Koho sre affixation thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the masters degree in linguistics

UNIVERSITY fAC'UlIY OF Of SAIGON lITTERS YEAR 1973 KO'HO· SRE AFFIXAIIO THESIS s ub m itted in partial fulfillm ent of the requirements for th e Ma.~ter ·s degree 1/1 Linguistics by NGUV(N • VAN· HOAN CV ""," GkSo.khoa Anh • ln Born on Moy 204 , 1973 1950 • UNIVERSITY OF I SAIGON No YEA R 1973 I ' • " , " r~ · , : ~ll ~ ~ / ' " ~ - ",- KO'HO· SRE AFFIXATION THESIS snbmittcd ill [ rctrtia] jii/fil/mcllt oj" the requirements fa r th e Il/n ,,'ter',,' d eqree ill Lillyuistics .- _ ,r:,," -, ' , ; \ ' j ::: I :'\ : ~;:' ~ ','.:'.' ~ : ''\ ;.: •.~ (.! ,",-d , t:":~':;.: !.-A ' " - J I ; ' , _.- - '-• I ) (; \ I -~:.'_ : :';: _ - - hy :-" NGUYEN - VAN - HOAN Cv nhan G icio· knco A nh 'W'on Born o n Moy 24 , 1950 -, ";L, ' ~ ~ "": ',""" " 10-1 - , : ]3 ~ .' 1973 "- - -_ :~~.: TRUONG flAI-HOC VAN-KHOA SAI-GON khong tan va eung khong phc1.n r16'.< nht1ng if lUen phci:t b-i.e1 tJr.ong ban ueu tu?-n Nhi1ng ylUen ito tc!.e g;2 hoan tom eh-{-u tJr.deh- nJU.~ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am i n debt ed to Dr David Thomas , my academic professor-advisor, who has provided the most helpfu l ins t r uctions an d s ugges t ions t hroughou t the ent i r e proc ess o f col l ect i ng data ,organizing , an d corr ect i ng the wri tin g o f the t hesi s Hi s expertl y knowl e dge of the Vi e tnames e Highland l an gua ge s and l inguistic science are the most encour agin g fac tors i n provi ding i mpet us f or my study I am de epl y grateful to Pro f Ri chard Wa tson, who s k i ndl y taken o ver the sponsor s h i p f rom Dr Thomas when the l a tter left Vi e t nam, and continued t o gu ide me t owar d the end of my study I would l ike t o tak e thi s opportun i ty t o s~n ­ c erely t hank Pro f B8- Khinh Hoan , c i rman of the Department of Engl ish, who has whole-heartedly advised me on t he wr i t i ng o f t he t hesis,and made necessary arr an gements f or the examina t ion Particular thanks should go to K'Broi, my informant, whos e i n t el l i genc e , experi ence, and kin dnes s are un f or get t ab l e Wi tho ut his assistance this study would be a total fa i lure at i t s very b e gi nnin g For spiritual consola t ion, I wo uld like to de di cate t h is t he s i s to my father and mother, whos e sacrifice and love have always freed me f rom the occas ional feel ing o f f rustration and dismay AC KNOWLEDGEMENTS " " " "_ Chap:teJt 1.1.1 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.7 - ChapteJt 11 - INTRODUCTION Geographical setting Brief historical notes Clan groups Cu1 tura1 patterns Ec onomic organization Rel igion Linguis t ic a ffil iation I I 3 4 TRANSCRIPTIONAL SYSTEMS 2.0 - General - The f irst sys tem 2 - Ja c qu es Dournes' s ys tem - Eva ns an d Bowen's system - The system used i n this study 5 II Chap:teJt 111.- THE SRE DIALECT - General I2 3.1 - Sre phonemes - Sre word patterns - vari a t i on s in the pron uncia t i on I2 13 of Sre presy11a b1 es - Loanwords in Sre - position o f Sr e among Hi ghl and di al e c t s 15 I6 18 Chap~~ IV.- SRE AFFIXATION 4.1 - Previous s t udies - Descr ipt ion of a f f i xes - Causative pr e f i x {Tcrn -} 4 - S upe r na t ur al-c a us a t i ve prefix · {Gcrtcrn - } - Nomina1 izing infix· {- crn - } - Passive pr e f i x {Gcr- } - un in t en t ional pre fix · {Gcr-} - Verbal izing prefix· Isc-) - Interrogat ive prefi x · {N- } 4.10- Prefix {hcr - } 'adverb o f l ocation ' 11- Pr e f i x {N- } , place pronoun' 12- Int erchangeable f orms 13- Chan ged meanin gs 4.14 - Reciprocal enc1 i t ic· {T~m- } 15- Simi1itive enclitic · {Be -} 4.16- I nterroga ti ve enc1 i tic · {Be -} 7- C1itic { -tdm } ' own e r s h i p' 18- Ne ga ti ve e~c1 itic {¢: } 4.19 - Contracted form 4.20- Conc1 usion C hap.:t~ V - 5 5 5.5 - 20 2I 21 32 ' 34 40 42 44 46 47 48 50 50 51 53 55 56 57 59 60 SRE AFFIXATION AS COMPARED WITH OTHER RELATED LANGUAGES Affixati on in Modern Khmer Af f i xa tion i n Bahnar : Affixati on ~n Pacoh Affixation i n Kat u Affixation i n Chrau Conclusion BIBLIOGRAPHY 61 65 69 74 79 82 84 Chapter- I INTRODUCTION - I - CHAPTER KOHO I INTRODUCTION 1.1 - GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING The mountainous areas of South Vietnam are occupied by two main ethnic groups : the Malayo-Polynesian and the Mon-Khmer Linguists and anthropologists have long classified the Koho as belonging to the latter group i n terms of customs, language, and physica l appearance The Koho inhabit a large mountainous region extending from Saigon in t he south to Dalat in the north They are found in many provinces of Region II: most populated at Tuyen-fh1'c, Quang-DtIc, and Uim-ilBng provinces '; more scattered at Ninh-Thu~n, Long-Kh~nh, and Blnh-Tuy provinces No complete population census has ever been conducted in the Highlands of Vietnam There are now three unofficial figures to account for the population of the Koho : Special Commission puts it at 67,770; Fulro estimates 100,000; SIL, Hickey, and missionaries record as much as 100,000 • While awaiting an official survey, we assume from those figures an estimated 100,000 ind igenous Koho inhabiting the Highlands 1.2 - BRIEF HISTORICAL NOTES Despite its prox~m~ty to major c it ies of Vi e t nam as Saigon and Dalat, information concerning the KOho is very scanty The origin of the Koho is chiefly explained through legends, and these people mostly illiterate would believe in legends and would not bother ask ing a factual question about their genesis From unrecorded time in history, probab ly centur ies ago,the MonKhmer peoples are believed to have originated in the upper Mekong valleys, whence they migrated through Indochina The Koho are descendants IGerald C Hickey , The Highland Peo ple of South Vietnam : Social and Eco nomic Developmen t (Cal i f ornia : t he Rand Corporation , 1967 ) , p 25 - - of these early immigrants For many centuries, more highly organized peoples gradually pushed the KOho out of the coastal areas into the moutainous areas where they now occupy Some Koho groups such as the cil retreated into the high mountain to preserve the traditional independence; the Sre, on the other hand, live more close to the coastal people, intermingle, intermarry, trade, and learn more of the coastal civilization As a result, they are more advanced than the more conservative Cil 1.3 - CLAN GROUPS Koho is a generic term used to refer to a number of tribal groups which have very closely related dialects, such as the Cil, the Lat, the Nop: the Tring, the Sre, the Ma 3.1 - THE CIL The Cil are also called Kil or Chilo They number about 10,500, inhabiting an area northeast of Dalat, between the Lat and northern Roglai groups A small number (46) are found as far to the coast as Ninh-Thu¥n 1.3.2 - THE LAT The Lat number about 1,200 in the vicinity of Dalat,Tuyen-Dac province 1.3.3 - THE NOP Sometimes called the Noup, found in Lam-D~ng province; around 98 total 1.3.4 - THE TRING The Tring number approximately 4,000 ln the areas as far north as Khanh-Hoa 1.3.5 - THE SRE The Sre are sometimes called Cau Sre This is the second largest group, approximately 17,000 ·The Sre are scattered in many areas, - - mostly in Tuyen-Ddc, Lam-D~ng, and Ninh-Thu~n provinces Due to proximity, the Sre tend to be more civilized and easily adapted to the civilization of the ethnic Vietnamese) though not to the point of assimilation 1.3.6 - THE MA The Ma is sometimes called Cau Ma, sometimes Maa This is the largest Koho group, approximately 26,000 The Ma inhabit mostly the Lam-D~ng area; some of them are also found in Tuyen-flac and Quang BU~ provinces Some linguists have considered the Ma as a separate ethnic group This is because the Ma social structure diverges from the mainstream of the Koho life; while the Ma social structure is patrilineal, other Koho groups follow matrilineal pattern 1.4 - CULTURAL PATTERNS Geographical distribution of different KdTIo groups has contributed to the degree of complexity of Koho organization The more advanced Sre have a more compact, well-organized social structure with distinction of classes; while the less advanced Cil lead a nomadic life, and therefore have no formal organization In general, Koho society is matrilineal and matrilocal with the extended family and the village as the two most important social units This is generally more common to Malayo-Polynesian groups than to Mon-Khmer, who tend to be more patrilineal As in any matrilineal society, the Koho woman is the head of the family She owns and inherits all properties The woman initiates marriage and transmits the family name Polygamy is permitted but rare and is usually limited to the most wealthy and nobles 1.5 - ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION The Koho economy is based on rice cultivation and secondarily on the home production of baskets, pottery, cloth Except the Sre who grow both dry and wet rice on permanent irrigated paddies,the Koho use the slash"-and-burn technique of cultivation The technique involves clearing the forest areas, burning the vegetation during the dry winter season, raising dry rice in the field until the soil nutrients are depleted, then moving to a new area - 73 - 3.3.9 - AFFIXES ON PRONOUN ROOTS According to the data that I have seen, Pac&h seems to be the only Mon-Khmer language which has affixed pronouns l • In Pac~h some personal pronouns can take affixes in indirect object and possessive cases Sre does not have these affixes since pronouns in Sre are invariant in all cases - The prefix a- 'to, for' occurs affixed to personal pronouns to-form indirect object pronouns - The prefix n- (n ng m-) is affixed to pronouns to form possessive pronouns Regular pronoun form Plural Dual Singular cu' / day ')' nhang 'we (2)' he 'we' Indirect object form Singular acir / aday 'to me' Dual !?hang 'to us(2)' Plural ahe 'to us' Possessive form Singular Dual ncu' / nday 'my' !:nhang 'our' Plural ~he 'our' , lSee Saundra Watson, "Personal pronouns in Pac8h," Mon-Khmer Studies I (Saigon: SIL and LeS, 1964), pp 81-97 /., for ·more discussion of pronouns in Pacoh - - 5.4 - AFFIXATION IN KATUl Affixes in Katu can occur with different roots : verb adjective, adverb, noun, number As compared with Sre and other M~n-Khmer languages, Katu has the largest number of combinations of affixes This permits the possible formation of four-syllable words in Katu 5.4.1 - CAUSATIVE PREFIX {pa-} This is the most productive prefix; it can occur with virtually ,any transitive and intransitive verb roots .lit 'to sew' ptWt , to make to sew' ch« ' to eat' pacha 'to make to eat' c.he.n ' to cook' pachen 'to make to cook' lULuh 'to fall ' fJ?Jtu.uh ' to make to fall' , mo:t 'to enter' pamd:t ' to cause to enter' JtMm 'to hope' palliam ' to cause to hope' 5.4.2 - CAUSATIVE PASSIVE PREFIX {ha-} Sre does not have this prefix It occurs with verb roots, causing an inanimate subject to be in a certain state che.n 'to cook' ku Itac.lten aveq 'I cause rice to be cooked' yuJr 'to raise' ku hayuJr acrcrk 'I cause water to be raised' lKatu is a language be longing to the Katuic branch of the MonKhmer family, spoken by about 20,000 people in an area extending behind the coastal towns of Hoi-an and Danang in Quang-nam province to the border of southe~n Laos The data in this section is taken from "Affixes in Katu" by Nancy Costello in Mon-Khmer Studies l! (Saigon; SIL and LCS, 1966), pp 63-86 - I ':> - 5.4 - RECIPROCAL PREFIX {ta- } This prefix is the equivalent of the reciprocal enclitic t~min Sre ka.p , to bite ' ta.ka.p 'to bite each other' fwl I to buy ' tafwl ' to buy from each other' leng 'to kill' ta.R.eng 'to kill each other' tak ' to stab' tata.k ' t o stab each other ' 4.4 - ADJECTIVIZER PREFIX {ta- } This resembles the passive prefix in Sre except that the affixed forms always fill the adjective slots in Katu while in Sre they fill the predicate slots Compare S ku ) Mo di: Melt lU a.o ta-.w 'I see the ) ao p sewn shirt kheu gac.JLe (Katul (SJtel ' h i s shirt is torn ' I Following are samplings of ta- occuring with verb roots Jtoh dong ' bur n house' dong taJtoh ' t he burnt house ' Urn chei: 'Rim dies ' Urn tachet ' t he dead Rim' leng anuq ' k i ll dog' anuq ta.R.eng 'the k i lled dog' - 76 - 5.4.5 - INVOLUNTARY PREFIX {ta-} This is the equivalent of ~- ' uni n t en t i onal' in Sre n.:tek 'to tear' ta~ek ' t o tear accidentally' twn 'to meet' talwn 'to meet accidentally' 5.4.6 - PURPOSE PREFIX {ka-} This prefix has the meaning of doing something with purpose It has no equivalent form in Sre ku I.l-Ur mat 'I close eyes as in sleep ' ku kM-Ur mat ' I close my eyes de liberately ku .bang 'I hear' ku kMMg t ku Iw.t ' I buy' ku kaka.t 'I buy many times' f I strain to hear' 5.4.7 - COMBINATIONS OF PREFIXES Katu t in contrast to Sre t has many combinations of prefixes - ReciprocaZ-causative {tapa-} Me.e.z: fuq Rhn tapana1 dong 12345 'Meet and Rim make each other know the house ' 12345 - Invo Zuntary-causative {t apa- } pahu.' 'to cause to break' taJul ' t o break accidentally ' tapahu.· 'accidentally cause to break' I I - Adjectivized-passive {taha-} hac.hen ' caus e to be coo ked ' mc.hen ' cook ed' :ta.c.hen ' ma de - t o- be coo ked ' - Adjectiviz ed-cau§ative {tapa- } k.u payuJt Rhn ' I make Rim r ise ' k.u .e.U :ta/juJt Rhn ' I see the r isen Rim' ku tu :tapa/juJt Rhn ' I see the mak2- to -r ise Rim ' - DoUb le causa t i ve {paka-} pac.he.:t ' c aus e to d ie ' kac.he.:t 'cause to die' pakac.he.:t ' caus e someone to cause someone to die ' Causative passi ve {paha-} hayuJt ' caus e to be ised ' payuJt ' caus e to r ise ' pa.hayuJt ' caus e some thing t o be ised ' 5.4.8 - AFFIXES ON ADJECTIVE ROOTS Like in Sre, causa tive pref ix i n Ka t u also occurs on adjective roots .uam ' good ' paL