Evaluation of the bio agronomic characteristics of some proposal potato combinations (1906, 1944, 1993, 2036) in red river delta

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULITY OF AGRONOMY UNDERGRADUATE THESIS ASSIGNMENT: Evaluation of the bio-agronomic characteristics of some proposal potato combinations (1906,1944,1993,2036) in Red River Delta Supervisor : Dr Phung Thi Thu Ha Dr Nguyen Xuan Truong Department : Botany Student : Nguyen Duc Anh Tuan Student code : 611794 Class : K61-KHCTT Speciality : Advanced crop science Course : 61 Hanoi, 2021 - ACKNOWLEDG - LIST OF TABLE - PART I INTRODUCTION o 1.1 Introduction o 1.2 Objective and scope of study - 1.1.1 Objective 1.1.2 Scope of study PART II LITERATURE REVIEWS 2.1 General introduction of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) 3 2.1.1 Classification and distribution of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) 2.1.2 Botanical characteristics 2.1.3 Environmental factors influence growth and development ▪ o ▪ 2.1.4.The nutritional value of potatoes Health benefits 10 2.1.5 Uses 12 2.2 Production and consumption of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) in Vietnam and in the world 13 o 2.2.1 Production and consumption of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) in the world 13 2.2.2 Production and consumption of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) in Vietnam 15 2.3 Import and assay work in potato research and production 16 ● 2.3.1 Potato Imports in Vietnam 16 ● 2.3.2 Potato Variety Testing in Vietnam 16 ● 2.3.3 Potato Imports in the world 17 - Potatoes Exports by Country: Raw 17 - PART III MATERIAL AND METHOD 18 o 3.2 Material 19 o 3.3 Research contents 19 3.5.The technical process 23 o 3.5.1 Prepare tubers, planting method and planting density 23 o 3.5.2 Tillage and raising the growing bed 24 o 3.5.3 Fertilizer application 24 o 3.5.4 Take care, disease and pest control 24 o 3.5.5 Data collection and processing 24 - PART IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: 25 - 4.1 Germination rate: 25 - 4.2 Growth dynamics in height of potato hybrid combinations 27 - 4.3 Growth dynamics in number leaves of potato hybrid combinations 29 - 4.4 Growth dynamics in number stems per a plant of potato hybrid combinations 31 - 4.5 Growth characteristics of potato hybrid combinations 33 - 4.6 Leaf and flower characteristics of potato hybrids 34 - 4.7 Pest and disease prevalence of hybrid combination potato combinations 36 - 4.8 Characteristics, disease in tubers of hybrid combination lines 40 o 4.9 Factors that contribute to potato yield 46 - 4.10 Potato chip’s color 50 - PART V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 51 - 5.1 Conclusion 51 - 5.2 Recommendation 52 - ACKNOWLEDG There is an undeniable fact that, beside the own effort, there are no successes that are not associated with support or assistance whether more or less, directly or indirectly by others This thesis would not have been possible if I did not have the support of many individuals and organizations Therefore, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to all of them First of all, I would like to express my thankful to the teacher in Faculty of Agronomy of Vietnam National University of Agriculture with their knowledge and dedication to convey valuable knowledge to me during the time of studying at university Secondly, I am using this opportunity to express my deep and sincere gratitude to Dr Phung Thi Thu Ha who in site of being extraordinarily busy with her duties, took time out to hear, guide and keep me on the correct path It was a great privilege and honor to work and study under her guidance I am also grateful to Institute of Agro-Biology for provision of expertise, and technical support in the implementation I would not forget to express my special thanks to Dr Nguyen Xuan Truong and all personnel of Institute Without Dr Nguyen Xuan Truong and others superior knowledge and experience, this undergraduate thesis would not like in quality of outcomes, and thus their guidance and support have been essential I would not forget to remember all staffs of Faculty of Agronomy and my fellow for their encouragement and moreover for their timely support till the completion of process work Finally, I express my deepest thanks to my family for their love, caring and sacrifices for educating and preparing me for my future Hanoi, … February … 2021 Sincerely, - LIST OF TABLE Table 2.1: Potato nutrition information………………………………….10 Table 2.2: Potato acreage, yield and production in the world from 2011 to 2017 (FAOSTAT, 2018) 14 Table 2.3: Potato acreage, yield and production in Vietnam from 2011 to 2016 (FAOSTAT, 2020) 15 Table 2.3: Countries exported the highest dollar value worth of prepared or preserved potatoes during 2019, including both frozen and unfrozen goods (Worldstopexports, 2020)……………………………………….18 Table 4.1 germination rate of potato line of hybrid combination (1906,1944,1993,2036)and control variety after 30 days planting 25 Table 4.2: Growth dynamics in height of potato hybrid combinations and control variety after 30 days and 60 days planting 27 Table 4.3: Growth dynamics in number leaves of potato hybrid combinations and control variety after 30 days and 60 days planting 29 Table 4.4: Growth dynamics in number stems/plant of potato hybrid combinations and control variety after 30 days and 60 days planting 31 Table 4.5: Growth characteristics of potato hybrid combinations after 60 days 33 10.Table 4.6 Leaf characteristics of the potato combinations studied 35 11.Table 4.7: Pest and disease prevalence of hybrid combination potato .37 12.Table 4.8.Characteristics, disease in tubers of hybrid combination lines 40 13.Table 4.9 Physiological disorder in tuber of hybrid combination – lines 44 14.Table 4.10 Factors that contribute to potato yield 47 15.Table 4.11 Potato chip’s color 16.Table 4.11 Some proposal potato lines of hybrid combinations 2056,2076,2081 in spring season 2021 49 Summary With the purpose of selecting potato varieties with good growth, development, adaptability and resistance to pests and diseases, high productivity, fresh feeding and processing contributes to enriching the source of potato varieties We conducted the experiment " Evaluation of the bio-agronomic characteristics of some proposal potato combinations (1906,1944,1993,2036) in Red River Delta" on combinations of potato hybrids: 1906, 1944, 1993, 2036 and the control variety was Atlantic Morphological, growth, development, yield and resistance to pests and diseases of the hybrid potato combinations were evaluated in the experiment From the results obtained, we have selected lines (from potato hybrid combinations) with high yield, disease-free, good tolerance, high growth rate, growth rate and good chip’s color in order to keep the tubers for producing service purposes testing in the next crop: 1906-15, 2036-24 - PART I INTRODUCTION o 1.1 Introduction The Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) is the fourth most important food crop after wheat, maize and rice This crop is a staple food and grown as a vegetable for table use, processed into chips, and used for dried products and starch production Potatoes contain important nutrients, even when cooked, that can benefit human health in various ways Nutrients in a potato include vitamin C, protein, fiber, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, niacin, thiamin, riboflavin Potatoes are grown in 159 countries, the top five potato-producing countries are China, India, Russian, Ukraine and the United States The current potato producing area is more than 19.3 million hectares with a total production of over 368 million tons Potato consumption increased sharply in developing countries Today, potatoes account for more than half of the world's food products, with the advantages of ease of cultivation and high energy content Growing potatoes is a great source of income and brings high economic benefits to many farming households In Vietnam, European potato varieties are quite popular In recent years, the direction of producing processed potatoes in Vietnam began to develop, many potato processing factories of Korea and the United States were built in Vietnam Processing factories required raw materials for year-round demand, which prompted many localities to grow processed potatoes for factories Potato plants have valuable properties such as short growing time, easy to adapt to many climates, many types of soil, economic efficiency and high nutritional value, which are significant in ensuring security food in the world In Vietnam, potato is an ideal crop for winter in the Red River Delta, it does not require the same rigorous seasonality as other crops Growth time is short (90-120 days), but the yield is high On the other hand, potato production has other significant and longterm benefits such as increased yield of subsequent crops, increased fertility and soil fertility, and reduced tillage and weeding costs Currently, the potato variety for processing is Atlantic because it has a high dry matter content and low reducing sugar content However, the growth time of this variety is prolonged (> 100 days), susceptible to late blight, especially the rate of commercial tubers with cracking and emptying of the intestine is high, thus affecting the economy and quality of yield products after processing Therefore, it is necessary to continue to test imported potato varieties to test, evaluate, and select potato varieties with many good properties, adaptable to climatic conditions and meet the requirements of the industrial processing industry From these problems, we implemented the topic: “Evaluation of some proposal potato lines of hybrid combination (1906,1944,1993,2036) in Red River Delta” o 1.2 Objective and scope of study 1.1.1 Objective - Evaluate growth and development characteristics, agro-biological characteristics, morphological characteristics, pest infestation level, yield, and quality, then select potato lines suitable to weather conditions, agrosoil in the locality, which is capable of resisting unfavorable conditions, has productivity and quality - Proposing potential potato lines for continued growth 1.1.2 Scope of study - Evaluation of some proposal potato lines of hybrid combination (1906,1944,1993,2036) in Red River Delta through the assessment of growth, development, and productivity of potato lines of hybrid combination (1906,1944,1993,2036) - PART II LITERATURE REVIEWS 2.1 General introduction of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) 2.1.1 Classification and distribution of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) The potato is native to the Peruvian-Bolivian Andes and is one of the world’s main food crops The potato become an important food crop from 1719, when Scotch-Irish settlers began potato production in New Hampshire, and introduction into Vietnam in 1890 by French Colonists Over 100s years, potatoes have been widely grown and widely grown in Europe, potatoes are imported to countries in other continents: India (1610), China (1700) By the nineteenth century, potatoes became an important crop for Europe, a source of high nutritional value Therefore, the area of potatoes is increasingly developed and spread Potato plants were affirmed and respected for development when a famine occurred in Ireland (1845 - 1846), potatoes with consecutive years of potato late blight disease (Phytophthora infestans) significantly reduced potato yield (Truong Van Ho, 2010) Potatoes have been grown in popularity since the end of World War II, especially varieties with industry standards (chips, canned food, and fast food) In 1972, the International Potato Center (CIP) was established in Lima - Peru, which collects and stores the genetic diversity of potatoes, breeds, and supports the development research and production in the world In Vietnam, potatoes were introduced in 1890 by French missionaries In English is Potato, to Vietnam is named "Khoai Tay" Before 1970, potatoes were scattered in Sapa - Lao Cai, Do Son - Hai Phong, Tra Linh - Cao Bang, Dong Anh - Phuc Yen, Da Lat - Lam Dong The total area was about 3000hectares During this time, potatoes were considered a premium vegetable (Truong Van Ho, 2010) Classification: − Scientific name: Solanum tuberosum L 2036 15 elongated - oval 3 1 19 oval 3 3 25 elongated - oval 3 1 26 round - oval 3 29 elongated - oval 3 1 34 elongated - oval 3 1 38 elongated - oval 3 1 41 round - oval 3 1 43 round - oval 3 1 44 round - oval 3 3 52 elongated - oval 3 53 oval 3 3 57 round - oval 3 59 elongated - oval 3 1 round 3 1 oval 3 round 3 1 round - oval 3 1 round - oval 1 11 oval 3 3 12 elongated - oval 3 1 13 oval 3 1 19 oval 3 1 22 oval 3 1 24 round 3 25 oval 1 26 oval 5 1 27 elongated - oval 1 33 elongated - oval 3 1 35 round - oval 3 1 38 elongated - oval 5 1 44 oval 5 1 42 49 elongated - oval 5 1 56 round - oval 3 5 62 elongated - oval 5 1 64 elongated - oval 3 1 round 7 1 Atlantic The tuber shapes of the lines are mostly oval and elongated-oval, however, some lines of each combination are rounded oval and elongated shape The tuber shape of the Atlantic control variety is round, which is characteristic of the variety and is very suitable for potato processing The lines of each hybrid combination potato have a flesh color from white to yellow In potato chip processing, most people use potatoes with a typical white gut color like Bliss, Atlantic (Nguyen Xuan Truong, 2019) In fresh food, most consumers have a preference for potatoes with yellow skin and skin (Thanh Hang, 2017) Therefore, the color and shape of the bulb not affect the yield, it only meets the tastes of the consumer and the processing industry Physiological disorder in tuber Table 4.9 Physiological disorder in tuber of hybrid combination – lines Combinatio n Line Crack tuber Knobby tuber Chain tuber Second growth tuber Greenin g Lenticel swelling - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 - - - - - 12 - - - 1 15 - - - - - - 17 - - - - - - 18 - - - 33 - - - - 1906 43 - 1944 1993 35 - - - - 1 42 - - - - - - 44 - - - - - - 56 - - - - - 61 - - - - - - 64 - - - 68 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 11 - - - - - - 18 - - - - 1 27 - - - - - 29 - - - - - 30 - - - - - - 31 - - - - - - 37 - - - - - - 39 - - - 3 42 - 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12 - - - - - - 15 - - - - 19 - - - - 25 - - - - - - 26 - - - - - 29 - - - - 34 - - - - - 44 38 - - - - - 41 - - - - - - 43 - - - - - 44 - - - - - - 52 - - - - - - 53 - - - - - - 57 - - - - - 59 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 - - - - - 12 - - - - 13 - - - - 1 19 - - - - - 22 - - - - - 24 - - - - - - 25 - - - - 26 - - - - - 27 - - - 1 - 33 - - - - - 35 - - - - - 38 - - - - 44 - - - - - 49 - - - - - 56 - - - - - - 62 - - - - - - 64 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2036 Atlantic 45 Roots crack during heavy rain or over water Dehumidification rapidly increases moisture and tuber growth and thereby increases tuber size (Kwanele A Nxumalo, 9/1/2018) Lenticels swelling are formed under conditions of oxygen shortage and excessive moisture in the soil surrounding the tubers, or in storage as the cells beneath the lenticels expand and the cell mass breaks through the corky layer (Kwanele A Nxumalo, 9/1/2018) Greening occurs when tubers are exposed to light (sun or artificial) (Kwanele A Nxumalo, 9/1/2018) Second growth tuber may form beadlike tubers directly either in storage or following planting Warm storage above 16o C or planting tubers into cold, dry soil will induce this condition Missing hills result in the field Physiologically old seed of Sebago and Bintje will often have this problem (Kwanele A Nxumalo, 9/1/2018) The highest incidence of greening tuber and lenticel swelling in almost hybrid combinations Other physiological disorder (Knobby tuber, hollow flesh, heat neerosis, vascular ring) not appear - 4.9 Factors that contribute to potato yield The individual productivity of each line is based on criteria such as the number of tubers/plant, diameter/tuber, and weight/tuber There is a proportional relationship between the indicators With a larger diameter, the mass of bulb will be large; along with a large number of tubers/plants, the individual yield of each line will be high Table 4.10 Factors that contribute to potato yield Combination Line Diameter tuber (mm) Tuber Weight (g) No.tuber/ plant Individual Actual Marketable yield yield (g) yield (g) (g/plant) 50.5 112.5 562.5 2138 1504.2 49.2 101.5 507.5 3118.6 1977.6 1906 46 1944 52.8 122.3 611.5 4849.2 3855.4 52.1 112.4 562.0 2615.4 1975.6 11 49.5 85.2 340.8 2904.4 2042.3 12 42.5 90.1 360.4 3171 2586.3 15 33.7 91.2 638.4 3358.7 1856.2 17 22.4 20.1 140.7 3200.8 2435.6 18 45.3 75.6 604.8 2951.9 2287.6 33 47.9 77.1 539.7 3252.8 2489.6 35 36.8 55.1 385.7 2503.4 2008.3 42 28.8 22.1 88.4 3349.7 2788.6 44 55.3 127.2 636.0 3066.1 2487.6 56 61.1 63.6 254.4 1232.5 756.3 61 42.1 117.2 351.6 2499.5 1973.5 64 45.2 85.2 255.6 3353.9 1654.2 68 35.6 92.1 736.8 3375.5 2451.6 49.8 99.5 796 2827 1975.3 51.2 113.8 796.6 2698.7 2041.8 41.4 83.9 419.5 1939.7 1441.2 44.3 91.4 457.0 3255.4 2865.3 11 45.6 95.8 287.4 2963.8 2147.5 18 52.8 144.5 722.5 3492.4 2833.7 27 41.8 60.3 180.9 2274.2 1657.5 47 29 46.9 86.4 604.8 3219.4 2554.1 30 44.7 61 244.0 1945.4 1314.2 31 36.5 48.8 292.8 3101.3 2056.6 37 32.3 32.9 197.4 2055.5 1455.2 39 58.3 121.4 485.6 2960.2 2088.3 42 47.5 71.6 286.4 2124.1 1654.2 46.7 92.2 368.8 855.6 335.2 49.2 81.8 245.4 854.5 289.3 46.5 90.1 450.5 2714.8 1215.9 63.8 114.8 574.0 2394.7 1785.5 12 53.9 119.4 477.6 2133.4 1655.3 15 42.4 71.3 285.2 1849.9 1447.1 19 53.5 118.8 594.0 2418.4 1885.6 25 53.1 90.8 363.2 2412.7 1795.6 26 52.5 93.8 281.4 568.5 112.1 29 48.6 90.9 636.3 855.2 338.6 34 54.3 82.7 413.5 784.3 288.3 38 56.5 122.3 489.2 874.5 248.6 41 54.7 98.6 788.8 956.2 373.4 43 42.5 83.2 332.8 1546.2 998.5 44 53.7 123 861.0 1522.5 1006.2 52 49.8 75.4 377.0 1837.2 1125 1993 48 2036 53 31.3 59.1 354.6 2661.9 2017.2 57 52.8 98.8 296.4 2044.1 1035.8 59 51.8 97.7 488.5 944.1 309.52 51.7 110.9 443.6 2388.8 1654.6 49.8 91.4 457.0 2178.5 1554.5 44.1 95.8 479.0 2516.7 1823.6 46.2 94.5 378.0 2329.2 1771.2 54.7 90.3 541.8 3559.8 1958.6 11 62.4 116.4 582.0 1124.3 664.2 12 61.6 123.2 739.2 2750.4 2085.2 13 51.8 128.8 901.6 1679.3 935.1 19 57.4 92.94 650.58 2922.5 2145.2 22 43.1 79.6 557.2 2089.1 1215.4 24 58 99.2 694.4 3094.6 2279 25 46.5 82.2 246.6 3387.8 2664.8 26 20.9 31.8 127.2 1413.1 885.2 27 35.6 50.1 150.3 1279.5 695.2 33 45.3 84.8 593.6 684.5 122.4 35 48.9 89.4 715.2 2188.9 1239.2 38 61.58 126.3 757.8 2814.8 1881.2 44 45.8 98.8 790.4 3063.6 2235.4 49 45.3 80.8 323.2 3805.8 2985.5 49 Atlantic 56 51.6 133.8 535.2 1733 1054.2 62 50 90.9 454.5 2184.18 1355.6 64 43.1 82.7 744.3 3125.6 2355.6 52.6 99.7 598.2 2991 179.6 From table 4.9, we can see that: Number of tubers/plant ranged from 3-8 (tubers) Hybrid combination 1906 with line 1906-56 having the largest tuber diameter and weight (diameter 61.1 mm, weight 133.6 g) Hybrid combination 1906 with line 1906-17 with the smallest diameter and weight of tubers (diameter 22.4 mm, weight 20.1 g) Atlantic variety had lower yield than some potato lines, with weight tuber is 99.7g and diameter tuber is 52,6 - 4.10 Potato chip’s color Table 4.11 Potato chip’s color Number Combinationlines Chip color Number Combinationlines Chip color 1906-12 B 13 1944-5 A 1906-15 A 14 1993-12 A 1906-17 B 15 1993-25 B 1906-34 A 16 1993-29 B 1906-44 A 17 1993-3 A 1944-11 A 18 1993-34 A 1944-18 A 19 2036-24 A 1944-29 A 20 2036-25 A 1944-30 B 21 2036-26 A 10 1944-31 A 22 2036-35 A 11 1944-37 A 23 2036-49 A 12 1944-39 A 24 2036-56 B 50 From the results obtained above, we have selected lines (from potato hybrid combinations) with high yield, disease-free, good tolerance, high growth rate and growth rate (based on the criteria in QCVN 01-59: 2011 / BNNPTNT) Table 4.12 Some proposal potato lines of hybrid combinations 1906,1944,1993,2036 in spring season 2021 Hb-line germi nation rate (%) plant vigor (point ) pests and diseas es (point ) 1906-3 100% 1906-15 93.3% 1906-18 Hb-line germi nation rate (%) plant vigor (point ) pests and disease s (point) individ ual yield (g/plan t) 611.5 1993-44 93.3% 861.0 638.4 2036-8 100% 541.8 100% 604.8 2036-13 100% 901.6 1906-68 100% 736.8 2036-24 93.3% 694.4 1944-5 100% 796.6 2036-35 100% 715.2 1993-41 100% 788.8 2036-64 100% 744.3 individ ual yield (g/plan t) - PART V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION - 5.1 Conclusion From experimental research results of hybrid potato combinations in the spring season 2020 in Gia Lam- Hanoi, I draw the following conclusions: − The ability of the hybrid combinations to sprout is mostly high and stable, but the hybrid combination 2036 had a low germination rate, typically clone 33 and 38 of the hybrid-combination − The lines in each hybrid combination had a height ranging from 39.3cm to 59.7 cm (for a period of 60 days) In which some lines reach high height (> 59.7cm) are 1906-1, 1906-11, 1906-12, 1906-18, 1993-43, 1993-44, 199361, 2036-56 and 2036-64 − Generally, the number of leaves of the combinations ranged from 10 to 16 leaves The three line 1906-3, 1993-3 and 1993-41 having a maximum leaf 51 count from 16.2 to 16.9 The line with least leaf count is 2036-11 having a mean leaf count of at least 3,6 (60-day period) − Detected early and sprayed in time, most of the hybrid potato combinations had a low level of pest and disease infection, the tubers were relatively disease-free and very resistant to pests and diseases − The tuber shapes of the lines are mostly oval and elongated-oval, however, some lines of each combination are rounded oval and elongated shape The shape and color characteristics, in addition to the variety identification, are also significant in potato chip processing − The individual productivity of the hybrid lines ranged from 123.6-1010.4g /plant In which, line of combination 2036 achieved the highest individual productivity of 1010.4g /plant Line 1906-15 has the lowest yield of 123.6g/plant − The color of potato chip was ranging from B to A − From the results obtained above, we have selected lines (from potato hybrid combinations) with high yield, disease-free, good tolerance, high growth rate, growth rate and good chip’s color in order to keep the tubers for service producing purposes testing in the next crop: 1906-15, 2036-24 - 5.2 Recommendation − Testing the hybrid potato combinations through many production seasons to find the lines with high yield potential and good quality, from which the best varieties will be tested for mass production − It is necessary to continue to experiment with hybrid potato combinations in many different locations and seasons to assess their ability to adapt to and tolerate pests and diseases lines, from which to find the best varieties for production soon ACTIVE IMAGE 52 53 REFERENCES C.Shock, R.Flock, E.Eldredge, A.Pereira, L.Jensen, 2006, Successful potato irrigationn scheduling 54 PhD.Atli Arnarson, 7/3/2020, Potatoes 101: Nutrition Facts and Health Effects, https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/foods/potatoes Jessie Szalay, 24/10/2017, Potatoes: Health Benefits, Risks & Nutrition Facts, https://www.livescience.com/45838-potatonutrition.html#:~:text=Potatoes%20are%20low%20in%20calories,phosphorus%2C%20niacin %20and%20pantothenic%20acid Duong Nhat Bach (2008), “So sánh số giống khoai tây nhập nội có triển vọng đồng sông Hồng”, Master's thesis in Agriculture - 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