Handbook of Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing phần 1 potx

HANDBOOK OF WIRELESS NETWORKS AND MOBILE COMPUTING Handbook of Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing, Edited by Ivan Stojmenovic´ Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBNs: 0-471-41902-8 (Paper); 0-471-22456-1 (Electronic) WILEY SERIES ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING Series Editor: Albert Y. Zomaya Parallel and Distributed Simulation Systems / Richard Fujimoto Surviving the Design of Microprocessor and Multimicroprocessor Systems: Lessons Learned / Veljko Milutinovic´ Mobile Processing in Distributed and Open Environments / Peter Sapaty Introduction to Parallel Algorithms / C. Xavier and S. S. Iyengar Solutions to Parallel and Distributed Computing Problems: Lessons from Bio- logical Sciences / Albert Y. Zomaya, Fikret Ercal, and Stephan Olariu (Editors) New Parallel Algorithms for Direct Solution of Linear Equations / C. Siva Ram Murthy, K. N. Balasubramanya Murthy, and Srinivas Aluru Practical PRAM Programming / Joerg Keller, Christoph Kessler, and Jesper Larsson Traeff Computational Collective Intelligence / Tadeusz M. Szuba Parallel and Distributed Computing: A Survey of Models, Paradigms, and Ap- proaches / Claudia Leopold Fundamentals of Distributed Object Systems: A CORBA Perspective / Zahir Tari and Omran Bukhres Pipelined Processor Farms: Structured Design for Embedded Parallel Sys- tems / Martin Fleury and Andrew Downton Handbook of Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing / Ivan Stojmenovic´ (Editor) HANDBOOK OF WIRELESS NETWORKS AND MOBILE COMPUTING Edited by Ivan Stojmenovic´ University of Ottawa Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México A W ILEY -I NTERSCIENCE P UBLICATION JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or ALL CAPITAL LETTERS. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration. Copyright © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including uploading, downloading, printing, decompiling, recording or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ @ WILEY.COM. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. ISBN 0-471-22456-1 This title is also available in print as ISBN 0-471-41902-8. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.Wiley.com. Contents Contributors xiii Preface xvii 1 Handoff in Wireless Mobile Networks 1 Qing-An Zeng and Dharma P. Agrawal 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Types of Handoffs 1 1.3 Handoff Initiation 2 1.4 Handoff Decision 4 1.5 Handoff Schemes 4 1.6 Summary 24 References 24 2 Location Management in Cellular Networks 27 Jingyuan Zhang 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Cellular Networks 27 2.3 Location Management 29 2.4 Common Assumptions for Performance Evaluation 30 2.5 Location Management Schemes 34 2.6 Summary 46 Acknowledgments 47 References 47 3 Heuristics for Solving Fixed-Channel Assignment Problems 51 Harilaos G. Sandalidis and Peter Stavroulakis 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Resource Management Tasks 51 3.3 Interference in Cellular Systems 52 3.4 Frequency Management and Channel Assignment Issues 54 3.5 Channel Assignment 56 v 3.6 Fixed-Channel Assignment Problem 57 3.7 Heuristic Techniques for Combinatorial Optimization 60 3.8 Heuristic FCA Schemes 62 3.9 Conclusions 67 References 67 4 Channel Assignment and Graph Multicoloring 71 Lata Narayanan 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Preliminaries 74 4.3 Basic Types of Algorithms 77 4.4 Lower Bounds 78 4.5 The Static Case 82 4.6 The Online Case 90 4.7 Discussion and Open Problems 91 References 92 5 Channel Assignment and Graph Labeling 95 Jeannette C. M. Janssen 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 Lower Bounds 99 5.3 Algorithms 104 5.4 Conclusions and Open Problems 114 Acknowledgments 115 References 115 6 Wireless Media Access Control 119 Andrew D. Myers and Stefano Basagni 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 General Concepts 119 6.3 Wireless Issues 123 6.4 Fundamental MAC Protocols 124 6.5 Centralized MAC Protocols 127 6.6 Ad Hoc MAC Protocols 130 6.7 Summary 141 References 142 7 Traffic Integration in Personal, Local, and Geographical Wireless Networks 145 Raffaele Bruno, Marco Conti, and Enrico Gregori 7.1 Introduction 145 7.2 A Technology for WPAN: Bluetooth 147 7.3 Technologies for High-Speed WLANs 153 vi CONTENTS 7.4 Third-Generation Cellular Systems: UMTS 160 Acknowledgments 168 References 168 8 Fair Scheduling in Wireless Packet Data Networks 171 Thyagarajan Nandagopal and Xia Gao 8.1 Introduction 171 8.2 Models and Issues 172 8.3 Wireless Fair Queueing Architecture 180 8.4 Algorithms for Wireless Fair Queueing 186 8.5 Issues and Future Directions 190 References 193 9 Randomized Initialization Protocols for Radio Networks 195 Koji Nakano and Stephan Olariu 9.1 Introduction 195 9.2 State of the Art 197 9.3 A Refresher of Basic Probability Theory 198 9.4 Energy-Efficient Prefix Sums Protocols 200 9.5 Initializing a Single-Channel RN 202 9.6 Initializing a k-Channel RN 207 9.7 Energy-Efficient Initialization Protocols 208 9.8 Concluding Remarks and Open Problems 215 Acknowledgments 216 References 216 10 Leader Election Protocols for Radio Networks 219 Koji Nakano and Stephan Olariu 10.1 Introduction 219 10.2 A Brief Refresher of Probability Theory 222 10.3 Oblivious Leader Election Protocols 224 10.4 Uniform Leader Election Protocols 227 10.5 Nonuniform Leader Election Protocol 234 10.6 Concluding Remarks and Open Problems 240 Acknowledgments 241 References 241 11 Data Broadcast 243 Jianliang Xu, Dik-Lun Lee, Qinglong Hu, and Wang-Chien Lee 11.1 Introduction 243 11.2 Data Scheduling 245 11.3 Air Indexing 253 CONTENTS vii 11.4 Other Issues 260 11.5 Summary 262 Acknowledgments 262 References 263 12 Ensemble Planning for Digital Audio Broadcasting 267 Albert Gräf and Thomas McKenney 12.1 Introduction 267 12.2 The Ensemble Planning Problem 268 12.3 Basic Solution Techniques 271 12.4 Lower Bounds 273 12.5 A Tabu Search Method 274 12.6 Conclusion 286 Acknowledgments 287 References 287 13 Transport over Wireless Networks 289 Hung-Yun Hsieh and Raghupathy Sivakumar 13.1 Introduction 289 13.2 Overview of TCP 291 13.3 TCP over Wireless Networks 293 13.4 Approaches to Improve Transport Layer Performance 297 13.5 Summary 306 References 307 14 Security and Fraud Detection in Mobile and Wireless Networks 309 Azzedine Boukerche 14.1 Introduction 309 14.2 Network Security Problems 310 14.3 Network Security Management Plan 311 14.4 Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) 311 14.5 Securing Data Transfer in Digital Mobile Systems 312 14.6 Securing Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 313 14.7 Authentication of Mobile Users 315 14.8 Subscription and Fraud Detection in Mobile Phone Systems 317 14.9 Conclusion 321 References 322 15 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 325 Silvia Giordano 15.1 Introduction 325 15.2 Layered Architecture of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 327 viii CONTENTS 15.3 MAC Layer 331 15.4 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks and the Internet 335 15.5 Routing in Self-Organized Networks 339 15.6 People-Based Networks 341 15.7 Conclusion 342 Acknowledgments 343 References 343 16 Broadcast Scheduling for TDMA in Wireless Multihop Networks 347 Errol L. Lloyd 16.1 Introduction 347 16.2 What Is Broadcast Scheduling? 347 16.3 The Complexity of Broadcast Scheduling 351 16.4 Centralized Algorithms 352 16.5 Distributed Algorithms 359 16.6 Related Results 366 16.7 Summary and Open Problems 368 Acknowledgments 368 References 368 17 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks and Routing Protocols 371 Yu-Chee Tseng, Wen-Hua Liao, and Shih-Lin Wu 17.1 Introduction 371 17.2 Unicast Routing Protocols for MANET 372 17.3 Broadcasting Protocols for MANET 381 17.4 Multicasting Protocols for MANET 383 17.5 QoS Routing 385 17.6 Extending Cellular Systems with Ad Hoc Links 389 17.7 Conclusions 390 Acknowledgments 391 References 391 18 Routing with Guaranteed Delivery in Geometric and 393 Wireless Networks Jorge Urrutia 18.1 Introduction 393 18.2 Applications to Ad Hoc Wireless Communication Networks 401 18.3 Delaunay Triangulations 403 18.4 Conclusions 404 Acknowledgments 404 References 404 CONTENTS ix 19 Power Optimization in Routing Protocols for Wireless and 407 Mobile Networks Stephanie Lindsey, Krishna M. Sivalingam, and Cauligi S. Raghavendra 19.1 Introduction 407 19.2 Background 408 19.3 Energy Analysis of AODV and DSR Routing Protocols 409 19.4 Power-Aware Routing Metrics 413 19.5 Routing Based on Balanced Energy Consumption of Nodes 417 19.6 Broadcast and Multicast Tree Construction 418 19.7 Topology Control Using Transmit Power Adjustment 419 19.8 Summary 421 Acknowledgments 421 References 421 20 Dominating-Set-Based Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks 425 Jie Wu 20.1 Introduction 425 20.2 Preliminaries 427 20.3 Formation of a Connected Dominating Set 431 20.4 Extensions 438 20.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 447 Acknowledgments 448 References 448 21 Location Updates for Efficient Routing in Ad Hoc Networks 451 Ivan Stojmenovic´ 21.1 Introduction 451 21.2 Classification of Routing Algorithms 452 21.3 Location Updates Between Neighboring Nodes 457 21.4 Request Zone Routing 458 21.5 Doubling Circles Routing 459 21.6 Quorum-Based Strategies 460 21.7 Home-Agent-Based Strategy 463 21.8 Performance Evaluation Issues 465 21.9 Conclusion 468 References 468 22 Topological Design, Routing, and Handover in Satellite Networks 473 Afonso Ferreira, Jérôme Galtier, and Paolo Penna 22.1 Introduction 473 22.2 Topologies 473 x CONTENTS [...]... chapter 1. 2 TYPES OF HANDOFFS Handoffs are broadly classified into two categories—hard and soft handoffs Usually, the hard handoff can be further divided into two different types—intra- and intercell handoffs The soft handoff can also be divided into two different types—multiway soft handoffs and softer handoffs In this chapter, we focus primarily on the hard handoff 1 2 HANDOFF IN WIRELESS MOBILE NETWORKS. .. 20 01 IVAN STOJMENOVIC ´ HANDBOOK OF WIRELESS NETWORKS AND MOBILE COMPUTING Handbook of Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing, Edited by Ivan Stojmenovic ´ Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc ISBNs: 0-4 71- 419 02-8 (Paper); 0-4 71- 22456 -1 (Electronic) CHAPTER 1 Handoff in Wireless Mobile Networks QING-AN ZENG and DHARMA P AGRAWAL Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of. .. This mainly means allocation and release of radio channels and handoff management The handoff time between handoff decision and execution in such a circuit-switched GSM is approximately 1 second 1. 4.3 Mobile- Controlled Handoff In mobile- controlled handoff, each MS is completely in control of the handoff process This type of handoff has a short reaction time (on the order of 0 .1 second) MS measures the... of successful handoffs The pdf of channel holding time T in a cell is derived as ␮C + ␮ni ␮C + ␮h fT (t) = ᎏ e–(␮C+␮ni)t + ᎏ e–(␮C+␮h)t 1+ G 1+ G ΂ ΃ ΂ ΃ (1. 4) where 1/ ␮ni = the average channel holding time in cell i for a originating call 1/ ␮h = the average channel holding time for a handoff call G = the ratio of the offered rate of handoff requests to that of originating calls 1. 5 .1. 3 Steele and Nofal’s... www.gsmdata.com) Wireless and mobile networks are emerging as networks of choice, due to the flexibility and freedom they offer The use of satellite, cellular, radio, sensor, and ad hoc wireless networks, wireless local area networks (LAN), small portable computers, and personal communication systems (PCS) is increasing These networks and devices support a trend toward computing on the move, known as mobile computing, ... call fTh(t) = the pdf of the random variable Th as the dwell time in the cell for a handed-off call FTn(t) = the cumulative distribution function (cdf) of the time Tn FTh(t) = the cdf of the time Th 6 HANDOFF IN WIRELESS MOBILE NETWORKS 1/ ␮C = the average call duration ␥C = Ph (1 – BO)/ [1 – Phh (1 – PfЈ)] 1. 5 .1. 2 El-Dolil et al.’s Traffic Model (One-Dimensional) An extension of Hong and Rappaport’s traffic... the hard handoff 1 2 HANDOFF IN WIRELESS MOBILE NETWORKS BS 1 MS BS 2 a Before handoff BS 1 MS BS 2 b After handoff Figure 1. 1 Hard handoff between the MS and BSs A hard handoff is essentially a “break before make” connection Under the control of the MSC, the BS hands off the MS’s call to another cell and then drops the call In a hard handoff, the link to the prior BS is terminated before or as the... deterioration in quality of the signal in the current channel Handoff is divided into two broad categories— hard and soft handoffs They are also characterized by “break before make” and “make before break.” In hard handoffs, current resources are released before new resources are used; in soft handoffs, both existing and new resources are used during the handoff process Poorly designed handoff schemes tend... power and satisfy real-time requirements, such as voice traffic BRIEF OUTLINE OF THIS HANDBOOK The wide range of topics in this handbook makes it an excellent reference on wireless networks and mobile computing Because each chapter is fully self-contained, readers can focus on the topics that most interest them Most of the chapters (if not all) in this handbook have great practical utility The handbook. .. about software technologies used to address problems in mobile, distributed, and pervasive computing It reviews characteristics, software architecture, and key open communication technologies (service discovery and distributed computing) to support pervasive computing Recent advances in wireless and mobile computing, and inexpensive, portable devices have resulted in the emergence of indoor wireless networks . xvii 1 Handoff in Wireless Mobile Networks 1 Qing-An Zeng and Dharma P. Agrawal 1. 1 Introduction 1 1.2 Types of Handoffs 1 1.3 Handoff Initiation 2 1. 4 Handoff Decision 4 1. 5 Handoff Schemes 4 1. 6. Sys- tems / Martin Fleury and Andrew Downton Handbook of Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing / Ivan Stojmenovic´ (Editor) HANDBOOK OF WIRELESS NETWORKS AND MOBILE COMPUTING Edited by Ivan. Problems 11 4 Acknowledgments 11 5 References 11 5 6 Wireless Media Access Control 11 9 Andrew D. Myers and Stefano Basagni 6 .1 Introduction 11 9 6.2 General Concepts 11 9 6.3 Wireless Issues 12 3 6.4