Effects of some growth regulators on tissue culture of hardy chrysanthemums (chryssanthemmum x koreanum)

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF AGRONOMY UNDERGRADUATE THESIS TOPIC: EFFECTS OF SOME GROWTH REGULATORS ON TISSUE CULTURE OF HARDY CHRYSANTHEMUMS (Chrysanthemum × koreanum) Instructor: Dr Pham Phu Long Department: Botany Student: Le Mai Anh Class: K61KHCTT Student ID: 611753 HA NOI – 2020 COMMITMENT I hereby declare that the data and research results in the undergraduate thesis "Effects of some growth regulators on tissue culture of hardy chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum × koreanum)" are honest without being copied or used in any other research All references are fully cited and traced I take full responsibility to the department, faculty, and the university for this commitment i ACKNOWLEDGE In order to finish this thesis, I would like to sincerely thank to: - The Faculty of Agronomy of Vietnam National University of Agriculture for creating the most favorable conditions for me to work on the thesis - Dr Pham Phu Long for his direct guidance to me - Dr Phung Thi Thu Ha and my fellow at the Lab of Plant Biotechnological Applications for supporting me on this thesis - Teachers of Vietnam National University of Agriculture for teaching and imparting valuable knowledge as the foundation for me to complete this thesis Hanoi, February 2021 Sincerely, ii LIST OF CONTENTS COMMITMENT i ACKNOWLEDGE ii LIST OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF ACRONYMS viii ABSTRACT ix PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Objective and scope of study 1.2.1 Objective 1.2.2 Scope of study PART II LITERATURE REVIEWS 2.1 General introduction of chrysanthemum 2.1.1 Origin and classification 2.1.2 Botanical characteristics 2.1.3 Values and benefits 2.2 Chrysanthemum production and cultivation techniques 2.2.1 Chrysanthemum production in the world 2.2.2 Chrysanthemum production in Vietnam 2.2.3 Chrysanthemum cultivation techniques 2.3 The scientific basis of tissue culture 11 2.3.1 Scientific basis of plant cell culture 11 2.3.2 Plant cell culture techniques 12 2.3.3 Culture medium 12 2.4 Research situation in the world and Vietnam 13 2.4.1 Research situation in the world 13 2.4.2 Research situation in Vietnam 16 PART III MATERIAL AND METHOD 19 3.1 Plant material 19 3.2 Time and location 19 iii 3.3 Researching contents 19 3.3.1 Evaluating the callus formation 19 3.3.2 Evaluating the rapid multiplication 22 3.3.3 Evaluating the shoot regeneration 24 3.3.4 Evaluating the shoot growth 26 3.3.5 Evaluating the root formation 27 3.4 Researching method 28 3.4.1 Sample sterilization 28 3.4.2 Experiment design 28 3.4.3 Parameters 28 3.4.4 Data processing 29 PART IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 30 4.1 Striped Dwarf variety 30 4.1.1 Evaluating the callus formation 30 4.1.2 Evaluating the rapid multiplication 34 4.1.3 Evaluating the shoot regeneration 37 4.1.4 Evaluating the shoot growth 39 4.1.5 Evaluating the root formation 40 4.2 Yellow Dwarf variety 42 4.2.1 Evaluating the callus formation 42 4.2.2 Evaluating the rapid multiplication 45 4.2.3 Evaluating the shoot regeneration 48 4.2.4 Evaluating the shoot growth 49 4.2.5 Evaluating the root formation 50 PART V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 53 5.1 Conclusion 53 5.2 Recommendation 54 REFERENCES 55 DATA ANALYSIS 57 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Treatment of experiment on the effect of 6-BA on callus formation in Striped Dwarf variety 19 Table 3.2 Treatment of experiment on the effect of 2,4-D on callus formation in Striped Dwarf variety 20 Table 3.3 Treatment of experiment on the effect of 6-BA on callus formation in Yellow Dwarf variety 21 Table 3.4 Treatment of experiment on the effect of 2,4-D on callus formation in Yellow Dwarf variety 21 Table 3.5 Treatment of experiment on the effect of 6-BA on rapid multiplication in Striped Dwarf variety 22 Table 3.6 Treatment of experiment on the effect of 2,4-D on rapid multiplication in Striped Dwarf variety 23 Table 3.7 Treatment of experiment on the effect of 6-BA on rapid multiplication in Yellow Dwarf variety 23 Table 3.8 Treatment of experiment on the effect of 2,4-D on rapid multiplication in Yellow Dwarf variety 24 Table 3.9 Treatment of experiment on the effect of 6-BA on shoot regeneration in Striped Dwarf variety 25 Table 3.10 Treatment of experiment on the effect of 6-BA on shoot regeneration in Yellow Dwarf variety 25 Table 3.11 Treatment of experiment on the effect of 6-BA on shoot growth 26 in Striped Dwarf variety 26 Table 3.12 Treatment of experiment on the effect of 6-BA on shoot growth 27 in Yellow Dwarf variety 27 Table 3.13 Treatment of experiment on the effect of NAA on root formation in Striped Dwarf variety 27 Table 3.14 Treatment of experiment on the effect of NAA on root formation in Yellow Dwarf variety 28 Table 4.1 Effect of 6-BA on callus formation in Striped Dwarf variety after weeks30 Table 4.2 Effect of 2,4-D on callus formation in Striped Dwarf variety after weeks 32 v Table 4.3 Effect of 6-BA on rapid multiplication in Striped Dwarf variety after weeks 34 Table 4.4 Effect of 2,4-D on rapid multiplication in Striped Dwarf variety after weeks 36 Table 4.5 Effect of 6-BA on shoot regeneration in Striped Dwarf variety after weeks 38 Table 4.6 Effect of 6-BA on shoot growth in Striped Dwarf variety after weeks 39 Table 4.7 Effect of NAA on root formation in Striped Dwarf variety after weeks 41 Table 4.8 Effect of 6-BA on callus formation in Yellow Dwarf variety after weeks 43 Table 4.9 Effect of 2,4-D on callus formation in Yellow Dwarf variety after weeks 44 Table 4.10 Effect of 6-BA on rapid multiplication in Yellow Dwarf variety after weeks 45 Table 4.11 Effect of 2,4-D on rapid multiplication in Yellow Dwarf variety after weeks 46 Table 4.12 Effect of 6-BA on shoot regeneration in Yellow Dwarf variety after weeks 48 Table 4.13 Effect of 6-BA on shoot growth in Yellow Dwarf variety after weeks 50 Table 4.14 Effect of NAA on root formation in Yellow Dwarf variety after weeks 51 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1 Striped Dwarf variety’s callus after weeks of callus formation stage in 6BA 1.5 ml/l medium 34 Figure 4.2 Striped Dwarf variety’s callus after weeks of rapid multiplication stage in 6-BA 1.5 ml/l medium 37 Figure 4.3 Striped Dwarf variety’s regenerated shoot from callus after weeks of shoot regeneration stage in 6-BA 1.0 ml/l medium 39 Figure 4.4 Striped Dwarf variety’s shoot after weeks of shoot growth stage in 6-BA 1.0 ml/l medium 40 Figure 4.5 Striped Dwarf variety’s complete plant after weeks of root formation stage in NAA 2.0 ml/l medium 42 Figure 4.6 Yellow Dwarf variety’s callus after weeks of rapid multiplication stage in 6-BA 1.5 ml/l medium 47 Figure 4.7 Yellow Dwarf variety’s regenerated shoot from callus after weeks of shoot regeneration stage in 6-BA 1.0 ml/l medium 49 Figure 4.8 Yellow Dwarf variety’s complete plant after weeks of root formation stage in NAA 2.0 ml/l medium 52 vii LIST OF ACRONYMS 6-BA/BA: 6-Benzylaminopurine NAA: 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid 2,4-D: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid IAA: Indole-3-acetic acid IBA: Indole-3-butyric acid MS: Murashige and Skoog mg/l: milligram/liter g/l: gram/liter g: gram kg: kilogram m: meter cm: centimeter Co: coconut water AC: active charcoal conc: concentration viii ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of some growth regulators on in vitro propagation method of two varieties of hardy chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum × koreanum) and figure out the optimal medium for in vitro propagation of two varieties of hardy chrysanthemums Plant materials included two varieties of Chrysanthemum × koreanum Experiment design was a complete randomized design was employed in all experiments with times replication After collecting the experimental results, the optimal composition of the tissue culture medium to achieve the best results of the two chrysanthemum varieties was determined For Striped Dwarf variety: The optimal medium for callus formation is 1/2 MS + 6-BA 1.5 ml/l + NAA 0.5 ml/l + sucrose 30 g/l + agar g/l + Co 150 ml/l, pH = 5.7, with the largest callus mass of 127.96 ± 5.76 mg; The optimal medium for rapid multiplication is 1/2 MS + 6-BA 1.5 ml/l + NAA 0.5 ml/l + sucrose 30 g/l + agar g/l + Co 150 ml/l, pH = 5.7, with maximum multiplier of 13.74 ± 0.60 times; The optimal medium for shoot regeneration is 1/2 MS + 6-BA 1.0 ml/l + NAA 0.5 ml/l + sucrose 30 g/l + agar g/l + Co 150 ml/l, pH = 5.7, with the optimal number of shoot per callus was 8.90 ± 0.81 shoots; The optimal medium for shoot growth is MS + 6-BA 0.5 ml/l + NAA 0.5 ml/l + sucrose 30 g/l + agar g/l, pH = 5.7, with the maximum height increase of 2.19 ± 0.14 cm; The optimal medium for root formation is MS + 6-BA 1.0ml/l + NAA 2.0 ml/l + sucrose 30 g/l + agar g/l + AC 0.2 g/l, pH = 5.7, with a root number of 10.11 ± 0.17 For Yellow Dwarf variety: The optimal medium for callus formation is 1/2 MS+ 6-BA 1.5 ml/l + NAA 0.5 ml/l + sucrose 30 g/l + agar g/l + Co 150 ml/l, pH = 5.7, with the largest callus mass of 110.93 ± 1.71 mg; The optimal medium for rapid multiplication is 1/2 MS + 6-BA 1.5 ml/l + NAA 0.5 ml/l + sucrose 30 g/l + agar g/l + Co 150 ml/l, pH = 5.7, with maximum multiplier of 7.97 ± 0.23 times; The optimal medium for shoot regeneration is 1/2 MS + 6-BA 1.0 ml/l + NAA 0.5 ml/l + sucrose 30 g/l + agar g/l + Co 150 ml/l, pH = 5.7, with the optimal number shoot per callus was 6.93 ± 0.28 shoots; The optimal medium for shoot growth is MS + 6-BA 0.5 ix IncreasedWeight Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment Duncana N 6 6 173.2633 181.6100 Sig 1.3133 52.8817 157.0050 185.7267 1.000 1.000 1.000 091 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 MultiplicationFactor Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment a Duncan N 6 6 6.9667 7.2933 8.7417 9.3050 Sig 181.6100 1.0650 2.9317 1.000 1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 67 292 074 396 2.3 Yellow Dwarf – 6-BA Descriptives 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Std N Mean Deviation Std Error Lower Upper Bound Bound Minimum Maximum Increased 1.1600 16982 06933 9818 1.3382 86 1.36 Weight 71.9133 8.68427 3.54534 62.7997 81.0269 58.90 84.76 144.9817 9.34113 3.81350 135.1787 154.7846 132.20 156.44 185.2917 9.44114 3.85433 175.3838 195.1995 166.56 193.11 182.1400 8.30450 3.39030 173.4250 190.8550 166.22 190.74 6 143.8533 3.18459 1.30010 140.5113 147.1954 139.84 148.98 36 121.5567 66.77977 11.12996 98.9616 144.1517 86 193.11 Total Multiplicat 1.0533 01211 00494 1.0406 1.0660 1.04 1.07 ionFactor 3.9383 46795 19104 3.4473 4.4294 3.42 4.70 6.4233 47255 19292 5.9274 6.9192 5.68 7.01 7.9650 56790 23184 7.3690 8.5610 7.06 8.68 8.3433 53234 21733 7.7847 8.9020 7.49 8.98 6 6.4083 30413 12416 6.0892 6.7275 5.92 6.83 36 5.6886 2.57861 42977 4.8161 6.5611 1.04 8.98 Total IncreasedWeight Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment Duncana N 6 6 143.8533 144.9817 182.1400 185.2917 Sig 1.1600 71.9133 1.000 1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 68 794 468 MultiplicationFactor Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment Duncana N 1.0533 6 6.4083 6.4233 7.9650 8.3433 Sig 3.9383 1.000 1.000 953 143 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 2.4 Yellow Dwarf – 2,4-D Descriptives 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Std N Mean Deviation Std Error Lower Upper Bound Bound Minimum Maximum Increased 1.1850 06317 02579 1.1187 1.2513 1.10 1.26 Weight 35.9367 6.40946 2.61665 29.2104 42.6630 28.04 42.81 43.3567 5.02742 2.05243 38.0807 48.6326 37.71 52.22 108.6667 7.41925 3.02889 100.8806 116.4527 98.06 115.94 81.7967 3.70996 1.51458 77.9033 85.6900 76.71 86.03 6 67.6617 8.85598 3.61544 58.3679 76.9554 57.41 79.78 56.4339 35.42199 5.90366 44.4488 68.4190 1.10 115.94 Total 36 Multiplicati 1.0500 00632 00258 1.0434 1.0566 1.04 1.06 onFactor 2.5033 32029 13076 2.1672 2.8395 2.05 2.80 2.6100 14464 05905 2.4582 2.7618 2.39 2.77 6.0117 35062 14314 5.6437 6.3796 5.69 6.54 4.0833 30131 12301 3.7671 4.3995 3.56 4.47 6 3.7767 40707 16619 3.3495 4.2039 3.28 4.20 36 3.3392 1.59161 26527 2.8006 3.8777 1.04 6.54 Total 69 IncreasedWeight Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment Duncana N 1 6 6 6 1.1850 35.9367 43.3567 67.6617 81.7967 108.6667 Sig 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 MultiplicationFactor Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment Duncana N 6 2.5033 2.6100 6 3.7767 4.0833 Sig 1.0500 6.0117 1.000 528 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 70 077 1.000 1.000 Shoot regeneration stage 3.1 Striped Dwarf – 6-BA Descriptives 95% Confidence Interval for N Mean Std Std Mean Deviation Error Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum Shoot 1667 40825 16667 -.2618 5951 00 1.00 No 9.3333 1.17757 48074 8.0976 10.5691 7.80 11.00 8.9000 1.99098 81281 6.8106 10.9894 6.20 11.40 6.5500 1.71318 69940 4.7521 8.3479 4.50 9.00 5.2000 61644 25166 4.5531 5.8469 4.30 5.90 6 4.1000 1.23288 50332 2.8062 5.3938 2.50 5.70 36 5.7083 3.36922 56154 4.5684 6.8483 00 11.40 2500 61237 25000 -.3926 8926 00 1.50 Height 1.4833 22509 09189 1.2471 1.7196 1.10 1.75 1.8583 31212 12742 1.5308 2.1859 1.35 2.20 1.6417 20837 08507 1.4230 1.8603 1.30 1.95 1.0833 19916 08131 8743 1.2923 70 1.25 6 9417 25577 10442 6733 1.2101 50 1.25 36 1.2097 62115 10353 9996 1.4199 00 2.20 Total Shoot Total Leave 6667 1.63299 66667 -1.0471 2.3804 00 4.00 sNo 3.0300 46221 18870 2.5449 3.5151 2.37 3.71 6.4900 47295 19308 5.9937 6.9863 5.77 7.11 5.5483 41136 16794 5.1166 5.9800 5.00 6.06 6.5167 36330 14832 6.1354 6.8979 5.87 6.88 6 7.0817 32196 13144 6.7438 7.4195 6.50 7.33 36 4.8889 2.43767 40628 4.0641 5.7137 00 7.33 Total ShootNo Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment Duncana N 6 4.1000 5.2000 6 8.9000 9.3333 Sig .1667 5.2000 6.5500 1.000 157 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 71 085 572 ShootHeight Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment a Duncan N 6 9417 1.0833 1.4833 1.6417 1.8583 Sig .2500 1.000 469 075 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 LeavesNo Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment Duncana N 6 6 6.4900 6.5167 6 7.0817 Sig .6667 3.0300 5.5483 1.000 1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 72 1.000 216 3.2 Yellow Dwarf – 6-BA Descriptives 95% Confidence Interval for N Mean Std Std Deviation Error Mean Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum Shoot 1667 40825 16667 -.2618 5951 00 1.00 No 4.6667 74476 30405 3.8851 5.4482 3.60 5.80 6.9333 69761 28480 6.2012 7.6654 5.90 7.70 5.2667 67429 27528 4.5590 5.9743 4.30 6.30 3.1000 53666 21909 2.5368 3.6632 2.30 3.70 6 2.4333 29439 12019 2.1244 2.7423 2.00 2.80 36 3.7611 2.26656 37776 2.9942 4.5280 00 7.70 2000 48990 20000 -.3141 7141 00 1.20 Height 9750 09354 03819 8768 1.0732 85 1.10 1.6417 19854 08105 1.4333 1.8500 1.45 2.00 1.5967 32752 13371 1.2530 1.9404 1.00 1.93 1.3750 17248 07042 1.1940 1.5560 1.10 1.55 6 8917 20104 08207 6807 1.1026 60 1.20 36 1.1133 56644 09441 9217 1.3050 00 2.00 Total Shoot Total Leave 6667 1.63299 66667 -1.0471 2.3804 00 4.00 sNo 4.0167 48508 19803 3.5076 4.5257 3.43 4.59 6.1300 67879 27712 5.4177 6.8423 5.09 7.03 5.9750 47226 19280 5.4794 6.4706 5.43 6.49 5.9867 62956 25702 5.3260 6.6474 5.35 7.11 6 6.2117 46961 19172 5.7188 6.7045 5.38 6.75 36 4.8311 2.18089 36348 4.0932 5.5690 00 7.11 Total ShootNo Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment Duncana N 6 2.4333 3.1000 4.6667 5.2667 Sig .1667 6.9333 1.000 057 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 73 085 1.000 ShootHeight Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment Duncana N 6 8917 9750 1.3750 1.5967 1.6417 Sig .2000 1.000 608 127 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 LeavesNo Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment a Duncan N 6 5.9750 5.9867 6.1300 6 6.2117 Sig .6667 4.0167 1.000 1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 74 660 Shoot growth stage 4.1 Striped Dwarf – 6-BA Descriptives 95% Confidence Interval for N Mean Std Std Deviation Error Mean Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum Increased 1400 02098 00856 1180 1620 11 16 Height 1.3733 36390 14856 9914 1.7552 96 1.83 2.1883 33114 13519 1.8408 2.5358 1.81 2.70 1.5700 33299 13594 1.2206 1.9194 1.19 2.00 1.2617 22666 09254 1.0238 1.4995 96 1.49 30 1.3067 72658 13265 1.0354 1.5780 11 2.70 Increased 9200 25456 10392 6529 1.1871 65 1.21 Leaves 3.6550 55716 22746 3.0703 4.2397 2.81 4.33 5.4417 55575 22688 4.8584 6.0249 4.67 5.90 4.7917 52678 21506 4.2388 5.3445 4.20 5.51 4.8233 34010 13884 4.4664 5.1802 4.40 5.31 30 3.9263 1.69333 30916 3.2940 4.5586 65 5.90 Total Total IncreasedHeight Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment Duncana N 6 1.2617 1.3733 1.5700 Sig .1400 2.1883 1.000 087 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 75 1.000 IncreasedLeaves Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment Duncana N 6 4.7917 4.8233 Sig .9200 3.6550 5.4417 1.000 1.000 907 1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 4.2 Yellow Dwarf – 6-BA Descriptives 95% Confidence Interval for N Mean Std Std Deviation Error Mean Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum Increased 0850 01761 00719 0665 1035 07 11 Height 9683 05492 02242 9107 1.0260 88 1.03 1.9933 13367 05457 1.8531 2.1336 1.83 2.19 1.8783 09196 03754 1.7818 1.9748 1.77 2.00 1.1350 05958 02432 1.0725 1.1975 1.04 1.21 30 1.2120 70724 12912 9479 1.4761 07 2.19 Total Increased 8767 16789 06854 7005 1.0529 63 1.06 Leaves 3.1650 29629 12096 2.8541 3.4759 2.64 3.50 4.9750 33447 13655 4.6240 5.3260 4.64 5.50 4.6433 25828 10544 4.3723 4.9144 4.21 4.93 4.5950 40218 16419 4.1729 5.0171 4.07 5.07 30 3.6510 1.57188 28698 3.0641 4.2379 63 5.50 Total 76 IncreasedHeight Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment Duncana N 1 6 6 Sig 0850 9683 1.1350 1.8783 1.9933 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 IncreasedLeaves Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment Duncana N 6 4.5950 4.6433 Sig .8767 3.1650 4.6433 4.9750 1.000 1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 77 784 069 1.000 Root formation stage 5.1 Striped Dwarf – NAA Descriptives Std N Mean 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Deviatio Std n Error Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum First 10.9800 99635 40676 9.9344 12.0256 9.98 12.47 Root 7.0217 40887 16692 6.5926 7.4508 6.53 7.76 6.1183 38938 15896 5.7097 6.5270 5.62 6.66 5.1933 25492 10407 4.9258 5.4609 4.91 5.62 3.7400 21062 08598 3.5190 3.9610 3.48 4.05 6 7.1983 37306 15230 6.8068 7.5898 6.76 7.81 6.7086 2.31787 38631 5.9244 7.4929 3.48 12.47 Total Root 36 1.0067 12501 05103 8755 1.1379 82 1.16 Lengt 2.7583 12750 05205 2.6245 2.8921 2.65 3.01 h 3.3217 20702 08451 3.1044 3.5389 3.09 3.62 3.5883 12687 05180 3.4552 3.7215 3.39 3.72 4.4917 13556 05534 4.3494 4.6339 4.34 4.74 6 2.7783 21849 08920 2.5490 3.0076 2.49 3.05 2.9908 1.08648 18108 2.6232 3.3584 82 4.74 Total 36 Root 1.2650 20403 08330 1.0509 1.4791 1.01 1.48 No 5.1800 45572 18605 4.7018 5.6582 4.55 5.71 8.6117 86984 35511 7.6988 9.5245 7.38 9.67 7.4133 65142 26594 6.7297 8.0970 6.53 8.17 10.1050 40879 16689 9.6760 10.5340 9.59 10.82 6 3.2100 40045 16348 2.7898 3.6302 2.75 3.69 5.9642 3.15332 52555 4.8972 7.0311 1.01 10.82 Total 36 FirstRoot Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment a Duncan N 5 6 6 7.0217 6 7.1983 Sig 3.7400 5.1933 6.1183 10.9800 1.000 1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 78 1.000 553 1.000 RootLength Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment Duncana N 6 2.7583 6 2.7783 6 1.0067 3.3217 3.5883 4.4917 Sig 1.000 832 1.000 1.000 1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 RootNo Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment a Duncan N 1 6 6 6 Sig 1.2650 3.2100 5.1800 7.4133 8.6117 10.1050 1.000 1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 79 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 5.2 Yellow Dwarf – NAA Descriptives N Mean Std Std Deviation Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum First 11.2567 1.38545 56561 9.8027 12.7106 9.58 13.01 Root 7.9517 25373 10358 7.6854 8.2179 7.56 8.24 6.3517 34400 14044 5.9907 6.7127 5.87 6.83 5.9383 25199 10287 5.6739 6.2028 5.61 6.23 4.2483 19031 07769 4.0486 4.4480 3.96 4.47 6 6.9067 30131 12301 6.5905 7.2229 6.62 7.34 36 7.1089 2.26749 37792 6.3417 7.8761 3.96 13.01 8817 19426 07931 6778 1.0855 68 1.14 Leng 2.0183 09600 03919 1.9176 2.1191 1.91 2.19 th 3.1800 12506 05106 3.0488 3.3112 3.01 3.34 3.4083 17634 07199 3.2233 3.5934 3.13 3.66 4.2067 23157 09454 3.9636 4.4497 3.99 4.64 6 2.1350 17762 07251 1.9486 2.3214 1.79 2.29 36 2.6383 1.11242 18540 2.2619 3.0147 68 4.64 Total Root Total Root 1.2600 19545 07979 1.0549 1.4651 1.03 1.55 No 3.8650 32917 13438 3.5196 4.2104 3.48 4.34 6.1750 40747 16635 5.7474 6.6026 5.77 6.76 8.1133 44048 17983 7.6511 8.5756 7.39 8.53 8.8950 44952 18352 8.4233 9.3667 8.39 9.47 6 2.9767 28353 11575 2.6791 3.2742 2.53 3.33 36 5.2142 2.80805 46801 4.2641 6.1643 1.03 9.47 Total FirstRoot Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment Duncana N 6 5.9383 6.3517 6 6 Sig 4.2483 6.3517 6.9067 7.9517 11.2567 1.000 256 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 80 130 1.000 1.000 RootLength Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment a Duncan N 6 2.0183 6 2.1350 6 Sig 8817 3.1800 3.4083 4.2067 1.000 251 1.000 1.000 1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 RootNo Subset for alpha = 0.05 Treatment Duncana N 1 6 6 6 Sig 1.2600 2.9767 3.8650 6.1750 8.1133 8.8950 1.000 1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6.000 81 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000