A cross cultural study politeness in issuing english and vietnamese spoken invitations

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY- HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY: POLITENESS IN ISSUING ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE SPOKEN INVITATIONS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (TESOL) Supervisor ĐẶNG THỊ HƯỞNG, EdD Submitted by LÊ BÍCH THUÛY Ho Chi Minh City, August 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality………………………………………………………………………………………………… i Retention and use of the thesis………………………………………………………………………………… ii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………………………… iii Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… iv Abbreviations and symbols.…………………………………………………………………………… …… v List of charts………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… vi List of figures……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… vii List of tables………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the study ………………………………………………………………………………………….… 1.2 The aims of the study…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1.3 The organization of the study………………………………………………………………………………………5 CHAPTER 2: 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Written and spoken language…………………………………………………………………………………… 2.1.1 Distinction between spoken and written language………………………… ….……… ….7 2.1.2 English and Vietnamese spoken language…………………………………………………………….9 2.2 Communicative competence………………………………………………………………….….………………10 2.2.1 Definitions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………….10 2.2.2 Sociolinguistics and the learning of English as a foreign language……………12 2.3 Speech acts………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………13 2.3.1 Direct and indirect speech acts ……………………………………………………………………… … 14 2.3.2 Indirectness in requests………………………………………………………………….……………………… 16 2.3.2.1 The most direct strategies (Bald-on-record strategies)…………………… …… 16 2.3.2.2 Conventionally indirect strategies ……………………………………………………………… 17 2.3.2.3 Non-conventionally indirect strategies ……………………………………………………… 17 2.4 Politeness …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……… 18 2.4.1 Theories of politeness……………………………………………………………………………………………… 18 2.4.2 Politeness and indirectness………………………………………………………………………….………… 21 2.4.3 Social variables affecting politeness……………………………………………………………….… 23 2.4.3.1 Power……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……… 23 2.4.3.2 Social distance……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………24 2.4.3.3 Gender…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27 2.4.3.4 Age………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………… 28 2.5 Invitations …………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………….30 2.5.1 The nature of invitations…………………………………………………………………… …………………… 30 2.5.2 Written and spoken invitations…………………………………………………… ……………….…………32 2.5.3 Reasons for making invitations ……………………………………………… …………….………………32 2.5.4 Problems with invitations……………………………………………………………………… ……………… 34 2.5.5 The structure of English and Vietnamese spoken invitations……………….… 35 2.5.5.1 The structure of English spoken invitations………………………………….…………… 36 2.5.5.2 The structure of Vietnamese spoken invitations……………………………………… 37 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research questions…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 40 3.2 Research design………………………………………………………………….……………………………….…… 40 3.3 The characteristics of the subjects…………………………………………………………….… …… 42 3.3.1 The first group of subjects……………………………………………………….……………………………….42 3.3.2 The second group of subjects……………………………………………………….………………………….43 3.4 Instruments……………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………….44 3.4.1 Description of the questionnaires………………………………………………………………….……….44 3.4.2 Data collection procedure……………………………………………… ……………………………………… 46 3.5 Assumptions ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………47 CHAPTER 4: 4.1 DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Data analysis……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………48 4.1.1 The preference of strategy use between groups: Overall results……………….48 4.1.2 Preference for and use of politeness strategies in relation to social status, age and gender …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 50 4.1.2.1 Social status and age…………………………………………………………………………………… …… 51 4.1.2.2 Social status and gender……………………………………………………………………………………… 59 4.1.2.3 Age and gender……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 66 4.2 Discussion of the findings………………………………………………………………………………………… 74 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… 81 5.2 Implications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………83 References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………… 86 Appendix Questionnaire to English native speakers………………………….…………………….97 Appendix Questionnaire to Vietnamese native speakers…………………………………… 100 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I certify my authorship of the Masters’ Thesis submitted today entitled: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY: POLITENESS IN ISSUING ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE SPOKEN INVITATIONS In terms of the statement of requirements for Theses in Masters’ Programs issued by the Higher Degree Committee of Department of English Linguistics and Literature, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University- Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City, August 2007 LE BICH THUY RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS I hereby state that I, LE BICH THUY, being a candidate for the degree of Master of Arts (TESOL) accepted the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Master’ Thesis deposited in the Library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the original of my Masters’ Thesis deposited in the Library should be accessible for purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the Librarian for the care, loan and reproduction for theses Ho Chi Minh City, August, 2007 Signature ……………………………………… LE BICH THUY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Ms Dang Thi Huong, EdD, for her enthusiastic guidance, her thoughtful comments, her valuable support as well as her precious encouragement Without Ms Dang Thi Huong, my whole-hearted thesis supervisor, I would not have finished my thesis I am also grateful to Professor Nguyen Van Luan, PhD, Dean of The Faculty of Economics, Vietnam National University- HCM City, who has created favorable conditions and eased my workload so that I am able to attend the master program and finish my thesis I am greatly indebted to the lecturers, teaching staff and students at The Faculty of Economics and The National Institution of Politics, HCM City for completing the survey questionnaires I also wish to thank Jack Bayfield, Sandra Jaye Smale, Charle Harmouy and their families who gave me great assistance in distributing and collecting the questionnaires for English native speakers Finally, I would like to dedicate this thesis to my mother for her love and support, without which I would hardly have been able to overcome difficulties to complete it ABSTRACT The awareness of the interactional similarities and differences in issuing or declining invitations in cross-cultural contexts can contribute significantly to better competence of performing this speech act This study has tried to investigate politeness in issuing English and Vietnamese spoken invitations under the effect of social status, age and gender Two questionnaires were delivered to both English native speakers and Vietnamese native speakers as an instrument for the research Forty English native speakers and forty Vietnamese native speakes participated in answering the questionnaires The results of the study showed that there were both similarities and differences in the selection of politeness strategies employed by English native speakers and Vietnamese native speakers in issuing spoken invitations Social status, age and gender also affected differently to the choice of strategies used by both groups of subjects Some pedagogical implications were suggested for the teachers of English on teaching spoken invitations to Vietnamese learners of English ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS CID Conventional indirectness ENS English native speakers F-T-F Female-to-female F-T-M Female-to-male HCMC Ho Chi Minh City NCID Non-conventional indirectness M-T-F Male-to-female M-T-M Male-to-male VNS Vietnamese native speakers VNU Vietnam National University LISTS OF CHARTS 4.1 The proportion of total politeness strategies used to the invited of lower social status in situation 5…………………………………………………….………….52 4.2 The proportion of total politeness strategies used to the invited of equal social status in situation 5…………………………………………………….………….54 4.3 The proportion of total politeness strategies used to the invited of higher social status in situation 5………………………………………………….………… 56 4.4 The proportion of total politeness strategies used by ENS in comparing to those by VNS in situations and 3…………………………………60 4.5 The proportion of total politeness strategies made by ENS in comparing to those by VNS in situation and 3…………… ………………… 63 4.6 The proportion of total politeness strategies made by ENS in comparing to those by VNS to the invited of the same gender in situations and 4……………………………………………………………………………….…………….68 4.7 The proportion of total politeness strategies made by ENS in comparing to those by VNS to the invited of the different gender in situations and ……………………………………………………………………………………………71 Journal of Pragmatics 12 63-81 40 Harris, S 1995 Pragmatics and power Journal of Pragmatics 23 27-52 41 Harris, S 2003 Politeness and power: Making and responding to 'requests' in institutional settings Text 23(1) 27-52 Walter de Gruyter 42 Hassal, T 1999 Request strategies in Indonesian Pragmatics 9(4) 585-606 43 Hill et at 1986 Universals of linguistic politeness Journal of Pragmatics 10 47-71 44 Hironi, K 1987 Oral refusals of invitations and requests in English and Japanese Journal of Asian Culture 11 83-106 45 Holmes, J 1996 Sex, politeness and language Longman: New York, London 46 Holtgraves, T 1986 Language Structure in 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Pragmatics of Chinese as native and target language Honolulu: University of Hawaii's Press APPENDIX (Questionnaire to ENS) QUESTIONNAIRE I would very much appreciate your help with my research Could you please fill in the blanks or put an X in the appropriate box in the following: I PERSONAL INFORMATION: Nationality: ………………………………… First Language:………………………………… Age range: Under 20 20-30 30-40 40-50 Gender: Female Male Profession: …………………………………………………………………………………………… Education: …………………………………………………………………………………………… Over 50 QUESTIONNAIRE: Would you please read the following questions, put yourself in given situations and then write down what you actually say in each situation: Situation 1: You are a candidate for the MA degree and have just finished your thesis You open a celebration party at home on Saturday night at p.m You would like A to come What would you say if A were: Richard, a male colleague of equal position to you? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Melanie, a female colleague of equal position to you? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Patrick, a male colleague of lower position than you? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Nancy, a female colleague of lower position than you? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Mr Edward, a colleague of higher position than you? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Mrs Sidsel, a colleague of higher position than you? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Situation 2: During the dinner at your house, as the host, you want B to have some more food What would you say if B were: Linda, a female classmate of your younger brother or sister? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Thomas, a male classmate of your younger brother or sister? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Janet, your female friend who is at your age? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Harry, your male friend who is at your age? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Mrs Lisa, a friend of your parents who is much older than you are? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Mr Hampton, a friend of your parents who is much older than you are? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Situation 3: You have just finished moving into a new house and want to invite C over to celebrate What would you say if C were: Harrison, your male colleague? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Cathy, your female colleague? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Robert, your male employee? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Lessie, your female employee? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Mr Peterson, your boss? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Mrs Laura, your boss? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Situation 4: You and D are business partners You would like D to have dinner with you to discuss more about the terms of your contract What would you say if D were: Mr Wright, who is younger than you are? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Mrs Thatcher, who is younger than you are? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Mr Gordon, who is just about your age? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Mrs Julian, who is just about your age? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Mr Miller, who is older than you are? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Mrs Michel, who is older than you are? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Situation 5: You’ve just been promoted, so you throw a party to celebrate at X restaurant, 18 p.m on Saturday You want to invite E (male or female) to join with you What would you say if E were: Your boss who is younger than you? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Your boss who is at your age? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Your boss who is older than you? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Your colleague of equal position to you and is younger than you? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Your colleague of equal position to you and is at your age? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Your colleague of equal position to you and is older than you? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Your employee who is younger than you? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Your employee who is at your age? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Your employee who is older than you? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ASSISTANCE! APPENDIX (Questionnaire to VNS) PHIẾU KHẢO SÁT Bản câu hỏi nhằm thu thập liệu cho đề tài nghiên cứu Mong ban vui lòng dành chút thời gian quý báu trả lời câu hỏi sau Câu trả lời bạn quan trọng thành công đề tài, sử dụng vào mục đích nghiên cứu không nhằm mục đích khác I THÔNG TIN CÁ NHÂN: Tuổi: < 20 Giới tính: 20 -30 Nữ 30-40 40-50 > 50 Nam Nghề nghiệp: ………………………………………………………………… Trình độ học vấn: ………………………………………………………… II CÂU HỎI NGHIÊN CỨU Xin Bạn vui lòng đọc tình sau trả lời theo cách bạn thực dùng sống Tình 1: Bạn vừa bảo vệ xong luận văn thạc só tổ chức tiệc chúc mừng vào tối thứ bảy, lúc sáu nhà Bạn muốn mời người A đến dự Bạn nói A là: Hoàng, đồng nghiệp nam có vị trí xã hội ngang bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Lan, đồng nghiệp nữ có vị trí xã hội ngang bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Thu, đồng nghiệp nữ có vị trí xã hội thấp bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Tuấn, đồng nghiệp nam có vị trí xã hội thấp bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Quang, đồng nghiệp nam có vị trí xã hội cao bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Trúc, đồng nghiệp nữ có vị trí xã hội cao bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Tình 2: Trong bữa ăn tối nhà bạn, với cương vị chủ nhà, bạn muốn mời người B dùng thêm Bạn nói người B là: Trí, cậu bạn lớp em trai em gái bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Hồng, cô bạn lớp em trai em gái bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Mai, người bạn nữ tuổi với bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Hùng, người bạn nam tuổi với bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Loan, (nữ) người lớn tuổi bạn cha mẹ bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Việt, (nam) người lớn tuổi bạn cha mẹ bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Tình 3: Bạn vừa chuyển sang nhà xong tổ chức tiệc tân gia Bạn muốn mời C đến dự Bạn nói C là: Sơn, (nam) đồng nghiệp bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Thuý, (nữ) đồng nghiệp bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Trang, (nữ) cấp bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Hoàn, (nam) cấp bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Tú, (nam) cấp bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Thục, (nữ) cấp bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Tình 4: Bạn D đối tác làm ăn Bạn muốn mời D ăn tối với bạn để hai người tiếp tục bàn luận điều khoản hợp đồng Bạn nói D là? Dương, người nam nhỏ tuổi bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Mai, người nữ nhỏ tuổi bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Cúc, người nữ tuổi với bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Quân, người nam tuổi với bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Cường, người nam lớn tuổi bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Ngân, người nữ lớn tuổi bạn? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Tình 5: Bạn thăng chức mở tiệc chia vui nhà hàng X lúc 18 ngày thứ bảy Bạn muốn mời E (nam nữ) đến dự Bạn mời E là: Người nhỏ tuổi bạn cấp bạn? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Người nhỏ tuổi bạn đồng nghiệp cấp với bạn? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Người nhỏ tuổi bạn cấp bạn? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Người tuổi với bạn cấp bạn? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Người tuổi với bạn đồng nghiệp cấp với bạn? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Người tuổi với bạn cấp bạn? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Người lớn tuổi bạn cấp bạn? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Người lớn tuổi bạn đồng nghiệp cấp với bạn? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Người lớn tuổi bạn cấp bạn? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… XIN CHÂN THÀNH CẢM ƠN SỰ GIÚP ĐỢ CỦA BẠN!