Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Fiber Optic Sensors
Fiber Optic Sensors edited by Francis To So Yu Shizhuo Yin The Pennsylvania State University Un ive rsity Park, Pen ns y Ivan ia MARCEL MARCEL DEKKER, INC. DEKKER NEW YORK BASE], Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. ISBN: 0-8247-0732-X This book is printed on acid-free paper. Headquarters Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 tel: 212-696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540 Eastern Hemisphere Distribution Marcel Dekker AG Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland tel: 41-61-261-8482; fax: 41-61-261-8896 World Wide Web http:==www.dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, write to Special Sales=Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above. Copyright # 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Current printing (last digit): 10987654321 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. OPTICAL ENGINEERING Founding Editor Brian J. Thompson University of Rochester Rochester, New York Editorial Board Toshimitsu Asakura Hokkai-Gakuen University Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Nicholas F. Borrelli Corning, Inc. Corning, New York Chris Dainty Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine London, England Bahram Javidi University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut Mark Kuzyk Washington State University Pullman, Washington Hiroshi Murata The Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. Yokohama, Japan Edmond J. Murphy JDS/Uniphase Bloomfield, Connecticut Dennis R. Pape Photonic Systems Inc. Melbourne, Florida Joseph Shamir Technion–Israel Institute of Technology Hafai, Israel David S. Weiss Heidelberg Digital L.L.C. Rochester, New York Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1. Electron and Ion Microscopy and Microanalysis: Principles and Applications, Lawrence E. Murr 2. Acousto-Optic Signal Processing: Theory and Implementation, edited by Nor man J. Berg and John N. Lee 3. Electro-Optic and Acousto-Optic Scanning and Deflection, Milton Gottlieb, Clive L. M. Ireland, and John Martin Ley 4. Single-Mode Fiber Optics: Principles and Applications, Luc B. Jeunhomme 5. Pulse Code Formats for Fiber Optical Data Communication: Basic Principles and Applications, David J. Morris 6. Optical Materials: An Introduction to Selection and Application, Solomon Musikant 7. Infrared Methods for Gaseous Measurements: Theory and Practice, edited by Joda Wormhoudt 8. Laser Beam Scanning: Opto-Mechanical Devices, Systems, and Data Storage Optics, edited by Gerald F. Marshall 9. Opto-Mechanical Systems Design, Paul R. Yoder, Jr. 10. Optical Fiber Splices and Connectors: Theory and Methods, Calvin M. Miller with Stephen C. Mettler and Ian A. White 11. Laser Spectroscopy and Its Applications, edited by Leon J. Radziemski, Richard W. Solarz, and Jeffrey A. Paisner 12. Infrared Optoelectronics: Devices and Applications, William Nunley and J. Scott Bechtel 13. Integrated Optical Circuits and Components: Design and Applications, edited by Lynn D. Hutcheson 14. Handbook of Molecular Lasers, edited by Peter K. Cheo 15. Handbook of Optical Fibers and Cables, Hiroshi Murata 16. Acousto-Optics, Adrian Korpel 17. Procedures in Applied Optics, John Strong 18. Handbook of Solid-State Lasers, edited by Peter K. Cheo 19. Optical Computing: Digital and Symbolic, edited by Raymond Arrathoon 20. Laser Applications in Physical Chemistry, edited by D. K. Evans 21. Laser-Induced Plasmas and Applications, edited by Leon J. Radziemski and David A. Cremers 22. Infrared Technology Fundamentals, Irving J. Spiro and Monroe Schlessinger 23. Single-Mode Fiber Optics: Principles and Applications, Second Edition, Re vised and Expanded, Luc B. Jeunhomme 24. Image Analysis Applications, edited by Rangachar Kasturi and Mohan M. Trivedi 25. Photoconductivity: Art, Science, and Technology, N. V. Joshi 26. Principles of Optical Circuit Engineering, Mark A. Mentzer 27. Lens Design, Milton Laikin 28. Optical Components, Systems, and Measurement Techniques, Rajpal S. Sirohi and M. P. Kothiyal 29. Electron and Ion Microscopy and Microanalysis: Principles and Applications, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Lawrence E. Murr 30. Handbook of Infrared Optical Materials, edited by Paul Klocek 31. Optical Scanning, edited by Gerald F. Marshall 32. Polymers for Lightwave and Integrated Optics: Technology and Applications, edited by Lawrence A. Hornak 33. Electro-Optical Displays, edited by Mohammad A. Karim 34. Mathematical Morphology in Image Processing, edited by Edward R. Dougherty 35. Opto-Mechanical Systems Design: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Paul R. Yoder, Jr. 36. Polarized Light: Fundamentals and Applications, Edward Collett 37. Rare Earth Doped Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers, edited by Michel J. F. Digonnet 38. Speckle Metrology, edited by Rajpal S. Sirohi Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 39. Organic Photoreceptors for Imaging Systems, Paul M. Borsenberger and David S. Weiss 40. Photonic Switching and Interconnects, edited by Abdellatif Marrakchi 41. Design and Fabrication of Acousto-Optic Devices, edited by Akis P. Goutzoulis and Dennis R. Pape 42. Digital Image Processing Methods, edited by Edward R. Dougherty 43. Visual Science and Engineering: Models and Applications, edited by D. H. Kelly 44. Handbook of Lens Design, Daniel Malacara and Zacarias Malacara 45. Photonic Devices and Systems, edited by Robert G. Hunsberger 46. Infrared Technology Fundamentals: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Monroe Schlessinger 47. Spatial Light Modulator Technology: Materials, Devices, and Applications, edited by Uzi Efron 48. Lens Design: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Milton Laikin 49. Thin Films for Optical Systems, edited by Francoise R. Flory 50. Tunable Laser Applications, edited by F. J. Duarte 51. Acousto-Optic Signal Processing: Theory and Implementation, Second Edition, edited by Norman J. Berg and John M. Pellegrino 52. Handbook of Nonlinear Optics, Richard L. Sutherland 53. Handbook of Optical Fibers and Cables: Second Edition, Hiroshi Murata 54. Optical Storage and Retrieval: Memory, Neural Networks, and Fractals, edited by Francis T. S. Yu and Suganda Jutamulia 55. Devices for Optoelectronics, Wallace B. Leigh 56. Practical Design and Production of Optical Thin Films, Ronald R. Willey 57. Acousto-Optics: Second Edition, Adrian Korpel 58. Diffraction Gratings and Applications, Erwin G. Loewen and Evgeny Popov 59. Organic Photoreceptors for Xerography, Paul M. Borsenberger and David S. Weiss 60. Characterization Techniques and Tabulations for Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, edited by Mark G. Kuzyk and Carl W. Dirk 61. Interferogram Analysis for Optical Testing, Daniel Malacara, Manuel Servin, and Zacarias Malacara 62. Computational Modeling of Vision: The Role of Combination, William R. Uttal, Ramakrishna Kakarala, Spiram Dayanand, Thomas Shepherd, Jagadeesh Kalki, Charles F. Lunskis, Jr., and Ning Liu 63. Microoptics Technology: Fabrication and Applications of Lens Arrays and De- vices, Nicholas Borrelli 64. Visual Information Representation, Communication, and Image Processing, edited by Chang Wen Chen and Ya-Qin Zhang 65. Optical Methods of Measurement, Rajpal S. Sirohi and F. S. Chau 66. Integrated Optical Circuits and Components: Design and Applications, edited by Edmond J. Murphy 67. Adaptive Optics Engineering Handbook, edited by Robert K. Tyson 68. Entropy and Information Optics, Francis T. S. Yu 69. Computational Methods for Electromagnetic and Optical Systems, John M. Jarem and Partha P. Banerjee 70. Laser Beam Shaping, Fred M. Dickey and Scott C. Holswade 71. Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Michel J. F. Digonnet 72. Lens Design: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, Milton Laikin 73. Handbook of Optical Engineering, edited by Daniel Malacara and Brian J. Thompson 74. Handbook of Imaging Materials: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Arthur S. Diamond and David S. Weiss 75. Handbook of Image Quality: Characterization and Prediction, Brian W. Keelan Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 76. Fiber Optic Sensors, edited by Francis T. S. Yu and Shizhuo Yin 77. Optical Switching/Networking and Computing for Multimedia Systems, edited by Mohsen Guizani and Abdella Battou 78. Image Recognition and Classification: Algorithms, Systems, and Applications, edited by Bahram Javidi 79. Practical Design and Production of Optical Thin Films: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Ronald R. Willey 80. Ultrafast Lasers: Technology and Applications, edited by Martin E. Fermann, Almantas Galvanauskas, and Gregg Sucha 81. Light Propagation in Periodic Media: Differential Theory and Design, Michel Nevière and Evgeny Popov 82. Handbook of Nonlinear Optics, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Richard L. Sutherland Additional Volumes in Preparation Optical Remote Sensing: Science and Technology, Walter Egan Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Preface In the past two decades, the fiber optic sensor has developed from the ex- perimental stage to practical applications. For instance, distributed fiber optic sensors have been installed in dams and bridges to monitor the performance of these facilities. With the rapid advent of optical networks, the cost of fiber optic sensors has substantially dropped because of the commercially viable key components in fiber optic communications such as light sources and photodetectors. We anticipate that fiber optic sensors will become a wide- spread application in sensing technology. This text covers a wide range of current research in fiber optic sensors, although it is by no means complete. Each of the 10 chapters is written by an authority in the field. Chapter 1 gives an overview of fiber optic sensors that includes the basic concepts, historical development, and some of the classic applications. This overview provides essential documentation to facilitate the objectives of later chapters. Chapter 2 deals with fiber optic sensors based on Fabry–Perot inter- ferometers. The major merits of this type of sensor include high sensitivity, compact size, and no need for fiber couplers. Its high sensitivity and multi- plexing capability make this type of fiber optic sensor particularly suitable for smart structure monitoring applications. Chapter 3 introduces a polarimetric fiber optic sensor. With polariza- tion, a guided lightwave of a particular fiber can be changed through external perturbation, which can be used for fiber sensing. Thus, by using a polar- ization-maintaining fiber, polarization affecting the fiber can be exploited for sensing applications. One of the major features of this type of sensor is that it offers an excellent trade-off between sensitivity and robustness. Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 4 reviews fiber-grating-based fiber optic sensors. Fiber grating technology (Bragg and long-period gratings) is one of the most important achievements in recent optic history. It provides a powerful new component in a variety of applications including dispersion compensations and spectral gain control (used in optics communications). In terms of fiber optic sensor applications, in-fiber gratings not only have a very high sensitivity but also provide distributed sensing capability due to the easy implementation of wavelength division multiplexing. Chapter 5 introduces distributed fiber optic sensors. One of the unique features of fiber optic sensors is the distributed sensing capability, which means that multiple points can be sensed simultaneously by a single fiber. This capability not only reduces the cost but also makes the sensor very compact. Thus, many important applications such as structure fatigue monitoring (e.g., monitoring the performances of dams and bridges) can be implemented in an effective way. Both continuous and quasi-distributed sensors are discussed. The continuous type of distributed sensor is based on the intrinsic effect existing in optic fibers (such as Rayleigh scattering). The most widely used type is optical time domain reflectrometry (OTDR), which has become an indispensable tool for checking the connections of optics networks. Chapter 6 discusses fiber specklegram sensors. Fiber specklegram is formed by the interference between different modes propag ated in the multi- mode optic s fibers. Since this interference is common-mode interference, it not only has a very high sensitivity for certain en vironmental perturbations (such as bending) but also has less sensitivity to certain environmental factors (such as temperature fluctuations). Thus, this is a very unique type of fi ber optic se nsor. Chapter 7 introduces interrogation techniques for fiber optic sensors. This chapter emphasizes the physical effects in optic fibers when the fiber is subjected to external perturbations. Chapter 8 focuses on fiber gyroscope sensors. First, the basic concepts are introduced. The fiber gyroscope sensor is based on the interference between two light beams propagated in opposite directions in a fiber loop. Since a large number of turns can be used, a very high sensitivity can be realized. Second, more practical issues related to fiber optic gyroscopes such as modulation and winding techniques are reviewed. It is believed that fiber optic gyroscopes will be used more and more in many guiding applications (such as flight by light) due to the consistent reductions in their cost. Chapter 9 introduces fiber optic hydrophone systems. This chapter focuses on key issues such as interferometer configurations, inter- rogation=demodulation schemes, multiplexing architecture, polarization fading mitigation, and system integration. Some new developments include fiber optic amplifiers, wavelength division multiplexing components, optical isolators, and circulators. Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The last chapter discusses the major applications of fiber optic sensors. Chapter 10 covers a variety of applications used in different areas such as structure fatigue monitoring, the electrical power industry, medical and chemical sensing, and the gas and oil industry. Although many types of sensors are mentioned in the chapter, the focus is on applications of fiber Bragg grating sensors. This text will be a useful reference for researchers and technical staff engaged in the field of fiber optic sensing. The book can also serve as a viable reference text for engineering students and professors who are interested in fiber optic sensors. Francis T. S. Yu Shizhuo Yin Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Contents Preface Contributors Chapter 1 Overview of Fiber Optic Sensors Eric Udd Chapter 2 Fiber Optic Sensors Based upon the Fabry–Perot Interferometer Henry F. Taylor Chapter 3 Polarimetric Optical Fiber Sensors Craig Michie Chapter 4 In-Fiber Grating Optic Sensors Lin Zhang, W. Zhang, and I. Bennion Chapter 5 Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors Shizhuo Yin Chapter 6 Fiber Specklegram Sensors Francis T. S. Yu Chapter 7 Interrogation Techniques for Fiber Grating Sensors and the Theory of Fiber Gratings Byoungho Lee and Yoonchan Jeong Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. [...]... 1.2 BASIC CONCEPTS AND INTENSITY-BASED FIBER OPTIC SENSORS Fiber optic sensors are often loosely grouped into two basic classes referred to as extrinsic, or hybrid, fiber optic sensors and intrinsic, or all-fiber, sensors Figure 1 illustrates the case of an extrinsic, or hybrid, fiber optic sensor Figure 1 Extrinsic fiber optic sensors consist of optical fibers that lead up to and out of a ‘‘black box’’ that... approach is to use fiber optic sensors that are inherently resistant to errors induced by intensity variations The next section discusses a series of spectrally based fiber sensors that have this characteristic 1.3 SPECTRALLY BASED FIBER OPTIC SENSORS Spectrally based fiber optic sensors depend on a light beam modulated in wavelength by an environmental effect Examples of these types of fiber sensors include those...Chapter 8 Fiber Gyroscope Sensors Paul B Ruffin Chapter 9 Optical Fiber Hydrophone Systems G D Peng and P L Chu Chapter 10 Applications of Fiber Optic Sensors Y J Rao and Shanglian Huang Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc All Rights Reserved Contributors I Bennion Aston University,... fiber optic sensor designers to product competitive products will increase and the technology can be expected to assume an ever more prominent position in the sensor marketplace In the following sections the basic types of fiber optic sensors being developed are briefly reviewed followed by a discussion of how these sensors are and will be applied 1.2 BASIC CONCEPTS AND INTENSITY-BASED FIBER OPTIC SENSORS. .. companies have developed rotary and linear fiber optic position sensors to support applications such as fly-by-light [9] These sensors attempt Figure 5 A fiber optic translation sensor based on numerical aperture uses the ratio of the output on the detectors to determine the position of the input fiber Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker All Rights Reserved Figure 6 Fiber optic rotary position sensor based on reflectance... of fiber optic sensors to displace traditional sensors for rotation, acceleration, electric and magnetic field measurement, temperature, pressure, acoustics, vibration, linear and angular position, strain, humidity, viscosity, chemical measurements, and a host of other sensor applications has been enhanced In the early days of fiber optic sensor technology, most commercially successful fiber optic sensors. .. the optical fiber itself This approach causes the entire optically activated fiber to fluoresce By using time division multiplexing, various regions of the fiber can be used to make a distributed measurement along the fiber length In many cases users of fiber sensors would like to have the fiber optic analog of conventional electronic sensors An example is the electrical strain Figure 20 Fluorescent fiber optic. .. Reserved Figure 25 Hybrid etalon-based fiber optic sensors often consist of micromachined cavities that are placed on the end of optical fibers and can be configured so that sensitivity to one environmental effect is optimized without the diaphragm deflecting These devices have been commercialized and are sold with instrument packages [34] 1.4 INTERFEROMETERIC FIBER OPTIC SENSORS One of the areas of greatest interest... environmental effect on the transducer induces an optical path length difference between the two light Figure 31 Flexible geometries of interferometeric fiber optic sensors transducers are one of the features of fiber sensors attractive to designers configuring specialpurpose sensors Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker All Rights Reserved Figure 32 The basic elements of the fiber optic Mach–Zehnder interferometer are... card These sensors have been used to support tests on military and commercial aircraft that have demonstrated performance comparable to conventional electrical position sensors used for rudder, flap, and throttle position [9] The principal advantages of the fiber position sensors are immunity to electromagnetic interference and overall weight savings Another class of intensity-based fiber optic sensors is . of Fiber Optic Sensors Eric Udd Chapter 2 Fiber Optic Sensors Based upon the Fabry–Perot Interferometer Henry F. Taylor Chapter 3 Polarimetric Optical Fiber Sensors Craig Michie Chapter 4 In -Fiber. fiber optic sensors being developed are briefly reviewed followed by a discussion of how these sensors are and will be applied. 1.2 BASIC CONCEPTS AND INTENSITY-BASED FIBER OPTIC SENSORS Fiber optic. Michie Chapter 4 In -Fiber Grating Optic Sensors Lin Zhang, W. Zhang, and I. Bennion Chapter 5 Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors Shizhuo Yin Chapter 6 Fiber Specklegram Sensors Francis T. S. Yu Chapter