(Luận văn) the first report of myxomycetes (amoebozoa) in thai nguyen city, northern vietnam rapid biodiversity assessment using tools in modern molecular era

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY JOHN CARLO REDEÑA SANTOS THE FIRST REPORT OF MYXOMYCETES (AMOEBOZOA) IN THAI NGUYEN CITY, NORTHERN VIETNAM: RAPID BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT USING TOOLS IN MODERN MOLECULAR ERA an Lu BACHELOR THESIS n va ac th si Full-time Environmental Science and Management International Programs Office K45-AEP ad o nl w Study Mode: Major: Faculty: Batch: va an lu l ul nf Thai Nguyen, 20/11/2017 t n oi m z z Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science and Management Student name Student ID Thesis Title John Carlo Redeña Santos DTN1454290051 The first report of Myxomycetes (Amoebozoa) in Thai Nguyen City, Northern Vietnam: Rapid biodiversity assessment using tools in modern molecular era Dr Duong Van Thao & Dr Nikki Heherson A Dagamac Supervisor (s) Abstract: Myxomycetes are phagotrophic, fungus-like protists abundantly occurring as microbial predators in soil ecosystems However, in spite of their cosmopolitan distributions, limited studies were conducted in Southeast Asia In particular, gaps are found in Northern Vietnam which has no single reported studies that annotates myxomycetes In order to fill the missing voids, a three-phase rapid biodiversity assessment employing purely moist chamber cultures was carried out in Thai Nguyen City, Northern Vietnam using (i) traditional taxonomic survey, (ii) classical measurement an Lu diversity and estimation utilizing sophisticated statistical va n programming pipelines and (iii) modern molecular technique using DNA barcoding th ac (partial 18s rRNA gene) technology These efforts showed: (1) agricultural si w plantations with specified leaf textural morphology are good microhabitat for leaf- ad o nl litter inhabiting myxomycetes, (2) protected and unprotected forests shares va an lu myxomycetes assemblages, (3) anthropogenic activities plays a role in spore dispersal, (4) confirmation that both at community and genetic level, dispersal l ul nf ecology of myxomycetes are not affected by management strategies or forest type, n oi m t ii z z and (5) 54 species newly recorded for Northern Vietnam, of which are new records for the whole country, with possible species new to science As such, this study provided the very first baseline information on the biodiversity of myxomycetes for Northern Vietnam α and β diversity, barcoding, dispersal, forest management, slime molds, tropical plants Keywords Number of pages 143 pages Date of Submission September 25, 2017 Supervisor‘s signature an Lu n va ac th si ad o nl w l ul nf va an lu n oi m t iii z z ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This body of work was made possible by a lot of people who participated in this endeavor in very different but significant ways Firstly, I would like to acknowledge my whole family for the unconditional support, especially to my parents (Nanay Annie & Tatay Jun), to whom I am beyond grateful as they invested not just money but also time and sweat for my education To my brothers (PJ, Paulo, Third) and my sister (Darla) in blood, a humongous shout-outs to the four of you I would also like to include a special note of ―hindi matatawarang pasasalamat‖ to Dr Nikki Heherson A Dagamac for not just being an adviser and fostering me for three months, but also for being my mentor in every aspect of life Without his untiring efforts and never-ending patience, I would not have finished this beautiful piece of work I would also like to express my gratitude to Prof Dr Martin Schnittler (University of Greifswald), Prof Dr Wilhelm Steingrube (SusEnMan Lu an Project, University of Greifswald) and Frau Katharina Schmitt (International Office, va n University of Greifswald) for the research scholarship, internship and field collection th ac fundings, and to Dr Duong Van Thao, Frau Anja Klahr (Laboratory coordinator, si o nl w Allgemeine und Spezielle Botanik), Dr Manuela Bog, Dr Hoang Hai Thanh, Dr Nguyen Dang Cuong (TUAF), Oriana Sanchez-Mahecha and Nguyen Thuy Linh for the technical ad va an lu assistance Big thanks to my friends (Nicole, Jose, Hong, Thao, Keraia, Pons, Tina, Colleene, Kenneth, Alex, Mishel, Kathleen, Jamba, Bojo, Tintin, CJ, Edwin) for the l ul nf personal support, and to my Greifswald friends (Rafa, Kasia, Kemani, Oleg, Tim, Lukas, n oi m t iv z z Franzi, Jinny, Carlos, Brook, Christian, Paul, Sabine, Lorna, Dani, Julia) for keeping me stable during my research and internship in Germany Lastly, a very special mention to Ikkin, Ward and William for the Pizza party and Jenga session we shared during my stay in Germany an Lu n va ac th si ad o nl w l ul nf va an lu n oi m t v z z TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures List of Tables 10 List of Abbreviations 11 Part I Introduction 12 1.1 Research Rationale 12 1.2 Research Questions and Hypotheses 15 1.2.1 Occurrence of myxomycetes in homogenous vegetation 15 1.2.2 α and β diversity in a heterogeneous vegetation 16 1.2.3 Genetic diversity 17 1.3 Research Objectives 18 1.4 Scope and Limitations 20 1.5 Definition of terms 21 Part II Literature Review 25 2.1 Natural Classification history of myxomycetes 25 2.2 Economic and ecological importance 26 Lu 2.3 Cutting edge technologies applied in studying the diversity and ecology of myxomycetes 31 an Part III Methodology 37 va 3.1 Occurrence of myxomycetes in homogenous vegetation 37 n ac th 3.1.1 Collection of substrates and preparation of moist chambers 37 3.1.2 Characterization and identification of fruiting bodies 38 3.1.3 Calculation of productivity and myxomycete occurrence 39 si w 3.2 α and β diversity in a heterogeneous vegetation 40 o nl ad 3.2.1 Collecting localities 40 3.2.2 Collection of substrates, laboratory isolation method and myxomycetes characterization 41 3.2.3 Data evaluation 43 l ul nf va an lu 3.3 n oi m Genetic diversity 46 3.3.1 Specimen acquisition 46 t vi z z 3.3.2 DNA Extraction, amplification and sequencing 47 3.3.3 Sequence alignment, tree construction and genetic analysis 49 Part IV Results and Discussion 51 4.1 Occurrence of myxomycetes in homogenous vegetation 51 4.1.1 Results 51 4.1.2 Discussion 55 4.2 α and β diversity in a heterogeneous vegetation 57 4.2.1 Results 58 4.2.2 Discussion 73 4.3 Genetic diversity 78 4.3.1 Results 78 4.3.2 Discussion 80 PART V Conclusion 83 References 88 Appendices 104 an Lu n va ac th si ad o nl w l ul nf va an lu n oi m t vii z z LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The study area: Thai Nguyen City, Thai Nguyen Province showing the sampling location of the three agricultural plantations 37 Figure 2: Schematic diagram for the methodology of the first phase of this research study 40 Figure 3: Sampling locations for the two community forests in Thai Nguyen City, Thai Nguyen Province 41 Figure 4: Schematic diagram for the methodology of the second phase of this research study 46 Figure 5: Schematic diagram for the methodology of the third phase of this research study 50 Figure 6: The 2D bar graph shows (a) percentages of positive moist chambers between the aerial (AL) and ground leaf (GL) litter substrates in three different agricultural an Lu plantations and (b) percentages of positive moist chambers between Superorder Lucisporidia (bright-spored) and Superorder Fuscisporidia (dark-spored) in three va n different agricultural plantations 51 ac th Figure 7: (a) Rarefaction curves for two different forest type and generated species si w accumulation curves from Chao estimator for the (b) both community forests; (c) for protected forest; (d) for unprotected forest .58 ad o nl Figure 8: Box plot showing the comparison of six different diversity indices (Alpha = va an lu Fisher‘s alpha; Shannon = Shannon‘s H index; Simpson = Simpson‘s diversity index; N0 = species richness only, N1 = exponent of the Shannon diversity, N2= inverse of l ul nf the Simpson diversity) 71 n oi m t z z Figure 9: Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of species occurrence between two community forests Black dots represent the position of myxomycetes species in the ordination space Colored circles represent the forest type; colored ellipses denote dispersion based on standard deviation of point scores 72 Figure 10: Phylogenetic tree of Diderma hemisphaericum: based on partial SSU sequences of the 13 successfully amplified specimens .79 an Lu n va ac th si ad o nl w l ul nf va an lu n oi m t z z LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Occurrence of myxomycetes: The table shows the list of myxomycetes and their average pH ±, - max values as measured on every positive moist chamber A species recorded as rare (1 record) uses only the pH value of the sole moist chamber where it was found The color on the left side of the species indicates their Superorder (yellow=bright-spored, Superorder Lucisporidia; brown=dark-spored, Superorder Fucisporidia) The abundance index (AI) in accordance to Stephenson et al (2013), and their total number of records is further reported on this table The distribution of records for substrates (AL or GL) and agricultural plants are also enumerated .52 Table 2: Computed values using Analysis of Molecular Variance 80 an Lu n va ac th si ad o nl w l ul nf va an lu n oi m t 10 z z 45 45 22 18 25 22 12 12 43 17 43 17 41 26 46 46 22 18 26 22 12 12 44 16 43 16 42 27 10 10 10 47 47 22 18 26 22 12 12 43 15 43 15 41 27 48 48 22 19 26 22 12 12 43 14 43 14 41 27 49 49 23 19 26 23 12 12 43 14 43 14 42 27 98 10 50 50 23 19 27 23 12 12 43 13 43 13 42 28 51 51 23 19 27 23 12 12 44 13 44 13 43 28 10 10 52 52 23 20 27 23 12 12 44 13 44 13 42 28 53 53 24 20 27 24 12 12 44 13 44 12 42 54 54 24 20 28 24 13 13 45 12 45 12 55 55 24 20 28 24 13 13 45 12 45 56 56 24 21 28 25 13 13 46 11 46 16 41 26 100 16 33 40 27 41 40 22 17 17 16 42 27 104 16 34 41 27 41 41 22 17 17 16 41 27 100 16 34 41 27 41 41 22 17 17 15 41 27 98 15 34 41 27 41 41 22 17 17 16 42 27 102 16 34 41 28 41 41 23 17 17 16 42 28 103 16 35 41 28 41 41 23 16 17 16 43 28 103 16 35 42 28 41 41 23 17 17 99 15 42 28 99 15 35 42 29 41 41 23 17 17 28 98 15 42 28 98 15 36 43 29 42 42 24 17 18 43 29 15 43 29 99 15 37 44 29 42 42 24 17 18 12 43 29 99 10 15 43 29 100 15 37 44 30 42 42 24 17 18 11 43 29 99 15 43 29 99 15 37 44 30 42 42 24 17 18 57 57 25 21 28 25 13 13 46 12 46 12 43 30 96 14 43 30 96 14 38 45 30 42 42 25 17 18 58 58 25 21 29 25 13 13 46 13 46 13 43 30 94 14 43 30 94 14 38 45 31 42 42 25 17 18 59 59 25 21 29 25 13 13 46 13 46 13 44 30 93 14 44 30 93 14 38 45 31 42 42 25 17 18 60 60 25 22 29 25 13 13 46 13 46 13 43 30 92 14 43 30 92 14 38 45 31 42 43 25 17 18 61 61 26 22 29 26 13 13 46 13 46 13 44 31 94 14 44 31 94 14 38 45 31 42 43 25 17 19 62 62 26 22 29 26 13 13 46 13 46 13 43 31 91 13 43 31 91 13 38 45 31 43 43 26 17 3 19 63 63 26 22 30 26 13 13 47 13 47 13 44 31 94 14 44 31 94 14 39 46 32 43 43 26 17 3 19 26 22 30 26 13 13 47 14 47 14 44 31 44 31 94 14 39 46 32 43 43 26 17 3 19 65 65 26 23 30 26 13 13 47 14 47 14 45 15 45 31 100 15 39 46 32 43 43 26 17 3 19 66 66 27 23 30 27 13 13 47 13 47 13 45 31 98 14 45 31 98 14 39 46 32 43 43 26 17 3 19 67 67 27 23 31 27 13 13 47 12 47 12 44 31 93 13 44 31 93 13 40 46 32 43 43 27 17 3 19 68 68 27 23 31 27 13 13 47 12 47 12 44 31 93 13 44 31 93 13 40 46 33 43 43 27 17 3 19 69 69 27 23 31 27 13 13 47 11 47 11 44 32 93 13 44 32 93 13 40 46 33 43 44 27 17 3 19 70 70 27 24 31 27 13 13 47 11 47 11 45 32 94 13 45 32 94 13 40 47 33 43 44 27 17 3 19 71 71 27 24 31 27 13 13 72 72 28 24 31 28 13 13 73 73 28 24 32 28 13 13 74 74 28 24 32 28 13 13 75 75 28 24 32 28 13 76 76 28 25 32 28 13 77 77 29 25 32 28 13 an 14 31 94 10 va 64 Lu 64 47 11 47 11 45 32 96 14 45 32 96 14 40 47 33 43 44 27 17 3 19 2 47 11 47 10 45 32 93 13 45 32 93 13 40 47 33 43 44 28 16 3 19 47 n 10 47 10 44 32 87 12 44 32 87 12 41 47 34 43 44 28 16 3 19 3 47 10 47 10 44 32 87 12 44 32 87 12 41 47 34 44 44 28 16 3 19 13 47 10 47 10 44 32 87 12 44 32 87 12 41 47 34 44 44 28 16 3 19 2 13 47 10 47 10 44 32 87 12 44 32 87 12 41 47 34 44 44 28 16 3 19 2 13 47 11 47 11 44 33 87 12 44 33 87 12 41 48 34 44 44 29 16 3 20 ac th si 29 25 33 29 13 13 47 11 47 11 44 33 87 12 44 33 87 12 41 48 34 44 44 29 16 3 20 79 79 29 25 33 29 13 13 47 11 47 11 45 33 88 12 45 33 88 12 42 48 35 44 45 29 16 3 20 80 80 29 25 33 29 13 13 47 11 47 11 81 81 29 25 33 29 13 13 47 10 47 10 82 82 29 26 33 29 13 13 47 10 47 10 83 83 30 26 33 30 13 13 47 10 47 84 84 30 26 33 30 13 13 47 47 44 33 86 12 44 33 86 12 42 48 35 44 45 29 16 3 20 45 33 87 12 45 33 87 12 42 48 35 44 45 29 16 3 20 45 34 85 11 45 34 85 11 42 49 35 44 45 29 16 3 20 10 45 nl 78 w 78 34 11 45 34 86 11 43 49 35 44 45 29 16 3 20 45 34 11 34 85 11 43 49 36 44 45 30 16 3 20 30 26 34 30 13 13 47 10 47 10 45 34 86 86 30 26 34 30 13 13 48 10 48 46 34 87 87 30 26 34 30 13 13 47 47 45 34 85 45 86 11 45 34 86 11 43 49 36 44 45 30 16 3 20 87 12 46 34 87 12 43 49 36 45 45 30 16 3 20 86 11 45 34 86 11 43 49 36 45 45 30 16 3 20 88 88 30 27 34 30 13 13 47 47 45 34 84 11 89 89 30 27 34 30 13 13 47 47 45 34 83 11 90 90 31 27 34 30 13 13 47 47 45 34 82 10 91 91 31 27 35 31 13 13 47 47 45 34 82 10 92 31 27 35 31 13 13 48 47 45 35 83 11 93 93 31 27 35 31 13 13 47 47 45 35 81 94 94 31 27 35 31 13 13 47 47 45 35 81 45 34 84 11 43 49 36 45 45 30 16 3 20 45 34 83 11 43 49 36 45 45 30 16 3 20 45 34 82 10 43 49 36 45 46 31 16 3 20 45 34 82 10 43 49 36 45 46 31 16 3 20 45 35 83 10 45 35 81 10 45 35 81 11 44 50 37 45 46 31 16 3 20 10 44 49 37 45 46 31 16 3 20 10 44 50 37 45 46 31 16 3 21 ll u nf 92 va an lu 85 d oa 85 86 31 28 35 31 13 13 47 47 45 35 79 10 45 35 79 10 44 96 96 31 28 35 31 13 13 47 47 44 35 77 44 35 77 44 97 97 32 28 35 32 13 13 47 47 44 35 78 44 35 78 44 50 37 45 46 31 16 3 21 49 37 45 46 31 16 3 21 50 38 45 46 32 16 3 21 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 129 t n oi 95 m 95 3 z z 98 98 32 28 35 32 13 13 47 47 44 35 78 44 35 78 44 50 38 45 46 32 16 3 21 99 10 10 10 10 99 10 10 10 10 32 28 36 32 13 13 47 46 44 35 77 44 35 77 44 50 38 45 46 32 16 3 21 32 28 36 32 13 13 47 47 45 35 79 10 45 35 79 10 45 50 38 46 46 32 16 3 21 32 28 36 32 13 13 47 47 45 36 79 10 45 36 79 10 45 50 38 46 46 32 16 3 21 32 29 36 32 13 13 46 46 45 36 79 10 45 36 79 10 45 50 38 46 46 32 16 3 21 32 29 36 32 13 13 46 46 45 36 77 45 36 77 45 50 38 46 46 32 16 3 21 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 14 15 15 32 29 36 32 13 13 47 46 45 36 77 45 36 77 45 50 38 46 46 32 16 3 21 33 29 36 32 13 13 47 46 45 36 77 45 36 77 45 50 38 46 47 33 16 21 33 29 36 33 13 13 47 47 45 36 78 45 36 78 45 50 39 46 47 33 16 21 33 29 37 33 13 13 46 46 44 36 76 44 36 76 45 50 39 46 47 33 16 21 33 29 37 33 13 13 46 46 45 36 75 45 36 75 45 50 39 46 47 33 16 21 33 29 37 33 13 13 46 46 45 36 75 45 36 75 45 50 39 46 47 33 16 21 33 29 37 33 13 13 47 47 45 36 76 45 36 76 46 50 39 46 47 33 16 22 33 30 37 33 13 13 47 47 45 37 76 45 37 76 46 50 39 46 47 33 16 22 33 30 37 33 13 13 47 47 45 37 76 45 37 76 46 50 39 46 47 33 16 22 34 30 37 34 13 13 47 47 45 37 75 45 37 75 46 51 39 46 47 34 16 22 34 30 37 34 13 13 47 47 45 37 77 45 37 77 46 51 40 46 47 34 16 22 34 30 37 34 12 12 46 46 45 37 76 45 37 76 46 50 40 46 47 34 16 22 34 30 38 34 12 12 47 47 45 37 75 45 37 75 46 51 40 47 47 34 16 22 34 30 38 34 12 12 47 47 45 37 75 45 37 75 46 51 40 47 47 34 16 22 34 30 38 34 12 12 47 47 45 37 75 45 37 75 46 50 40 47 47 34 16 22 34 31 38 34 12 12 47 47 45 37 75 45 37 75 46 51 40 47 47 34 16 22 34 31 38 34 12 12 47 47 45 37 74 45 37 74 46 51 40 47 47 34 16 22 Lu 31 38 34 12 12 47 46 46 37 76 46 37 76 46 51 40 47 47 34 16 22 34 31 38 34 12 12 46 46 45 37 75 45 37 75 46 50 40 47 47 34 16 22 35 31 38 35 12 12 47 47 46 38 75 46 38 75 47 51 40 47 48 35 16 22 35 31 38 35 12 12 47 46 46 38 75 46 38 75 47 51 40 47 48 35 16 22 35 31 38 35 12 12 35 31 39 35 12 12 35 31 39 35 12 12 an 34 va 46 46 45 38 74 45 38 74 47 50 40 47 48 35 16 22 46 46 45 38 74 45 38 74 47 50 41 47 48 35 16 22 46 46 45 38 74 45 38 74 47 50 41 47 48 35 16 22 n 39 35 12 12 46 35 32 39 35 12 12 46 35 32 39 35 12 12 47 35 32 39 35 12 12 46 46 45 38 73 45 38 73 47 51 41 47 48 35 16 22 ac 31 th 35 46 45 38 73 45 38 73 47 51 41 47 48 35 16 22 46 45 38 73 45 38 73 47 51 41 47 48 35 16 22 46 45 38 72 45 38 72 47 51 41 47 48 35 16 22 12 12 46 46 45 38 72 45 38 72 47 50 41 47 48 35 16 22 36 32 39 35 12 12 46 46 45 38 71 45 38 71 47 50 41 47 48 35 16 22 36 32 39 36 12 12 46 46 45 38 71 45 38 71 47 51 41 47 48 36 16 22 36 32 39 36 12 12 46 46 45 38 70 45 38 70 47 50 41 47 48 36 16 22 36 32 39 36 12 12 46 46 45 38 70 45 38 70 47 50 41 48 48 36 16 22 36 32 39 36 12 12 46 46 45 38 70 45 38 70 47 50 42 48 48 36 16 22 36 32 40 36 12 12 46 46 45 36 32 40 36 11 11 46 46 45 38 36 33 40 36 11 11 46 46 45 38 36 33 40 36 11 11 46 46 45 38 38 69 45 38 69 47 50 42 48 48 36 16 22 69 45 38 69 47 50 42 48 48 36 16 22 69 45 38 69 47 50 42 48 48 36 16 22 70 7 47 50 42 48 48 36 16 22 40 36 11 11 46 46 45 38 70 36 33 40 36 11 11 46 46 45 39 70 36 33 40 36 11 11 46 46 45 39 70 37 33 40 36 11 11 46 46 45 39 70 37 33 40 36 11 11 46 46 45 39 70 37 33 40 37 11 11 46 46 45 39 37 33 40 37 11 11 46 46 45 39 38 70 45 38 70 47 50 42 48 48 36 16 22 45 39 70 47 50 42 48 48 36 16 22 45 39 70 48 50 42 48 48 36 16 22 45 39 70 47 50 42 48 48 37 16 22 45 39 70 69 45 39 69 70 45 39 70 48 50 42 48 48 37 16 22 48 50 42 48 49 37 16 23 50 42 48 49 37 16 23 ll 33 45 u nf 36 va an lu 35 d oa nl 39 w 32 si 35 48 40 37 11 11 46 46 45 39 70 45 39 70 48 37 33 40 37 11 11 46 46 45 39 70 45 39 70 48 37 33 41 37 11 11 46 46 45 39 69 45 39 69 48 50 42 48 49 37 16 23 51 42 48 49 37 16 23 42 48 49 37 16 23 n oi 33 m 37 50 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 130 z z 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 18 19 11 47 46 45 39 70 45 39 70 48 50 42 48 49 37 16 23 11 47 47 45 39 69 45 39 69 48 50 43 48 49 37 16 23 37 34 41 37 11 11 47 46 45 39 69 45 39 69 48 50 43 48 49 37 16 23 37 34 41 37 11 11 47 46 45 39 69 45 39 69 48 50 43 48 49 37 15 23 37 34 41 37 11 11 47 46 46 39 69 46 39 69 48 50 43 48 49 37 15 23 37 34 41 37 11 11 47 47 46 39 70 46 39 70 48 50 43 48 49 37 15 23 37 34 41 37 11 11 47 47 46 39 70 46 39 70 48 50 43 48 49 37 15 23 38 34 41 37 11 11 47 47 46 40 70 46 40 70 48 51 43 48 49 38 15 23 38 34 41 37 11 11 47 47 46 40 70 46 40 70 48 50 43 48 49 38 15 23 38 34 41 38 11 11 47 47 46 40 69 46 40 69 48 51 43 48 49 38 15 23 38 34 41 38 11 11 47 47 46 40 70 46 40 70 48 51 43 48 49 38 15 23 38 34 41 38 11 11 47 47 46 40 70 46 40 70 48 50 43 48 49 38 15 23 38 34 41 38 11 11 47 47 46 40 70 46 40 70 48 51 43 48 49 38 15 23 38 34 41 38 11 11 47 47 46 40 69 46 40 69 48 50 43 48 49 38 15 23 38 34 42 38 11 11 47 47 46 40 70 46 40 70 48 50 43 48 49 38 15 23 38 35 42 38 11 11 47 47 46 40 70 46 40 70 49 51 43 49 49 38 15 23 38 35 42 38 11 11 47 47 46 40 70 46 40 70 49 51 43 49 49 38 15 23 38 35 42 38 10 10 47 47 46 40 69 46 40 69 48 50 43 49 49 38 15 23 38 35 42 38 10 10 47 47 46 40 69 46 40 69 48 50 43 49 49 38 15 23 38 35 42 38 10 10 47 47 46 40 68 46 40 68 48 50 44 49 49 38 15 23 38 35 42 38 10 10 47 47 46 40 68 46 40 68 48 50 44 49 49 38 15 23 38 35 42 38 10 10 47 47 46 40 70 46 40 70 49 50 44 49 49 38 15 23 38 35 42 38 10 10 46 46 46 40 70 46 40 70 48 50 44 49 49 38 15 23 39 35 42 38 10 10 46 46 46 40 70 46 40 70 49 50 44 49 49 39 15 23 39 35 42 39 10 10 46 46 46 40 70 46 40 70 49 50 44 49 49 39 15 23 39 35 42 39 10 10 47 46 46 40 69 46 40 69 49 50 44 49 49 39 15 23 39 35 42 39 10 10 47 47 46 41 68 46 41 68 49 50 44 49 49 39 15 23 39 35 42 39 10 10 39 35 42 39 10 10 39 35 42 39 10 10 47 46 46 41 68 46 41 68 49 50 44 49 49 39 15 23 47 46 46 41 67 46 41 67 49 50 44 49 49 39 15 23 47 47 46 41 67 46 41 67 49 50 44 49 49 39 15 23 39 35 42 39 10 10 47 39 36 42 39 10 10 46 39 36 43 39 10 10 47 39 36 43 39 10 10 47 47 46 41 67 46 41 67 49 50 44 49 49 39 15 23 46 46 41 66 46 41 66 49 50 44 49 49 39 15 23 46 46 41 66 46 41 66 49 50 44 49 49 39 15 23 46 46 41 66 46 41 66 49 50 44 49 50 39 15 23 39 36 43 39 10 10 46 46 46 41 66 46 41 66 49 50 44 49 50 39 15 23 39 36 43 39 10 10 47 47 46 41 66 46 41 66 49 50 44 49 50 39 15 23 39 36 43 39 10 10 47 47 46 41 66 46 41 66 49 50 44 49 50 39 15 23 39 36 43 39 10 10 47 47 46 41 67 46 41 67 49 50 44 49 50 39 15 23 39 36 43 39 10 10 46 46 46 41 66 46 41 66 49 50 44 49 50 39 15 23 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 d oa nl 16 16 17 17 11 w 16 16 16 11 37 si 16 16 16 37 ac 16 16 16 16 41 th 16 16 16 16 41 34 n 15 15 16 33 37 va 15 15 16 37 an 15 15 15 15 15 15 Lu 15 15 15 15 15 15 va an lu ll u nf n oi m t 131 z z Appendix L.3: Values from the different estimators generated using EstimateS for both forest types S(est) S(est) 95% CI Lower Bound S(est) 95% CI Upper Bound S(est) SD S Mean (runs) Singletons Mean Singletons SD (runs) Doubletons Mean Doubletons SD (runs) Uniques Mean Uniques SD (runs) Duplicates Mean Duplicates SD (runs) ACE Mean ACE SD (runs) ICE Mean ICE SD (runs) Chao Mean Chao 95% CI Lower Bound Chao 95% CI Upper Bound Chao SD (analytical) Chao Mean Chao 95% CI Lower Bound Chao 95% CI Upper Bound Chao SD (analytical) Jack Mean Jack SD (analytical) Jack Mean Jack SD (runs) Bootstrap Mean Bootstrap SD (runs) MMRuns Mean MMMeans (1 run) Cole Rarefaction Cole SD (analytical) Alpha Mean Alpha SD (analytical) Shannon Mean Shannon SD (runs) Shannon Exponential Mean Shannon Exponential SD (runs) Simpson Inv Mean 4 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 17 26 4 17 26 4 0 0 0 2 4 0 1 10 35 35 36 1 2 5767 12456 14986 14599 309656 501639 492784 440894 1 0 0 3 0 1 3 0 1 8 5 4 1 1 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 17 21 26 2 12 17 21 26 2 10 15 18 21 42 61 78 95 11 12 12 14 10 13 17 10 15 18 21 10 13 17 11 12 1 10 12 14 16 2 3 1 1 13 23 35 44 36 37 37 37 2 2 14601 18837 11836 7024 352722 464391 249949 129616 2 0 0 1 1 6 1 1 20 25 11 20 13 18 10 46 38 10530 211648 7 21 28 12 21 15 19 11 63 38 7906 142872 8 22 30 13 22 16 21 12 89 39 5280 86598 8 25 33 14 42 61 78 95 11 12 12 14 25 17 22 12 54 39 5279 79382 25 37 16 25 18 24 13 39 10 5277 73273 10 27 39 17 27 19 25 14 40 10 3967 62503 10 30 42 18 30 20 26 15 14 13 10 40 11 29 21 10 29 45 20 29 21 28 16 85 41 12 27 18 11 2 30 46 21 30 22 29 16 77 41 12 28 19 11 33 49 22 33 23 31 17 73 41 13 30 19 12 31 47 22 31 23 31 18 69 42 13 27 15 12 1 10 1 1 30 11 30 11 25 11 11 1 1 33 14 33 14 28 12 11 11 11 1 1 36 18 36 18 30 13 12 12 12 10 1 1 36 21 36 21 33 14 13 13 10 13 10 2 2 41 25 41 25 37 16 14 14 11 13 11 2 2 44 31 44 31 39 17 15 15 11 14 11 2 16 16 12 15 12 2 17 17 12 15 13 10 2 10 2 18 18 13 16 13 10 2 10 19 19 13 10 17 14 10 10 va 10 Lu 10 50 35 50 35 42 18 53 39 53 39 45 20 54 42 54 42 46 21 55 44 55 44 49 22 51 36 51 36 47 22 n ac th 20 14 10 17 14 10 10 50 41 50 41 49 22 21 21 14 11 18 14 10 3 10 3 50 44 50 44 46 22 22 22 15 11 18 15 10 3 10 3 52 51 23 23 15 12 19 15 11 3 11 3 54 24 24 16 12 19 16 11 3 11 3 25 25 16 12 20 16 11 3 11 3 26 26 17 13 20 17 12 12 si 20 51 47 23 54 54 54 49 24 58 60 58 61 67 61 60 50 60 w 52 60 51 26 67 54 27 50 58 27 14 15 16 16 16 18 17 18 15 15 15 15 16 20 nl 17 13 21 17 12 3 12 3 57 39 57 39 56 28 28 28 17 13 21 18 13 3 13 3 58 36 58 36 59 28 29 29 18 14 22 18 13 3 13 3 59 37 59 37 61 29 30 30 18 14 22 19 13 3 13 3 59 39 59 39 59 30 31 31 19 14 23 19 13 3 13 3 57 37 57 37 61 29 32 32 19 15 23 19 13 3 13 3 58 39 58 39 57 29 33 33 19 15 24 20 13 4 13 4 60 42 60 42 54 29 34 20 15 24 20 13 4 13 4 62 55 62 54 54 30 35 35 20 16 24 20 13 4 13 4 63 61 63 60 55 30 36 36 20 16 25 21 13 13 57 35 57 34 56 29 28 46 22 27 47 23 28 49 24 27 51 26 30 54 27 36 58 27 30 56 28 35 59 28 36 61 29 31 59 30 37 61 29 31 57 29 14 15 18 26 54 29 16 25 21 14 4 14 4 59 38 59 37 58 29 38 38 21 17 26 21 14 4 14 4 58 38 58 37 54 29 39 39 21 17 26 22 14 4 14 4 60 37 60 37 55 31 40 40 22 17 26 22 14 14 58 37 58 37 53 32 41 41 22 18 27 22 13 13 54 30 54 30 52 29 15 30 27 55 30 32 56 29 31 18 66 42 14 25 13 12 28 24 31 18 63 42 14 23 11 12 27 25 32 19 60 42 15 22 10 13 28 26 33 19 58 43 15 22 10 13 27 26 34 20 57 43 16 23 10 13 30 27 35 21 56 43 16 22 14 36 28 36 10 21 56 44 16 23 14 30 29 37 10 22 55 44 17 22 14 35 30 39 23 55 44 17 22 15 36 31 40 23 55 44 18 23 15 31 31 41 24 54 45 18 23 15 37 32 41 24 54 45 18 22 16 31 32 41 10 25 55 45 19 22 16 26 33 42 10 25 55 45 19 22 16 25 33 42 10 26 55 45 20 22 16 27 33 42 10 26 54 46 20 22 16 34 58 29 28 54 29 24 55 31 22 53 32 19 16 14 13 43 10 26 54 46 20 21 16 26 52 29 15 32 34 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 34 34 43 10 27 54 46 21 21 17 28 35 43 10 27 54 46 21 21 17 35 44 10 27 54 46 21 21 17 44 11 28 54 47 22 21 17 3 3 28 54 47 22 21 17 3 24 22 35 26 35 n oi 21 54 m 37 25 14 15 18 24 ll 37 19 16 14 13 17 19 19 17 20 17 14 33 u nf 34 22 18 15 15 15 15 16 20 va an lu 27 49 d oa 27 17 19 19 17 20 17 14 33 14 15 16 16 16 18 17 43 11 Simpson Inv SD (runs) Individuals (computed) an Samples EstimateS (Version 9.1.0), Copyright R K Colwell: http://purl.oclc.org/estimates Diversity Output from Input File: All (30 July, 2017) 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 t 132 z z 42 42 22 18 27 22 13 13 53 25 53 25 48 29 43 43 23 18 27 23 13 13 53 28 53 28 48 29 44 44 23 18 28 23 14 14 54 27 54 27 49 30 45 45 23 19 28 23 13 13 52 24 52 24 45 29 46 46 24 19 28 23 14 14 50 21 50 21 44 29 12 12 12 10 10 47 47 24 19 29 24 13 13 49 19 49 19 43 29 95 20 48 29 20 48 29 20 49 30 17 45 29 16 44 29 12 12 12 10 10 14 43 29 95 20 35 43 11 28 54 47 22 20 17 20 36 44 12 28 54 47 23 20 18 20 36 44 13 29 53 47 23 20 18 17 36 44 12 29 53 47 23 20 18 16 37 44 11 29 53 48 24 20 18 14 37 44 11 29 53 48 24 20 18 48 48 24 19 29 24 13 13 48 16 48 16 42 29 88 13 42 29 88 13 37 44 10 30 52 48 24 19 18 49 49 25 20 29 24 13 13 46 15 46 15 40 28 83 12 40 28 83 12 37 43 10 30 52 48 24 19 18 50 50 25 20 30 24 13 13 46 14 46 14 39 28 79 11 39 28 79 11 37 43 30 52 48 25 19 18 51 51 25 20 30 25 13 13 46 14 46 14 41 29 83 12 41 29 83 12 38 44 30 52 48 25 19 19 52 52 25 20 30 25 13 13 47 14 47 14 41 29 80 11 41 29 80 11 38 45 10 31 52 48 25 20 19 53 53 26 21 31 26 14 14 48 14 48 14 42 30 82 11 42 30 82 11 39 46 10 32 52 49 26 20 19 54 54 26 21 31 26 14 14 47 13 47 13 42 30 82 11 42 30 82 11 39 46 10 32 52 49 26 20 20 55 55 26 21 31 26 14 14 47 12 47 12 42 31 83 11 42 31 83 11 40 47 32 52 49 26 21 20 56 56 26 21 31 27 14 14 48 11 48 11 43 32 84 12 43 32 84 12 41 48 33 52 49 26 21 20 57 57 27 22 32 27 14 14 49 12 49 12 44 32 87 12 44 32 87 12 41 49 33 52 49 27 21 21 58 58 27 22 32 27 14 14 48 11 48 11 43 32 83 11 43 32 83 11 41 49 34 52 49 27 21 21 59 59 27 22 32 28 14 14 48 12 48 12 44 32 84 11 44 32 84 11 41 48 34 52 49 27 21 21 60 60 27 22 32 28 14 14 48 12 48 12 44 32 84 11 44 32 84 11 42 48 34 52 50 27 21 21 61 61 28 23 33 28 14 14 48 12 48 12 44 33 83 11 44 33 83 11 42 49 34 53 50 28 21 21 62 62 28 23 33 28 14 14 47 11 47 11 44 33 82 11 44 33 82 11 42 49 35 53 50 28 21 21 63 63 28 23 33 29 14 14 49 12 49 12 45 33 85 11 45 33 85 11 43 50 35 53 50 28 21 21 64 64 28 23 33 29 14 14 49 12 49 12 45 34 85 11 45 34 85 11 43 50 35 53 50 28 21 22 65 29 23 34 29 14 14 49 12 49 12 45 34 86 11 45 34 86 11 43 50 35 53 50 28 21 22 66 66 29 24 34 29 14 Lu 14 48 12 48 12 46 34 86 12 46 34 86 12 43 50 10 35 53 50 29 20 22 67 67 29 24 34 29 14 14 48 12 48 12 46 34 86 12 46 34 86 12 43 50 36 53 50 29 20 22 68 68 29 24 34 30 14 14 47 12 47 12 46 34 86 11 46 34 86 11 44 50 36 53 50 29 20 22 69 69 29 24 35 30 14 14 70 70 30 24 35 30 14 14 71 71 30 25 35 30 14 14 an 65 va 47 12 47 12 45 34 84 11 45 34 84 11 43 50 36 53 50 29 20 22 47 12 47 12 45 34 83 11 45 34 83 11 44 51 36 53 51 30 20 22 47 10 47 10 45 34 81 10 45 34 81 10 44 51 36 53 51 30 20 22 n th 72 30 25 35 30 14 14 48 10 48 10 45 35 82 10 45 35 82 10 45 51 37 53 51 30 20 22 73 73 30 25 35 30 14 14 47 47 44 34 78 10 44 34 78 10 44 51 37 53 51 30 20 22 74 74 30 25 36 31 14 14 48 10 48 10 45 35 78 10 45 35 78 10 45 51 37 53 51 30 20 22 75 75 31 25 36 31 14 14 47 47 44 35 78 10 44 35 78 10 44 51 37 53 51 31 20 22 ac 72 31 14 14 47 10 47 10 45 35 80 10 45 35 80 10 45 51 37 53 51 31 20 22 77 77 31 26 36 31 14 14 47 10 47 10 45 35 81 10 45 35 81 10 45 51 37 53 51 31 19 22 78 78 31 26 36 31 14 14 47 10 47 10 46 35 81 10 46 35 81 10 45 51 37 53 51 31 19 22 79 79 31 26 37 31 14 14 48 10 47 10 46 36 82 10 46 36 82 10 45 51 38 53 51 31 19 22 80 80 32 26 37 31 14 14 47 47 46 36 82 10 46 36 82 10 45 51 38 53 51 31 19 22 81 81 32 26 37 32 14 14 47 10 47 10 47 36 84 11 47 36 84 11 46 52 38 53 52 32 19 3 23 82 82 32 27 37 32 14 14 48 48 47 36 83 83 32 27 37 32 14 14 48 48 48 37 84 84 32 27 38 32 14 14 48 48 48 37 85 85 32 27 38 33 14 14 48 48 47 37 84 11 47 36 84 11 46 52 38 53 52 32 19 3 23 85 11 48 37 85 11 47 53 39 53 52 32 20 3 23 84 11 48 37 84 11 46 53 39 53 52 32 20 3 23 82 10 10 46 53 39 53 52 32 20 3 23 va an lu 36 d oa 25 nl 31 w 76 si 76 47 37 82 86 33 27 38 33 14 14 48 48 47 37 83 10 47 37 83 10 47 53 39 53 52 33 19 3 23 87 87 33 27 38 33 14 14 48 48 48 37 85 11 48 37 85 11 47 53 39 53 52 33 19 3 23 88 88 33 28 38 33 14 14 48 48 48 37 86 11 48 37 86 11 47 53 39 54 52 33 19 3 23 89 89 33 28 39 33 14 14 48 48 48 37 86 11 48 37 86 11 47 53 39 54 52 33 19 3 23 90 90 33 28 39 33 14 14 48 48 48 38 86 11 48 38 86 11 47 53 40 54 52 33 19 3 23 91 91 33 28 39 33 14 14 48 48 48 38 87 11 48 38 87 11 47 53 40 54 52 33 19 3 23 92 92 34 28 39 34 14 14 49 48 48 38 83 10 48 38 83 10 53 40 54 52 34 19 3 23 ll u nf 86 47 34 28 39 34 14 14 49 48 48 38 82 10 48 38 82 10 48 94 94 34 28 39 34 14 14 49 49 49 38 85 10 49 38 85 10 48 95 95 34 29 40 34 14 14 49 49 49 39 85 10 49 39 85 10 48 53 40 54 52 34 19 3 23 3 54 40 54 53 34 19 3 23 41 54 53 34 19 3 24 n oi 93 m 93 54 10 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 t 133 z z 96 96 34 29 40 34 14 14 50 10 50 10 49 39 86 10 49 39 86 10 49 55 10 41 54 53 34 19 3 24 97 97 34 29 40 34 14 14 50 50 49 39 85 10 49 39 85 10 49 55 10 41 54 53 34 19 3 24 98 98 35 29 40 35 14 14 50 50 50 39 86 10 50 39 86 10 49 55 10 41 54 53 34 19 3 24 99 99 35 29 40 35 14 14 50 50 49 39 85 10 49 39 85 10 49 55 10 41 54 53 35 19 3 24 100 100 35 29 40 35 14 14 50 10 50 10 49 39 84 10 49 39 84 10 49 55 10 42 54 53 35 19 3 24 101 101 35 29 40 35 14 14 50 10 50 10 49 39 84 10 49 39 84 10 49 55 10 42 54 53 35 19 3 24 102 102 35 30 41 35 14 14 51 10 51 10 49 39 82 10 49 39 82 10 49 55 11 42 54 53 35 19 3 24 103 103 35 30 41 36 14 14 51 11 51 11 49 40 81 49 40 81 50 56 11 42 54 53 35 19 3 24 104 104 35 30 41 36 14 14 51 10 51 10 50 40 82 50 40 82 50 56 10 42 54 53 35 19 3 24 105 105 36 30 41 36 14 14 51 11 51 11 50 40 82 50 40 82 50 56 10 43 54 53 35 19 3 24 106 106 36 30 41 36 14 14 52 11 52 11 49 40 81 49 40 81 50 56 10 43 54 53 36 19 3 24 107 107 36 30 41 36 14 14 51 11 51 11 49 40 80 49 40 80 50 56 11 43 54 53 36 19 3 24 108 108 36 30 41 36 14 14 52 11 52 11 50 40 81 50 40 81 50 56 11 43 54 53 36 19 3 24 109 109 36 31 42 36 14 14 51 11 51 11 49 40 81 49 40 81 50 56 11 43 54 53 36 19 3 24 110 110 36 31 42 36 14 14 52 11 52 11 50 41 81 50 41 81 51 57 10 43 54 54 36 19 3 24 111 111 36 31 42 37 14 14 52 10 52 10 50 41 81 50 41 81 51 57 10 43 54 54 36 19 3 24 112 112 36 31 42 37 14 14 52 10 52 10 50 41 81 50 41 81 51 57 10 43 54 54 36 19 3 24 113 113 37 31 42 37 14 14 52 10 52 10 50 41 83 50 41 83 51 57 43 54 54 37 19 3 24 114 114 37 31 42 37 15 15 52 10 52 10 51 41 85 10 51 41 85 10 51 58 44 54 54 37 19 3 24 115 115 37 31 42 37 14 14 52 10 52 10 51 41 84 51 41 84 51 57 44 55 54 37 19 3 25 116 116 37 31 43 37 14 14 52 10 52 10 51 41 83 51 41 83 51 57 44 55 54 37 19 3 25 117 117 37 32 43 37 14 14 52 10 52 10 51 41 84 51 41 84 52 57 44 55 54 37 19 3 25 118 118 37 32 43 37 14 14 52 10 52 10 50 41 82 50 41 82 51 57 44 55 54 37 19 3 25 119 37 32 43 38 14 14 53 53 51 42 83 51 42 83 52 57 44 55 54 37 19 3 25 120 120 37 32 43 38 14 Lu 14 53 53 51 42 83 51 42 83 52 58 45 55 54 37 19 3 25 121 121 38 32 43 38 14 14 53 53 51 42 82 51 42 82 52 57 45 55 54 38 19 3 25 122 122 38 32 43 38 14 14 53 52 51 42 81 51 42 81 52 57 45 55 54 38 19 3 25 123 123 38 32 43 38 14 14 124 124 38 32 44 38 14 14 125 125 38 32 44 38 14 14 an 119 va 52 52 50 42 79 50 42 79 52 57 45 55 54 38 19 3 25 52 52 50 42 80 50 42 80 52 57 45 55 54 38 19 3 25 52 52 51 42 81 51 42 81 52 58 45 55 54 38 19 3 25 n th 126 38 33 44 38 14 14 52 52 51 42 80 51 42 80 52 57 45 55 54 38 19 3 25 127 127 38 33 44 39 14 14 52 52 51 42 81 51 42 81 52 58 45 55 54 38 19 3 25 128 128 38 33 44 39 14 14 52 52 51 42 80 51 42 80 52 57 45 55 54 38 19 3 25 129 129 39 33 44 39 14 14 52 52 51 42 80 51 42 80 52 57 45 55 54 38 19 3 25 ac 126 39 14 14 52 52 50 42 78 50 42 78 52 57 45 55 55 39 19 3 25 131 131 39 33 44 39 14 14 52 52 50 42 78 50 42 78 52 57 45 55 55 39 19 3 25 132 132 39 33 44 39 14 14 52 52 51 42 80 51 42 80 52 57 45 55 55 39 19 3 25 133 133 39 33 45 39 14 14 52 52 51 42 79 51 42 79 52 57 45 55 55 39 19 3 25 134 134 39 33 45 39 14 14 52 52 51 42 79 51 42 79 53 57 46 55 55 39 19 3 25 135 135 39 34 45 39 14 14 52 52 51 43 80 51 43 80 53 58 46 55 55 39 19 3 25 136 136 39 34 45 39 14 14 52 52 51 43 137 137 39 34 45 39 14 14 52 52 51 43 138 138 39 34 45 40 14 14 52 52 51 43 139 139 40 34 45 40 14 14 52 52 51 43 81 51 43 81 53 58 46 55 55 39 19 3 25 80 51 43 80 53 58 46 55 55 39 19 3 26 79 51 43 79 53 58 46 55 55 39 19 3 26 79 8 53 58 46 55 55 40 19 3 26 va an lu 44 d oa 33 nl 39 w 130 si 130 51 43 79 140 40 34 45 40 14 14 52 52 51 43 80 51 43 80 53 58 46 55 55 40 19 3 26 141 141 40 34 45 40 13 13 52 52 51 43 79 51 43 79 53 58 46 55 55 40 19 26 142 142 40 34 46 40 14 14 52 52 51 43 79 51 43 79 53 58 47 55 55 40 19 26 143 143 40 34 46 40 14 14 52 52 52 44 81 52 44 81 54 58 47 55 55 40 19 26 144 144 40 34 46 40 14 14 52 52 52 44 80 52 44 80 54 58 47 55 55 40 19 26 145 145 40 35 46 40 14 14 52 52 52 44 81 52 44 81 54 59 47 56 55 40 19 26 146 146 40 35 46 40 14 14 52 52 52 44 81 52 44 81 59 47 56 55 40 19 26 ll u nf 140 54 40 35 46 40 14 14 52 52 52 44 82 52 44 82 54 148 148 40 35 46 41 14 14 53 53 53 44 83 53 44 83 54 149 149 41 35 46 41 14 14 53 53 53 44 83 53 44 83 54 59 47 56 55 40 18 26 59 47 56 55 40 18 26 47 56 55 41 19 26 n oi 147 m 147 59 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 t 134 z z 150 150 41 35 46 41 14 14 53 53 53 44 82 53 44 82 54 60 47 56 55 41 19 26 151 151 41 35 46 41 14 14 53 53 53 44 83 53 44 83 55 60 47 56 55 41 19 26 152 152 41 35 46 41 14 14 53 53 53 45 83 53 45 83 55 60 47 56 55 41 18 26 153 153 41 35 47 41 14 14 53 53 53 44 83 53 44 83 54 59 47 56 55 41 18 26 154 154 41 35 47 41 13 13 53 53 53 44 83 53 44 83 54 59 47 56 56 41 18 26 155 155 41 36 47 41 13 13 53 53 54 45 85 54 45 85 54 59 47 56 56 41 18 26 156 156 41 36 47 41 13 13 53 53 54 45 85 54 45 85 54 59 47 56 56 41 18 26 157 157 41 36 47 41 13 13 53 53 54 45 85 54 45 85 54 59 47 56 56 41 18 26 158 158 41 36 47 41 13 13 53 53 54 45 85 54 45 85 54 59 48 56 56 41 18 26 159 159 42 36 47 41 13 13 53 53 54 45 85 54 45 85 55 59 48 56 56 41 18 26 160 160 42 36 47 41 13 13 53 53 54 45 85 54 45 85 55 59 48 56 56 42 18 26 161 161 42 36 47 42 13 13 53 53 54 45 84 54 45 84 55 59 48 56 56 42 18 26 162 162 42 36 47 42 13 13 53 53 53 45 82 53 45 82 55 59 48 56 56 42 18 26 163 163 42 36 47 42 13 13 54 54 54 45 84 54 45 84 55 60 48 56 56 42 18 26 164 164 42 36 48 42 14 14 54 54 55 46 85 55 46 85 56 61 49 56 56 42 18 26 165 165 42 36 48 42 14 14 54 54 55 46 85 55 46 85 56 61 49 56 56 42 18 26 166 166 42 36 48 42 14 14 54 54 55 46 85 55 46 85 56 61 49 56 56 42 18 26 167 167 42 37 48 42 14 14 54 54 55 46 85 55 46 85 56 61 49 56 56 42 18 26 168 168 42 37 48 42 14 14 54 54 55 46 85 55 46 85 56 61 49 56 56 42 18 26 169 169 42 37 48 43 14 14 55 55 55 46 86 55 46 86 56 61 49 56 56 42 18 26 170 170 42 37 48 43 14 14 55 55 55 46 86 55 46 86 56 61 49 56 56 42 18 26 171 171 43 37 48 43 14 14 55 55 55 46 86 55 46 86 56 61 49 56 56 42 18 26 172 172 43 37 48 43 14 14 55 55 56 46 88 56 46 88 56 61 49 56 56 43 18 26 173 43 37 48 43 14 14 54 54 56 46 88 56 46 88 56 61 49 56 56 43 18 26 174 174 43 37 48 43 14 Lu 14 54 54 55 46 87 55 46 87 56 61 49 56 56 43 18 27 175 175 43 37 48 43 14 14 55 55 56 47 87 56 47 87 57 61 50 56 56 43 18 27 176 176 43 37 49 43 14 14 55 55 57 47 94 10 57 47 94 10 57 62 50 56 56 43 18 27 177 177 43 37 49 43 14 14 178 178 43 37 49 43 14 14 179 179 43 38 49 44 14 14 an 173 va 55 55 58 47 95 11 58 47 95 11 57 62 50 56 56 43 18 27 55 55 58 47 96 11 58 47 96 11 57 62 50 56 56 43 18 27 55 55 58 48 96 11 58 48 96 11 57 62 50 56 56 43 18 27 n 55 61 48 55 55 61 48 56 62 48 55 62 48 15 180 180 43 38 49 44 14 14 181 181 43 38 49 44 14 14 182 182 43 38 49 44 14 14 56 183 183 43 38 49 44 14 14 55 ac th 55 11 11 12 12 si 14 61 48 15 61 48 15 62 48 15 62 48 11 11 12 12 62 48 12 15 58 63 51 57 57 43 18 27 14 57 63 50 56 56 43 18 27 15 57 62 50 56 56 43 18 27 15 58 63 51 57 56 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56 59 49 94 10 59 49 94 10 58 63 51 57 57 44 18 27 197 197 44 39 50 45 13 13 56 56 59 49 94 10 59 49 94 10 58 63 51 57 57 44 18 27 198 198 45 39 50 45 13 13 56 56 58 49 92 10 58 49 92 10 58 63 51 57 57 44 18 27 199 199 45 39 50 45 13 13 56 56 58 49 92 10 58 49 92 10 58 63 52 57 57 45 18 27 200 200 45 39 50 45 13 13 56 56 58 49 92 10 58 49 92 10 63 52 57 57 45 18 27 ll u nf 194 58 45 39 50 45 13 13 56 56 58 49 93 10 58 49 93 10 58 202 202 45 39 50 45 13 13 56 56 59 49 93 10 59 49 93 10 59 203 203 45 39 50 45 13 13 56 56 59 49 94 10 59 49 94 10 59 64 52 57 57 45 18 27 64 52 57 57 45 18 27 52 57 57 45 18 27 n oi 201 m 201 64 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 t 135 z z 204 204 45 39 51 45 14 14 56 56 59 49 95 10 59 49 95 10 59 64 52 57 57 45 18 27 205 205 45 39 51 45 13 13 56 56 59 49 94 10 59 49 94 10 59 64 52 57 57 45 18 27 206 206 45 39 51 45 13 13 56 56 59 49 93 10 59 49 93 10 59 64 52 57 57 45 18 27 207 207 45 39 51 45 13 13 56 56 58 49 90 58 49 90 59 64 52 57 57 45 18 27 208 208 45 40 51 45 13 13 56 56 58 49 90 58 49 90 59 64 52 57 57 45 18 27 209 209 45 40 51 45 13 13 56 56 58 49 89 58 49 89 59 64 52 57 57 45 18 28 210 210 45 40 51 46 13 13 56 56 58 49 89 58 49 89 59 64 52 57 57 45 18 27 211 211 45 40 51 46 13 13 56 56 58 49 91 58 49 91 59 64 52 57 57 45 18 28 212 212 45 40 51 46 13 13 56 56 58 49 92 58 49 92 59 64 52 57 57 45 18 28 213 213 45 40 51 46 13 13 56 56 59 49 92 59 49 92 59 64 52 57 57 45 18 27 214 214 46 40 51 46 13 13 56 56 59 49 92 59 49 92 59 64 52 57 57 46 18 28 215 215 46 40 51 46 13 13 56 56 58 49 91 58 49 91 59 64 52 57 57 46 18 28 216 216 46 40 51 46 13 13 56 56 58 49 90 58 49 90 59 64 52 58 57 46 18 28 217 217 46 40 51 46 13 13 56 56 59 49 91 59 49 91 59 64 52 58 57 46 18 28 218 218 46 40 51 46 13 13 56 56 59 49 92 59 49 92 59 64 52 58 57 46 18 27 219 219 46 40 51 46 13 13 56 56 59 50 92 59 50 92 59 64 52 58 57 46 18 27 220 220 46 40 52 46 13 13 56 56 59 50 91 59 50 91 59 64 52 58 57 46 18 27 221 221 46 40 52 46 13 13 56 56 58 49 91 58 49 91 59 64 52 58 57 46 18 27 222 222 46 40 52 46 13 13 56 56 58 49 91 58 49 91 59 64 52 58 57 46 18 27 223 223 46 40 52 46 13 13 56 56 59 50 92 59 50 92 59 64 52 58 58 46 18 27 224 224 46 41 52 46 13 13 56 56 59 50 92 59 50 92 59 64 52 58 58 46 18 28 225 225 46 41 52 46 13 13 56 56 59 50 91 59 50 91 59 64 52 58 58 46 18 28 226 226 46 41 52 46 13 13 56 56 59 50 92 59 50 92 59 64 52 58 58 46 18 28 227 46 41 52 46 13 13 56 56 59 50 93 59 50 93 59 64 53 58 58 46 18 28 228 228 46 41 52 46 13 Lu 3 13 56 56 60 50 94 10 60 50 94 10 59 64 53 58 58 46 18 28 229 229 46 41 52 46 13 13 56 56 60 50 95 10 60 50 95 10 59 64 53 58 58 46 18 28 230 230 46 41 52 46 13 13 56 56 60 50 94 10 60 50 94 10 59 64 53 58 58 46 18 28 231 231 47 41 52 46 13 13 232 232 47 41 52 47 13 13 233 233 47 41 52 47 13 13 an 227 va 56 56 60 50 95 10 60 50 95 10 59 64 53 58 58 47 18 28 56 56 60 50 95 10 60 50 95 10 59 65 53 58 58 47 18 28 57 57 61 51 97 10 61 51 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58 58 47 17 28 94 10 60 51 94 10 60 65 53 58 58 47 17 28 95 10 61 51 95 10 60 65 53 58 58 47 17 28 96 10 10 60 66 54 58 58 47 18 28 va an lu 53 d oa 41 nl 47 w 238 si 238 61 51 96 248 47 42 53 48 13 13 57 57 61 51 96 10 61 51 96 10 60 66 54 58 58 47 18 28 249 249 48 42 53 48 13 13 58 58 62 52 98 10 62 52 98 10 61 66 54 58 58 48 18 28 250 250 48 42 53 48 13 13 58 58 62 52 98 10 62 52 98 10 61 66 54 58 58 48 18 28 251 251 48 42 53 48 13 13 57 57 61 51 96 10 61 51 96 10 61 66 54 58 58 48 18 28 252 252 48 42 53 48 13 13 57 57 61 52 96 10 61 52 96 10 61 66 54 58 58 48 17 28 253 253 48 42 53 48 13 13 57 57 61 52 97 10 61 52 97 10 61 66 54 58 58 48 17 28 254 254 48 42 53 48 13 13 57 57 61 51 96 10 61 51 96 10 66 54 58 58 48 17 28 ll u nf 248 60 48 42 53 48 13 13 57 57 61 51 96 10 61 51 96 10 60 256 256 48 42 53 48 13 13 58 58 61 52 95 10 61 52 95 10 61 257 257 48 42 53 48 13 13 58 58 61 52 94 61 52 94 61 66 54 58 58 48 17 28 66 54 58 58 48 17 28 54 58 58 48 17 28 n oi 255 m 255 66 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 t 136 z z 258 258 48 42 54 48 13 13 58 58 61 52 95 10 61 52 95 10 61 66 54 58 58 48 17 28 259 259 48 42 54 48 13 13 58 58 61 52 95 10 61 52 95 10 61 66 54 58 58 48 17 28 260 260 48 43 54 48 13 13 58 58 62 52 96 10 62 52 96 10 61 66 54 58 58 48 17 28 261 261 48 43 54 48 13 13 58 58 61 52 96 10 61 52 96 10 61 66 54 58 58 48 17 28 262 262 48 43 54 48 13 13 58 58 61 52 94 61 52 94 61 66 54 58 58 48 17 28 263 263 48 43 54 48 13 13 58 58 61 52 95 10 61 52 95 10 61 66 54 58 58 48 17 28 264 264 48 43 54 48 13 13 58 58 62 52 97 10 62 52 97 10 61 67 54 58 58 48 17 28 265 265 48 43 54 48 13 13 58 58 62 52 98 10 62 52 98 10 61 67 55 58 58 48 17 28 266 266 48 43 54 48 13 13 58 58 62 52 98 10 62 52 98 10 61 67 55 58 58 48 17 28 267 267 48 43 54 48 13 13 58 58 62 52 98 10 62 52 98 10 61 67 55 58 58 48 17 28 268 268 48 43 54 48 13 13 58 58 62 52 97 10 62 52 97 10 61 67 55 58 58 48 17 28 269 269 49 43 54 49 13 13 58 58 62 52 97 10 62 52 97 10 61 67 55 58 58 48 17 28 270 270 49 43 54 49 13 13 58 58 61 52 93 61 52 93 61 66 55 58 59 49 17 28 271 271 49 43 54 49 13 13 58 58 61 52 94 61 52 94 61 66 55 58 59 49 17 28 272 272 49 43 54 49 13 13 58 58 61 52 95 61 52 95 61 66 55 58 59 49 17 28 273 273 49 43 54 49 13 13 58 58 62 52 96 62 52 96 61 66 55 59 59 49 17 28 274 274 49 43 54 49 13 13 58 58 62 52 97 10 62 52 97 10 61 67 55 59 59 49 17 28 275 275 49 43 54 49 13 13 58 58 62 53 96 10 62 53 96 10 62 67 55 59 59 49 17 28 276 276 49 43 54 49 13 13 58 58 62 53 97 10 62 53 97 10 62 67 55 59 59 49 17 28 277 277 49 43 54 49 13 13 59 58 62 53 97 10 62 53 97 10 62 67 55 59 59 49 17 28 278 278 49 43 54 49 13 13 59 59 63 53 279 279 49 43 55 49 13 13 59 59 63 53 10 10 280 280 49 43 55 49 13 13 58 58 63 53 99 10 63 53 10 63 53 10 10 10 63 53 99 10 62 67 55 59 59 49 17 28 10 62 67 55 59 59 49 17 28 10 62 67 55 59 59 49 17 28 281 49 43 55 49 13 13 58 58 63 53 99 10 63 53 99 10 62 67 55 59 59 49 17 28 282 282 49 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56 59 59 50 17 29 307 307 50 45 56 50 13 13 59 59 63 54 98 10 63 54 98 10 63 68 56 59 59 50 17 29 308 308 50 45 56 50 13 13 59 59 64 54 99 10 64 54 99 10 68 56 59 59 50 17 29 45 56 50 13 13 59 59 64 54 310 310 50 45 56 50 13 13 59 59 64 54 311 311 50 45 56 51 13 13 59 59 64 54 99 10 10 10 64 54 10 64 54 10 64 54 99 10 10 10 63 10 63 10 63 68 56 59 59 50 17 29 68 56 59 59 50 17 29 56 59 59 50 17 29 n oi 50 63 m 309 ll 309 u nf 302 68 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 137 z z 312 312 50 45 56 51 13 13 59 59 64 54 313 313 50 45 56 51 13 13 59 59 64 54 10 10 10 64 54 10 64 54 10 10 314 314 50 45 56 51 13 13 59 59 64 54 99 10 64 54 315 315 50 45 56 51 12 12 59 59 64 54 99 10 64 316 316 51 45 56 51 13 13 59 59 64 54 99 10 317 317 51 45 56 51 13 13 59 59 64 54 99 10 10 63 69 56 59 59 50 17 29 10 63 69 56 59 59 50 17 29 99 10 63 69 57 59 59 50 17 29 54 99 10 63 68 57 59 59 50 17 29 64 54 99 10 63 69 57 59 59 51 17 29 64 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51 12 Lu 2 12 60 60 64 55 337 337 51 46 57 51 12 12 60 60 65 55 338 338 51 46 57 51 12 12 60 60 64 55 339 339 51 46 57 51 12 12 340 340 51 46 57 51 12 12 341 341 51 46 57 51 12 12 an 335 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 65 55 10 65 55 10 65 55 10 65 55 11 65 55 11 65 55 11 65 55 10 65 55 10 65 55 10 64 55 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 63 69 57 59 59 51 17 29 10 63 69 57 59 59 51 17 29 10 63 69 57 59 59 51 17 29 10 64 69 57 59 60 51 17 29 11 64 69 57 59 60 51 17 29 11 64 69 57 59 60 51 17 29 11 64 69 57 59 60 51 17 29 10 63 69 57 59 60 51 17 29 10 63 69 57 60 60 51 17 29 10 63 69 57 60 60 51 17 29 va 10 64 55 10 64 55 10 65 55 10 64 55 10 64 55 10 65 55 10 64 55 10 10 10 10 64 69 57 60 60 52 17 29 60 60 64 55 60 60 65 55 60 60 64 55 10 10 10 10 64 55 10 n 7 11 10 63 69 57 60 60 51 17 29 10 63 69 57 60 60 51 17 29 10 64 69 57 60 60 51 17 29 10 64 69 57 60 60 51 17 29 10 64 69 57 60 60 51 17 29 10 64 69 57 60 60 51 17 29 10 64 69 57 60 60 51 17 29 60 64 55 60 60 64 55 98 64 55 98 64 69 57 60 60 52 17 29 60 63 55 96 63 55 96 64 69 57 60 60 52 17 29 60 64 55 97 64 55 97 64 69 57 60 60 52 17 29 342 342 52 46 57 51 12 12 343 343 52 46 57 52 12 12 344 344 52 46 57 52 12 12 60 345 345 52 46 57 52 12 12 60 ac th 60 10 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 97 64 55 97 64 69 57 60 60 52 17 29 347 347 52 46 57 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 97 64 55 97 64 69 57 60 60 52 17 29 348 348 52 46 57 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 97 64 55 97 64 69 57 60 60 52 17 29 349 349 52 46 57 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 97 64 55 97 64 69 58 60 60 52 17 29 350 350 52 46 57 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 96 64 55 96 64 69 58 60 60 52 17 29 351 351 52 46 57 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 98 64 55 98 64 69 58 60 60 52 17 29 352 352 52 46 57 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 353 353 52 46 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 354 354 52 46 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 355 355 52 46 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 98 64 55 98 64 69 58 60 60 52 17 29 99 64 55 99 64 69 58 60 60 52 17 29 99 10 64 55 99 10 64 69 58 60 60 52 17 29 99 10 10 64 69 58 60 60 52 17 29 va an lu 57 d oa 46 nl 52 w 346 si 346 64 55 99 356 52 46 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 97 64 55 97 64 69 58 60 60 52 17 29 357 357 52 46 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 97 64 55 97 64 69 58 60 60 52 17 29 358 358 52 46 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 97 64 55 97 64 69 58 60 60 52 17 29 359 359 52 46 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 98 64 55 98 64 69 58 60 60 52 17 29 360 360 52 47 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 98 64 55 98 64 69 58 60 60 52 17 29 361 361 52 47 58 52 12 12 60 60 65 55 99 65 55 99 64 70 58 60 60 52 17 29 362 362 52 47 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 98 64 55 98 69 58 60 60 52 17 29 ll u nf 356 64 52 47 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 98 64 55 98 64 364 364 52 47 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 97 64 55 97 64 365 365 52 47 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 97 64 55 97 64 69 58 60 60 52 17 29 69 58 60 60 52 17 29 58 60 60 52 17 29 n oi 363 m 363 69 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 t 138 z z 366 366 52 47 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 97 64 55 97 64 69 58 60 60 52 17 29 367 367 52 47 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 97 64 55 97 64 69 58 60 60 52 17 29 368 368 52 47 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 97 64 55 97 64 69 58 60 60 52 17 29 369 369 52 47 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 96 64 55 96 64 69 58 60 60 52 17 29 370 370 52 47 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 95 64 55 95 64 69 58 60 60 52 17 29 371 371 53 47 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 95 64 55 95 64 69 58 60 60 53 17 29 372 372 53 47 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 96 64 55 96 64 69 58 60 60 53 17 29 373 373 53 47 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 55 96 64 55 96 64 69 58 60 60 53 17 29 374 374 53 47 58 52 12 12 60 60 64 56 97 64 56 97 64 70 58 60 60 53 17 29 375 375 53 47 58 53 12 12 60 60 64 56 97 64 56 97 65 70 58 60 60 53 17 29 376 376 53 47 58 53 12 12 61 61 64 56 97 64 56 97 65 70 58 60 60 53 17 29 377 377 53 47 58 53 12 12 60 60 64 56 97 64 56 97 65 70 58 60 60 53 17 29 378 378 53 47 58 53 12 12 61 60 64 56 97 64 56 97 65 70 58 60 60 53 17 29 379 379 53 47 58 53 12 12 60 60 63 56 93 63 56 93 65 69 58 60 60 53 17 29 380 380 53 47 58 53 12 12 60 60 64 56 94 64 56 94 65 69 58 60 60 53 17 29 381 381 53 47 58 53 12 12 60 60 63 55 92 63 55 92 65 69 58 60 60 53 17 29 382 382 53 47 59 53 12 12 60 60 63 56 92 63 56 92 65 69 58 60 60 53 17 29 383 383 53 47 59 53 12 12 60 60 63 56 92 63 56 92 65 69 58 60 60 53 17 29 384 384 53 47 59 53 12 12 60 60 63 56 92 63 56 92 65 69 58 60 60 53 17 29 385 385 53 47 59 53 12 12 60 60 63 55 91 63 55 91 65 69 58 60 60 53 17 29 386 386 53 47 59 53 12 12 60 60 63 56 91 63 56 91 65 69 58 60 60 53 17 29 387 387 53 47 59 53 12 12 60 60 63 56 91 63 56 91 65 69 58 60 60 53 17 29 388 388 53 47 59 53 12 12 60 60 63 56 91 63 56 91 65 69 58 60 60 53 17 29 389 53 47 59 53 12 12 60 60 63 56 90 63 56 90 65 69 59 60 60 53 17 29 390 390 53 47 59 53 12 Lu 1 12 60 60 63 56 91 63 56 91 65 69 59 60 60 53 17 29 391 391 53 47 59 53 12 12 61 60 63 56 91 63 56 91 65 69 59 60 60 53 17 29 392 392 53 47 59 53 12 12 61 60 63 56 91 63 56 91 65 69 59 60 60 53 17 29 393 393 53 48 59 53 12 12 394 394 53 48 59 53 12 12 395 395 53 48 59 53 12 12 an 389 va 61 61 63 56 91 63 56 91 65 70 59 60 60 53 17 29 61 61 63 56 91 63 56 91 65 70 59 60 60 53 17 29 61 61 63 56 90 63 56 90 65 69 59 60 60 53 17 29 n th 396 53 48 59 53 12 12 61 60 63 56 90 63 56 90 65 69 59 60 60 53 16 29 397 397 53 48 59 53 12 12 61 61 63 56 90 63 56 90 65 69 59 60 60 53 16 29 398 398 53 48 59 53 12 12 61 61 63 56 90 63 56 90 65 69 59 60 61 53 16 29 399 399 53 48 59 53 12 12 61 61 63 56 90 63 56 90 65 69 59 60 61 53 16 29 ac 396 53 12 12 61 61 63 56 91 63 56 91 65 70 59 60 61 53 17 29 401 401 53 48 59 53 12 12 61 61 63 56 91 63 56 91 65 70 59 60 61 53 16 29 402 402 53 48 59 53 12 12 61 61 63 56 90 63 56 90 65 70 59 60 61 53 17 29 403 403 54 48 59 53 12 12 61 61 63 56 90 63 56 90 65 70 59 60 61 54 17 29 404 404 54 48 59 54 12 12 61 61 63 56 90 63 56 90 65 70 59 60 61 54 17 29 405 405 54 48 59 54 12 12 61 61 63 56 89 63 56 89 65 70 59 60 61 54 17 29 406 406 54 48 59 54 12 12 61 61 63 56 407 407 54 48 59 54 12 12 61 61 63 56 408 408 54 48 59 54 12 12 61 61 63 56 409 409 54 48 59 54 12 12 61 61 64 56 90 63 56 90 65 70 59 60 61 54 17 29 90 63 56 90 65 70 59 60 61 54 17 29 91 63 56 91 65 70 59 60 61 54 17 29 91 8 65 70 59 60 61 54 16 29 va an lu 59 d oa 48 nl 53 w 400 si 400 64 56 91 410 54 48 59 54 12 12 61 61 63 56 91 63 56 91 65 70 59 60 61 54 16 29 411 411 54 48 59 54 12 12 61 61 63 56 90 63 56 90 66 70 59 60 61 54 17 29 412 412 54 48 60 54 12 12 61 61 64 56 91 64 56 91 66 70 59 60 61 54 17 29 413 413 54 48 60 54 12 12 61 61 64 56 91 64 56 91 66 70 59 60 61 54 17 29 414 414 54 48 60 54 12 12 61 61 64 56 91 64 56 91 66 70 59 61 61 54 17 29 415 415 54 48 60 54 12 12 61 61 64 57 92 64 57 92 66 71 60 61 61 54 17 29 416 416 54 48 60 54 12 12 61 61 64 57 91 64 57 91 71 60 61 61 54 17 29 ll u nf 410 66 54 48 60 54 12 12 61 61 64 57 91 64 57 91 66 418 418 54 48 60 54 12 12 61 61 64 57 91 64 57 91 66 419 419 54 48 60 54 12 12 61 61 64 57 92 64 57 92 66 71 60 61 61 54 16 29 70 60 61 61 54 16 29 60 61 61 54 16 29 n oi 417 m 417 71 1 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t 139 z z 420 420 54 48 60 54 12 12 62 62 64 57 92 64 57 92 66 71 60 61 61 54 16 29 an Lu n va ac th si w d oa nl va an lu ll u nf n oi m t 140 z z Appendix M Computed values of fisher‘s alpha, Shannon index, and Simpson‘s index for both protected and unprotected forests Fisher’s alpha Protected Unprotected 13.96386 14.33703 Minimum 9.45 12.26 1st Quarter 12.80 12.46 Median 14.32 13.61 Mean 13.96 14.34 3rd Quarter 15.48 15.48 Max 17.77 17.87 Protected Unprotected 2.539 2.630 2.628 2.660 2.677 2.774 alpha Shannon’s index an Lu 2.680 2.771 o nl 2.729 2.828 2.886 ad Max w 3rd Quarter si Mean ac Median th 1st Quarter n va Minimum 2.907 l ul nf va an lu n oi m t 141 z z Simpson’s index Protected Unprotected Minimum 0.8767 0.8792 1st Quarter 0.8883 0.8926 Median 0.9080 0.9153 Mean 0.9067 0.9178 3rd Quarter 0.9264 0.9345 Max 0.9343 0.9375 an Lu n va ac th si ad o nl w l ul nf va an lu n oi m t 142 z z Appendix N Certificate of completion given by the Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald for research internship and final thesis an Lu n va ac th si ad o nl w l ul nf va an lu n oi m t 143 z z