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location managementand routingin mobile wireless networks
TEAMFLY Team-Fly ® Location Management and Routing in Mobile Wireless Networks For a complete listing of the Artech House Mobile Communications Library, turn to the back of this book. Location Management and Routing in Mobile Wireless Networks Amitava Mukherjee Somprakash Bandyopadhyay Debashis Saha Artech House Boston • London www.artechhouse.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mukherjee, Amitava, 1959– Location management and routing in mobile wireless networks / Amitava Mukherjee, Somprakash Bandyopadhyay, Debashis Saha. p. cm. — (Artech House mobile communications series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58053-355-8 (alk. paper) 1. Wireless communication systems—Location. 2. Wireless communication systems— Management. 3. Routers (Computer networks) I. Bandyopadhyay, Somprakash, 1957– II. Saha, Debashis, 1965– III. Title. IV. Series. TK5103.2.M85 2003 621.382—dc21 2003041889 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Mukherjee, Amitava, 1959– Location management and routing in mobile wireless networks. — (Artech House mobile com- munications series) 1. Mobile communication systems I. Title II. Bandyopadhyay, Somprakash, 1957– III. Saha, Debashis, 1965– 621 . 3’8456 ISBN 1-58053-355-8 Cover design by Yekaterina Ratner © 2003 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-355-8 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003041889 10987654321 Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments xv Part I: Cellular Networks 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Mobile Wireless Networks 5 1.2 Cellular Networks 6 1.2.1 Cellular Network Standards 7 1.2.2 Cellular Architecture 8 1.2.3 Medium Access 9 1.3 Ad Hoc Wireless Networks 10 1.4 Location Management 11 1.4.1 Location Updating and Paging 11 1.4.2 Mobility Models 12 1.4.3 Location Tracking 13 1.4.4 Radio Resource Management 13 1.5 Wireless Routing Techniques 13 References 15 v 2 Mobility Issues 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Mobility Models 18 2.2.1 Fluid Flow Model 18 2.2.2 Diffusion Model 22 2.2.3 Gravity Model 22 2.2.4 Random Walk Model 23 2.3 Mobility in 3G Systems 26 2.3.1 Metropolitan Mobility 26 2.3.2 National Mobility Model 28 2.3.3 International Mobility Model 29 References 29 3 Radio Resource Management 31 3.1 Radio Propagation 32 3.1.1 Path Loss 33 3.1.2 Shadowing Effects 35 3.1.3 Reciprocity 35 3.1.4 Indoor Wireless 37 3.2 Radio Resource (Spectrum Allocation) 37 3.2.1 Radio Frequency Spectrum Allocation 38 3.2.2 International Allocations 38 3.2.3 Financing for Spectrum Management 39 3.2.4 Spectrum Monitoring and Enforcement 39 3.2.5 GSM Frequencies 41 3.2.6 IMT-2000 (Third-Generation) Core Frequency Band 41 3.2.7 IMT-2000 (Third-Generation) Extension Bands 42 3.3 RRM 43 3.3.1 RRM Problem 43 3.3.2 Channel Allocation and Assignment 46 3.3.3 Schemes for CA 47 3.3.4 Transmitter Power Control 50 3.4 Handoff Process 52 3.4.1 Network-Controlled Handoff (Hard Handoff) 52 vi Location Management and Routing in Mobile Wireless Networks 3.4.2 Mobile-Controlled Handoff (Soft Handoff) 53 3.4.3 Handoff Prioritizing Schemes 55 3.5 Managing Resource Allocation 55 3.5.1 CAC 56 3.5.2 QoS 58 3.6 Emerging RRM Techniques 60 3.6.1 Cell Partitioning 60 3.6.2 Multilayered Architecture 61 3.6.3 Software Radio 61 3.7 Integrated RRM 63 3.8 Summary 65 References 67 4 Location Management 69 4.1 Location Update 71 4.1.1 Location Update Static Strategies 72 4.1.2 Location Update Dynamic Strategies 72 4.2 Paging 75 4.2.1 Blanket Paging 75 4.2.2 Different Paging Procedures 77 4.3 Intelligent Paging Scheme 78 4.3.1 Sequential Intelligent Paging 81 4.3.2 PSIP 82 4.3.3 Comparison of Paging Costs 83 4.4 More Paging Schemes 84 4.4.1 Reverse Paging 85 4.4.2 Semireverse Paging 86 4.4.3 Uniform Paging 86 4.5 Intersystem Paging 87 4.6 IP Micromobility and Paging 88 4.7 Location Management 89 4.7.1 Without Location Management 90 4.7.2 Manual Registration in Location Management 90 Contents vii 4.7.3 Automatic Location Management Using LA 91 4.7.4 Memoryless-Based Location Management Methods 91 4.7.5 Memory-Based Location Management Methods 92 4.7.6 Location Management in Next-Generation Systems 93 4.8 LA Planning 97 4.8.1 Two-Step Approach 97 4.8.2 LA Planning and Signaling Requirements 107 4.9 Conclusion 109 References 109 Part II: Ad Hoc Wireless Networks 5 Overview 117 5.1 Characteristics of Ad Hoc Networks 117 5.2 Three Fundamental Design Choices 118 5.2.1 Flat Versus Hierarchical Architecture 119 5.2.2 Proactive Versus Reactive Routing 120 5.2.3 Medium Access Protocol 121 References 123 6 MAC Techniques in Ad Hoc Networks 125 6.1 MAC Protocols with Omnidirectional Antennas 125 6.2 MAC Protocols with Directional Antennas 128 6.3 Discussions 132 References 133 7 Routing Protocols in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks 135 7.1 Introduction 135 7.2 Unicast Routing Protocols in Ad Hoc Networks 138 7.2.1 Proactive Routing Protocols 138 7.2.2 Reactive Routing Protocols 142 7.2.3 A Mobile Agent-Based Protocol for Topology Discovery and Routing 154 7.2.4 Power-Aware Routing Protocols in Ad Hoc Networks 158 viii Location Management and Routing in Mobile Wireless Networks 7.2.5 Other Routing Protocols 163 7.3 Multicast Routing Protocols in Ad Hoc Networks 165 7.4 Performance Comparisons of Unicast and Multicast Routing Protocols 168 7.4.1 Performance Comparisons of Major Unicast Routing Protocols 168 7.4.2 Performance Comparisons of Major Multicast Routing Protocols 170 7.5 Discussion 170 References 172 Part III: Future Issues 8 Routing in Next-Generation Wireless Networks 179 8.1 UMTS All-IP Networks 179 8.2 Routing in Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks 182 8.2.1 Introduction 182 8.2.2 Sensor Networks 182 8.2.3 Topology Maintenance and Sensor Deployment 183 8.2.4 Routing 184 8.3 Pervasive Routing 186 References 189 9 Conclusion 191 List of Acronyms 195 About the Authors 203 Index 205 Contents ix [...]... General telemetry systems Introduction 5 1.1 Mobile Wireless Networks Wireless networks are of two types: fixed and mobile Fixed wireless networks do not support mobility and are mostly point-to-point (e.g., microwave networks, geostationary satellite networks) On the other hand, mobile wireless networks are more versatile as they allow user mobility Mobile wireless networks are, again, broadly classified... management and paging in wireless cellular networks, and routing in mobile ad hoc networks xi xii Location Management and Routing in Mobile Wireless Networks In about 200 pages, it will cover the past, present, and future works on location management and routing protocols in all types of mobile wireless networks In cellular networks, the emphasis will be on mobility issues, location management, paging,... help of the wireless mobile technologies.While cellular networks usually involve a single-hop (access only) wireless link to reach a mobile terminal, ad hoc networks normally require a multihop wireless path from a source to a destination The other type of mobile wireless network is the infrastructureless mobile network, commonly known as an ad hoc network (see Figure 1.3) Infrastructureless networks. .. describes an important issue called location management It covers issues such as paging (blanket paging, and intelligent paging), location update (static location update, dynamic location update) and location area planning (manual registration, automatic location management using location area, memory-based location management methods, nonmemory-based location methods, location management in CDPD, GPRS,... future issues such as routing in next-generation wireless networks, location management in all-IP IMT-2000 networks, routing in ad hoc sensor networks, and routing in pervasive networks This book is a uniquely comprehensive study of the major location management and routing technologies and systems that will assist in forming the future mobile wireless networks We have written the book for those professionals... coders are introduced; 10 Location Management and Routing in Mobile Wireless Networks • Reduced RF transmit power (increasing battery life in handsets); • Encryption for communication privacy; • Reduced system complexity (e.g., mobile- assisted handoffs, fewer radio transceivers) 1.3 Ad Hoc Wireless Networks Most of the wireless mobile computing applications today require single hop wireless connectivity... access for applications such as mobile Internet and e-commerce 3G wireless will use new network architecture (e.g., an all-IP network) to deliver broadband services in a more generic configuration to mobile customers In addition, 3G Base station Mobile terminal Figure 1.2 A cellular network (infrastructured network) 4 Location Management and Routing in Mobile Wireless Networks wireless supports multidimensional... routing in mobile wireless networks Most of the material contained herein has previously been presented at international conferences or has been accepted for publication in journals Mobile wireless networks can be broadly classified into two distinct categories: infrastructured (cellular) and infrastructureless (ad hoc) While cellular networks usually involve a single-hop wireless link to reach a mobile. .. infrastructure (i.e., cellular networks) , the main component of route selection for mobile endpoints is handoff In Introduction 15 mobile networks with mobile infrastructure (i.e., mobile ad hoc networks) , the hosts not only need to keep track of the locations of other mobile endpoints but also need to keep track of each other’s location and interconnectivity as they move Route selection requires information... 3G and 4G wireless networks The analyses of different aspects of mobile wireless networks related to location management (e.g., location area planning, paging strategies), radio resource management (multiple access techniques, channelallocation schemes), and propagation (fading, handover decisions) involve mobility modeling The accuracy of the mobility models involved in the planning of the wireless . Management. xii Location Management and Routing in Mobile Wireless Networks Part III explores future issues such as routing in next-generation wireless networks, location management in all-IP IMT-2000 networks, . in all types of mobile wireless networks. In cellular networks, the emphasis will be on mobility issues, location manage - ment, paging, and radio resources. In mobile ad hoc networks, the focus. Cellular Networks 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Mobile Wireless Networks 5 1.2 Cellular Networks 6 1.2.1 Cellular Network Standards 7 1.2.2 Cellular Architecture 8 1.2.3 Medium Access 9 1.3 Ad Hoc Wireless Networks