groups ,606 221 ,003 Total ,820 229 Sig 9,746 ,000 Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: ri (I) congthuc (J) congthuc Mean Std Error Sig Difference (I- 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound J) Upper Bound Doichung3 -,00139 ,01376 1,000 -,0445 ,0417 Doichung5 ,02549 ,01321 ,594 -,0159 ,0669 Detect1 ,00960 ,01434 ,999 -,0353 ,0545 Detect3 -,03357 ,01490 ,376 -,0802 ,0131 Detect5 ,04555 ,01490 ,062 -,0011 ,0922 Comite1 -,00410 ,01434 1,000 F-,0490 ,0408 Comite3 ,07402* ,01331 ,000 ,0323 ,1157 Comite5 ,03693 ,01590 ,333 -,0129 ,0867 Doichung1 ,00139 ,01376 1,000 -,0417 ,0445 Doichung5 ,02688 ,01345 ,547 -,0153 ,0690 Detect1 ,01099 ,01457 ,998 -,0346 ,0566 Detect3 -,03217 ,01512 ,457 -,0795 ,0152 Detect5 ,04694 ,01512 ,054 -,0004 ,0943 Comite1 -,00271 ,01457 1,000 -,0483 ,0429 Comite3 ,07541* ,01355 ,000 ,0330 ,1179 Comite5 ,03832 ,01610 ,300 -,0121 ,0888 Doichung1 -,02549 ,01321 ,594 -,0669 ,0159 Doichung3 -,02688 ,01345 ,547 -,0690 ,0153 Doichung1 Tukey HSD Doichung3 Doichung5 111 Detect1 -,01589 ,01405 ,969 -,0599 ,0281 Detect3 -,05906* ,01462 ,002 -,1049 -,0133 Detect5 ,02006 ,01462 ,907 -,0257 ,0659 Comite1 -,02959 ,01405 ,472 -,0736 ,0144 Comite3 ,04853* ,01299 ,007 ,0078 ,0892 Comite5 ,01144 ,01563 ,998 -,0375 ,0604 Doichung1 -,00960 ,01434 ,999 -,0545 ,0353 Doichung3 -,01099 ,01457 ,998 -,0566 ,0346 Doichung5 ,01589 ,01405 ,969 -,0281 ,0599 Detect3 -,04317 ,01565 ,134 -,0922 ,0059 Detect5 ,03595 ,01565 ,348 -,0131 ,0850 Comite1 -,01370 ,01512 ,992 -,0611 ,0337 Comite3 ,06442* ,01414 ,000 ,0201 ,1087 Comite5 ,02733 ,01660 ,778 -,0247 ,0793 Doichung1 ,03357 ,01490 ,376 -,0131 ,0802 Doichung3 ,03217 ,01512 ,457 -,0152 ,0795 Doichung5 ,05906* ,01462 ,002 ,0133 ,1049 Detect1 ,04317 ,01565 ,134 -,0059 ,0922 Detect5 ,07912* ,01616 ,000 ,0285 ,1297 Comite1 ,02947 ,01565 ,626 -,0196 ,0785 Comite3 ,10759* ,01471 ,000 ,0615 ,1537 Comite5 ,07050* ,01708 ,002 ,0170 ,1240 Doichung1 -,04555 ,01490 ,062 -,0922 ,0011 Doichung3 -,04694 ,01512 ,054 -,0943 ,0004 Doichung5 -,02006 ,01462 ,907 -,0659 ,0257 Detect1 -,03595 ,01565 ,348 -,0850 ,0131 Detect3 -,07912* ,01616 ,000 -,1297 -,0285 Comite1 -,04965* ,01565 ,045 -,0987 -,0006 Comite3 ,02847 ,01471 ,590 -,0176 ,0745 Comite5 -,00862 ,01708 1,000 -,0621 ,0449 Doichung1 ,00410 ,01434 1,000 -,0408 ,0490 Doichung3 ,00271 ,01457 1,000 -,0429 ,0483 Doichung5 ,02959 ,01405 ,472 -,0144 ,0736 Detect1 ,01370 ,01512 ,992 -,0337 ,0611 Detect3 -,02947 ,01565 ,626 -,0785 ,0196 Detect5 ,04965* ,01565 ,045 ,0006 ,0987 Comite3 ,07812* ,01414 ,000 ,0338 ,1224 Detect1 Detect3 Detect5 Comite1 112 Comite5 ,04103 ,01660 ,252 -,0110 ,0930 Doichung1 -,07402* ,01331 ,000 -,1157 -,0323 Doichung3 -,07541* ,01355 ,000 -,1179 -,0330 Doichung5 -,04853* ,01299 ,007 -,0892 -,0078 Detect1 -,06442* ,01414 ,000 -,1087 -,0201 Detect3 -,10759* ,01471 ,000 -,1537 -,0615 Detect5 -,02847 ,01471 ,590 -,0745 ,0176 Comite1 -,07812* ,01414 ,000 -,1224 -,0338 Comite5 -,03709 ,01572 ,312 -,0863 ,0121 Doichung1 -,03693 ,01590 ,333 -,0867 ,0129 Doichung3 -,03832 ,01610 ,300 -,0888 ,0121 Doichung5 -,01144 ,01563 ,998 -,0604 ,0375 Detect1 -,02733 ,01660 ,778 -,0793 ,0247 Detect3 -,07050* ,01708 ,002 -,1240 -,0170 Detect5 ,00862 ,01708 1,000 -,0449 ,0621 Comite1 -,04103 ,01660 ,252 -,0930 ,0110 Comite3 Comite5 Comite3 ,03709 ,01572 ,312 -,0121 ,0863 Doichung3 -,00139 ,00762 1,000 -,0270 ,0242 Doichung5 ,02549 ,00798 ,078 -,0012 ,0522 Detect1 ,00960 ,01717 1,000 -,0513 ,0705 Detect3 -,03357 ,01175 ,246 -,0750 ,0078 Detect5 ,04555 ,01612 ,284 -,0124 ,1035 Comite1 -,00410 ,01304 1,000 -,0497 ,0415 Comite3 ,07402* ,01094 ,000 ,0369 ,1111 Comite5 ,03693 ,01480 ,539 -,0177 ,0915 Doichung1 ,00139 ,00762 1,000 -,0242 ,0270 Doichung5 ,02688 ,00837 ,074 -,0011 ,0549 Detect1 ,01099 ,01736 1,000 -,0503 ,0723 Detect3 -,03217 ,01202 ,346 -,0742 ,0099 Detect5 ,04694 ,01631 ,251 -,0114 ,1053 Comite1 -,00271 ,01328 1,000 -,0489 ,0435 Comite3 ,07541* ,01123 ,000 ,0374 ,1134 Comite5 ,03832 ,01502 ,487 -,0166 ,0933 Doichung1 -,02549 ,00798 ,078 -,0522 ,0012 Doichung3 -,02688 ,00837 ,074 -,0549 ,0011 Detect1 -,01589 ,01752 1,000 -,0775 ,0458 Detect3 -,05906* ,01225 ,001 -,1017 -,0164 Doichung1 Tamhane Doichung3 Doichung5 113 Detect5 ,02006 ,01649 1,000 -,0386 ,0788 Comite1 -,02959 ,01349 ,723 -,0763 ,0172 Comite3 ,04853* ,01148 ,003 ,0099 ,0872 Comite5 ,01144 ,01520 1,000 -,0438 ,0667 Doichung1 -,00960 ,01717 1,000 -,0705 ,0513 Doichung3 -,01099 ,01736 1,000 -,0723 ,0503 Doichung5 ,01589 ,01752 1,000 -,0458 ,0775 Detect3 -,04317 ,01952 ,702 -,1103 ,0239 Detect5 ,03595 ,02243 ,988 -,0405 ,1124 Comite1 -,01370 ,02033 1,000 -,0831 ,0557 Comite3 ,06442 ,01905 ,058 -,0011 ,1299 Comite5 ,02733 ,02150 1,000 -,0465 ,1012 Doichung1 ,03357 ,01175 ,246 -,0078 ,0750 Doichung3 ,03217 ,01202 ,346 -,0099 ,0742 Doichung5 ,05906* ,01225 ,001 ,0164 ,1017 Detect1 ,04317 ,01952 ,702 -,0239 ,1103 Detect5 ,07912* ,01861 ,005 ,0148 ,1435 Comite1 ,02947 ,01601 ,934 -,0251 ,0841 Comite3 ,10759* ,01436 ,000 ,0589 ,1563 Comite5 ,07050* ,01748 ,012 ,0094 ,1316 Doichung1 -,04555 ,01612 ,284 -,1035 ,0124 Doichung3 -,04694 ,01631 ,251 -,1053 ,0114 Doichung5 -,02006 ,01649 1,000 -,0788 ,0386 Detect1 -,03595 ,02243 ,988 -,1124 ,0405 Detect3 -,07912* ,01861 ,005 -,1435 -,0148 Comite1 -,04965 ,01944 ,413 -,1164 ,0171 Comite3 ,02847 ,01811 ,992 -,0342 ,0911 Comite5 -,00862 ,02067 1,000 -,0800 ,0628 Doichung1 ,00410 ,01304 1,000 -,0415 ,0497 Doichung3 ,00271 ,01328 1,000 -,0435 ,0489 Doichung5 ,02959 ,01349 ,723 -,0172 ,0763 Detect1 ,01370 ,02033 1,000 -,0557 ,0831 Detect3 -,02947 ,01601 ,934 -,0841 ,0251 Detect5 ,04965 ,01944 ,413 -,0171 ,1164 Comite3 ,07812* ,01543 ,000 ,0259 ,1304 Comite5 ,04103 ,01837 ,689 -,0226 ,1046 -,07402* ,01094 ,000 -,1111 -,0369 Detect1 Detect3 Detect5 Comite1 Comite3 Doichung1 114 Doichung3 -,07541* ,01123 ,000 -,1134 -,0374 Doichung5 -,04853* ,01148 ,003 -,0872 -,0099 Detect1 -,06442 ,01905 ,058 -,1299 ,0011 Detect3 -,10759* ,01436 ,000 -,1563 -,0589 Detect5 -,02847 ,01811 ,992 -,0911 ,0342 Comite1 -,07812* ,01543 ,000 -,1304 -,0259 Comite5 -,03709 ,01695 ,735 -,0964 ,0222 Doichung1 -,03693 ,01480 ,539 -,0915 ,0177 Doichung3 -,03832 ,01502 ,487 -,0933 ,0166 Doichung5 -,01144 ,01520 1,000 -,0667 ,0438 Detect1 -,02733 ,02150 1,000 -,1012 ,0465 Detect3 -,07050* ,01748 ,012 -,1316 -,0094 Detect5 ,00862 ,02067 1,000 -,0628 ,0800 Comite1 -,04103 ,01837 ,689 -,1046 ,0226 Comite3 ,03709 ,01695 ,735 -,0222 ,0964 Comite5 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level Oviposition period (days), Female longevity (days), Oviposition rate(eggs/female/day), Total number of eggs (eggs/female),Ti,Roi Test Statisticsa,b tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Chi-Square df Asymp Sig 83,634 32,208 105,645 110,243 110,118 105,230 8 8 8 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 a Kruskal Wallis Test b Grouping Variable: congthuc / 115 DC1-DC3 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenngay thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi Mann-Whitney U 295,500 262,000 342,500 245,500 294,000 280,000 Wilcoxon W 701,500 668,000 748,500 651,500 700,000 686,000 -1,943 -2,461 -1,211 -2,721 -1,961 -2,178 ,052 ,054 ,226 ,007 ,050 ,029 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 388,500 218,000 486,500 336,000 442,000 292,000 Wilcoxon W 949,500 779,000 1047,500 897,000 907,000 853,000 -1,469 -3,816 -,117 -2,191 -,729 -2,794 ,142 ,000 ,906 ,028 ,466 ,005 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc DC1-D1 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) 85,000 132,500 72,000 26,500 71,000 40,000 385,000 432,500 372,000 326,500 371,000 340,000 -4,799 -3,963 -5,037 -5,808 -5,031 -5,570 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 a Grouping Variable: congthuc DC1-D3 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 176,000 190,000 135,000 105,500 15,000 122,000 Wilcoxon W 407,000 421,000 366,000 336,500 246,000 353,000 -2,671 -2,394 -3,457 -4,013 -5,742 -3,694 ,008 ,017 ,001 ,000 ,000 ,000 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc DC1-D5 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 110,000 239,000 16,000 27,000 51,000 24,000 Wilcoxon W 341,000 470,000 247,000 258,000 282,000 255,000 -3,935 -1,456 -5,734 -5,517 -5,053 -5,569 Z 116 DC1DC5 Asymp Sig (2-tailed) ,000 ,045 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 a Grouping Variable: congthuc DC1-C1 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 174,500 322,000 161,000 149,000 102,000 183,000 Wilcoxon W 474,500 622,000 461,000 449,000 402,000 483,000 -3,243 -,662 -3,476 -3,677 -4,491 -3,081 ,001 ,508 ,001 ,000 ,000 ,002 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc DC1-C3 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) 73,500 202,000 95,500 85,000 159,000 87,000 601,500 730,000 623,500 613,000 687,000 615,000 -5,736 -3,923 -5,431 -5,568 -4,522 -5,536 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 a Grouping Variable: congthuc DC1-C5 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) 10,000 186,000 18,000 9,000 18,000 9,000 163,000 339,000 171,000 162,000 171,000 162,000 -5,438 -1,530 -5,262 -5,450 -5,247 -5,447 ,000 ,126 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 a Grouping Variable: congthuc DC3-DC5 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 452,000 386,000 380,500 402,500 285,000 417,000 Wilcoxon W 858,000 947,000 786,500 808,500 691,000 978,000 -,145 -1,101 -1,185 -,863 -2,562 -,651 ,885 ,271 ,236 ,388 ,010 ,515 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) 117 a Grouping Variable: congthuc DC3-D1 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 111,000 190,500 79,500 48,000 93,000 55,000 Wilcoxon W 411,000 490,500 379,500 348,000 393,000 355,000 -4,137 -2,672 -4,725 -5,292 -4,460 -5,158 ,000 ,008 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc DC3-D3 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 227,500 262,000 173,000 182,000 52,000 174,000 Wilcoxon W 458,500 493,000 404,000 413,000 283,000 405,000 -1,348 -,647 -2,453 -2,267 -4,889 -2,424 ,178 ,518 ,014 ,023 ,000 ,015 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc DC3-D5 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 145,500 258,500 20,500 48,000 77,000 41,000 Wilcoxon W 376,500 489,500 251,500 279,000 308,000 272,000 -3,005 -,718 -5,539 -4,977 -4,384 -5,111 ,003 ,473 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc DC3-C1 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 257,500 295,000 189,500 214,000 144,000 218,000 Wilcoxon W 557,500 701,000 489,500 514,000 444,000 518,000 -1,446 -,753 -2,697 -2,243 -3,524 -2,166 ,148 ,451 ,007 ,025 ,000 ,030 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc 118 DC3-C3 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) 99,500 247,500 108,500 93,500 205,000 87,000 627,500 775,500 636,500 621,500 733,000 615,000 -5,173 -2,975 -5,042 -5,258 -3,601 -5,349 ,000 ,003 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 a Grouping Variable: congthuc DC3-C5 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) 22,000 209,000 17,500 8,500 33,000 8,000 175,000 362,000 170,500 161,500 186,000 161,000 -5,069 -,680 -5,177 -5,379 -4,799 -5,385 ,000 ,497 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 a Grouping Variable: congthuc DC5-D1 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 145,500 247,500 94,500 70,500 72,000 103,000 Wilcoxon W 445,500 547,500 394,500 370,500 372,000 403,000 -4,055 -2,402 -4,890 -5,266 -5,237 -4,736 ,000 ,016 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc DC5-D3 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 273,500 322,500 158,500 188,500 18,000 237,000 Wilcoxon W 504,500 883,500 389,500 419,500 249,000 468,000 -1,299 -,426 -3,348 -2,808 -5,829 -1,943 ,194 ,670 ,001 ,005 ,000 ,052 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc 119 DC5-D5 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 176,000 335,000 32,000 59,500 59,000 72,000 Wilcoxon W 407,000 566,000 263,000 290,500 290,000 303,000 -3,030 -,204 -5,592 -5,098 -5,101 -4,871 ,002 ,838 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc DC5-C1 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 298,000 298,500 187,500 242,000 107,000 296,000 Wilcoxon W 598,000 859,500 487,500 542,000 407,000 596,000 -1,588 -1,577 -3,381 -2,492 -4,671 -1,616 ,112 ,115 ,001 ,013 ,000 ,106 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc DC5-C3 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 139,000 313,000 123,000 131,500 166,000 141,000 Wilcoxon W 667,000 841,000 651,000 659,500 694,000 669,000 -5,111 -2,825 -5,328 -5,207 -4,750 -5,078 ,000 ,005 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc DC5-C5 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) 39,500 269,000 31,000 25,000 15,000 34,000 192,500 422,000 184,000 178,000 168,000 187,000 -4,944 -,236 -5,124 -5,237 -5,437 -5,048 ,000 ,814 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 a Grouping Variable: congthuc 120 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 148,500 160,500 146,000 111,500 178,000 122,000 Wilcoxon W 448,500 460,500 446,000 411,500 478,000 422,000 -2,361 -2,083 -2,424 -3,200 -1,684 -2,958 ,018 ,037 ,015 ,001 ,092 ,003 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc D1-D5 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 252,000 224,000 192,500 198,500 239,000 183,000 Wilcoxon W 483,000 524,000 423,500 429,500 539,000 414,000 ,000 -,638 -1,368 -1,221 -,296 -1,570 1,000 ,524 ,171 ,222 ,767 ,116 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc D1-C1 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 181,000 146,000 211,500 177,000 159,000 181,000 Wilcoxon W 481,000 446,000 511,500 477,000 459,000 481,000 -2,211 -2,929 -1,587 -2,291 -2,660 -2,206 ,027 ,003 ,112 ,022 ,008 ,027 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc D1-C3 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 231,500 333,500 378,500 313,000 241,000 283,000 Wilcoxon W 759,500 861,500 906,500 841,000 541,000 811,000 -2,534 -,837 -,092 -1,178 -2,368 -1,672 ,051 ,403 ,927 ,239 ,018 ,094 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) 121 a Grouping Variable: congthuc D1-C5 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 133,000 163,500 115,500 164,000 193,000 161,000 Wilcoxon W 286,000 463,500 268,500 317,000 346,000 314,000 -1,886 -1,073 -2,373 -1,060 -,291 -1,138 ,059 ,026 ,018 ,289 ,771 ,255 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc D3-D5 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 151,000 200,500 73,500 90,000 167,000 86,000 Wilcoxon W 382,000 431,500 304,500 321,000 398,000 317,000 -1,752 -,504 -3,710 -3,287 -1,346 -3,383 ,080 ,615 ,000 ,001 ,178 ,001 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 251,500 205,500 219,500 240,000 192,000 249,000 Wilcoxon W 551,500 436,500 519,500 540,000 423,000 549,000 -,011 -1,059 -,742 -,273 -1,365 -,068 ,991 ,290 ,458 ,785 ,172 ,946 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc D3-C3 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 131,000 199,500 200,000 139,500 288,000 138,000 Wilcoxon W 659,000 727,500 728,000 667,500 519,000 666,000 -3,737 -2,486 -2,480 -3,577 -,873 -3,601 ,000 ,013 ,013 ,000 ,383 ,000 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc 122 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W 61,000 165,500 64,000 56,000 110,000 54,000 214,000 318,500 217,000 209,000 263,000 207,000 -3,461 -,382 -3,373 -3,599 -2,011 -3,655 ,001 ,702 ,001 ,000 ,044 ,000 ,000b ,706b ,000b ,000b ,045b ,000b Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) Exact Sig [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] a Grouping Variable: congthuc b Not corrected for ties Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 193,000 194,000 134,500 132,500 137,000 125,000 Wilcoxon W 424,000 425,000 365,500 363,500 368,000 356,000 -1,345 -1,320 -2,680 -2,722 -2,616 -2,889 ,179 ,187 ,007 ,006 ,009 ,004 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 255,500 269,000 253,500 316,500 217,000 327,000 Wilcoxon W 783,500 797,000 484,500 547,500 448,000 558,000 -1,469 -1,220 -1,508 -,356 -2,164 -,164 ,142 ,222 ,132 ,722 ,030 ,870 thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 130,500 159,500 161,000 174,000 170,000 173,000 Wilcoxon W 283,500 390,500 314,000 405,000 323,000 404,000 -1,413 -,559 -,520 -,132 -,250 -,161 ,158 ,043 ,603 ,895 ,803 ,872 ,161b ,581b ,622b ,908b ,816b ,885b Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) Exact Sig [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] a Grouping Variable: congthuc b Not corrected for ties 123 C1-C3 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 187,000 194,000 286,000 216,000 353,000 206,000 Wilcoxon W 715,000 722,000 814,000 744,000 881,000 734,000 -3,269 -3,149 -1,628 -2,784 -,513 -2,947 ,001 ,002 ,104 ,005 ,608 ,003 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc C1-C5 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) 76,000 164,500 108,000 106,500 82,000 103,000 229,000 317,500 261,000 259,500 235,000 256,000 -3,396 -1,046 -2,549 -2,583 -3,228 -2,673 ,001 ,296 ,011 ,010 ,001 ,008 a Grouping Variable: congthuc C3-C5 Test Statisticsa tuoithoconcai sotrungdetrenng thoigiandetrung tongsotrungde Ti Roi ay Mann-Whitney U 240,000 186,500 165,500 264,500 151,000 239,000 Wilcoxon W 768,000 714,500 318,500 792,500 304,000 767,000 -,677 -1,800 -2,253 -,158 -2,542 -,693 ,499 ,041 ,024 ,874 ,011 ,488 Z Asymp Sig (2-tailed) a Grouping Variable: congthuc 124