Development of star shape water quality index for effective environmental communication

Development of star shape water quality index for effective environmental communication Development of star shape water quality index for effective environmental communication Development of star shape water quality index for effective environmental communication

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY CAO HOANG ANH DEVELOPMENT OF STAR-SHAPE WATER QUALITY INDEX FOR EFFECTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION MASTER’S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY CAO HOANG ANH DEVELOPMENT OF STAR-SHAPE WATER QUALITY INDEX FOR EFFECTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION MAJOR: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CODE: 8520320.01 RESEARCH SUPERVISORS: Associate Prof Dr NGUYEN THI HOANG LIEN Dr TAISHI YAZAWA Hanoi, 2022 COMMITMENT I have read and understood the plagiarism violations I pledge with personal honor that this research result is my own and does not violate the Regulation on prevention of plagiarism in academic and scientific research activities at VNU Vietnam Japan University (Issued together with Decision No 700/QD-ĐHVN dated 30/9/2021 by the Rector of Vietnam Japan University) Author of the thesis (Signature) Cao Hoang Anh ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research would not have been possible without the assistance, support, and patience of a number of individuals with whom I have had the pleasure of collaborating and learning over the past two years First, I would like express my heartfelt appreciation to Assoc Prof Nguyen Thi Hoang Lien and Dr Taishi Yazawa for their guidance and enthusiastic encouragement during my thesis implementation at VNU Vietnam Japan University (VNU-VJU) Thanks to the tireless support of my two supervisors, I was able to overcome the unforeseen challenges of COVID19 restrictions throughout this research journey Second, I would like to take this opportunity to thank all of the professors and lecturers in the Master's Program in Environmental Engineering for their teaching and inspiration throughout my time at VNU-VJU Finally, I would like to give special thanks to our program assistant Ms Hang and my friends Duc, Trang, Huong and Dai for always accompanying and supporting me throughout this challenging process TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES i LIST OF FIGURES ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv INTRODUCTION Background Research significance Research objectives Thesis structure CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW .4 1.1 Water pollution in river basins of Vietnam 1.1.1 Pollution situation 1.1.2 Source of river water pollution 1.1.3 Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Approach for Water Pollution Response in Vietnam 1.2 Environmental Communication (EC) .10 1.2.1 Concept of Environmental Communication (EC) 10 1.2.2 Necessity of EC in the Water Resource Management context of Vietnam 11 1.3 Water Quality Index 12 1.3.1 Concept of Water Quality Index 12 1.3.2 Vietnam Water Quality Index 14 1.3.3 Drawback of current WQI models .19 1.3.4 Some examples of visualization WQI 19 1.4 Research gaps 23 CHAPTER 2: MATERIALS AND METHOD .24 2.1 Concept of Star-shape WQI 24 2.2 Materials 24 2.3 Development of the Star-shape Water Quality Index .29 2.3.1 Parameter Selection 29 2.3.2 Sub-index Generation 30 2.3.3 Indicator Classification .33 2.3.4 Star-shape Index Generation .33 2.3.5 Water Quality assessment with Star-shape Index 34 2.4 Correlation analysis between Star-shape Index and VN_WQI 35 2.5 Community survey 36 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 39 3.1 Water quality assessment of Phu Tho’s Rivers by Star-shape Index .39 3.1.1 Summary of Star-shape Index results 39 3.1.2 Water quality map with Star-shape Index results 41 3.1.3 Evaluation on Star-shape Index results .50 3.2 Relationship between Star-shape Index and VN_WQI 51 3.2.1 Correlation analysis results .51 3.2.2 Differences in results in two models 52 3.3 Community Survey 53 3.3.1 General information about survey community 53 3.3.2 Perception of community on water quality assessment tools 54 3.3.3 Community reaction on VN_WQI and Star-shape Index 55 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 58 Conclusion .58 Recommendation 58 REFERENCES 60 APPENDIX 63 APPENDIX A: Community survey materials in Vietnamese language .63 APPENDIX B: Star-shape Index and VN_WQI results for rivers of Phu Tho Province 70 APPENDIX C: Evaluation of water quality parameters in Phu Tho’s Rivers according to QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT 82 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Parameter group used to calculate Vietnam WQI (VEA, 2011, 2019) .15 Table 1.2: An example of standard values and score ranges using to develop rating curve 16 Table 1.3: Score range for determination of wtaer category 18 Table 2.1: Coordinates and Description of monitoring points on five rivers of Phú Tho Province 26 Table 2.2: Parameter group used in Star-shape Index 30 Table 2.3: Values of 𝑩𝑷𝒊 and 𝑞𝑖 for calculating the sub-index of parameter 31 Table 2.4: Values of 𝑩𝑷𝒊 and 𝑞𝑖 for calculating the sub-index of DO 32 Table 2.5: Values of 𝑩𝑷𝒊 and 𝑞𝑖 for calculating the sub-index of pH 32 Table 2.6: Levels corresponding to group sub-index values 33 Table 2.7: Description for assessment WQ by Star-shape Index 35 Table 2.8: Questions in the Questionnaire Survey for community reaction on Starshape Index and VN_WQI 37 Table 3.1: Parameters used for generating Star-shape Index results of Phu Tho's Rivers .39 Table B-1: Star-shape Index and VN_WQI results of Lo River 70 Table B-2: Star-shape Index and VN_WQI results of Red River 73 Table B-3: Star-shape Index and VN_WQI results of Da River 79 Table B-4: Star-shape Index and VN_WQI results of two tributaries 80 (Chay River & Bua River) .80 Table C-1: Using purpose regulated in QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT .82 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Summary the WQI results of main river basins in period 2016-2020 (Phạm Anh Cường et al., 2021) .5 Figure 1.2: Illustration of components in IWRM concept .8 Figure 1.3: The structure of WQI model (Uddin et al., 2021) .13 Figure 1.4: The rating curve of COD for generating sub-index (Pham et al., 2011; VEA, 2011) 17 Figure 1.5: Surface Water Quality Data for North Dakota (DEQ, 2021) 20 Figure 1.6: Map of indicators of surface water quality in the Dnieper River basin (Gadzalo et al., 2018) 21 Figure 1.7: Facial expression WQI, Kusatsu City, Japan (草津市, 1987) 21 Figure 1.8: An example of Water Environment Soundness Index result (JSWE, 2009) .22 Figure 1.9: Eco-Heart Index for assessing water quality in Malaysia (Sakai et al., 2018) 23 Figure 2.1: Concept of Star-shape WQI .24 Figure 2.2: Location of Phu Tho province and monitoring points on rivers .25 Figure 2.3: Procedure for drawing the Star-shape 34 Figure 2.4: Two type of water quality classifying by Star-shapr Index .35 Figure 3.1: Summary Star-shape Index results of all rivers in Phu Tho (2nd Quarter, 2021) 40 Figure 3.2: Summary Star-shape Index results of all rivers in Phu Tho (3rd Quarter, 2021) 40 Figure 3.3: Water Quality Map with Star-shape Index of Lo River in the Second Quarter (Upstream) 41 Figure 3.4: Water Quality Map with Star-shape Index of Lo River in the Third Quarter (Upstream) 42 Figure 3.5: Water Quality Map with Star-shape Index of Lo River in the Second Quarter (Downstream) 42 Figure 3.6: Water Quality Map with Star-shape Index of Lo River in the Third Quarter (Downstream) 43 Figure 3.7: Water Quality Map with Star-shape Index of Chay River in the Second Quarter 43 Figure 3.8: Water Quality Map with Star-shape Index of Chay River in the Third Quarter 44 Figure 3.9: Water Quality Map with Star-shape Index of Red River in the Second Quarter (Upstream) 45 Figure 3.10: Water Quality Map with Star-shape Index of Red River after recieving water of Bua River in the Second Quarter (Downstream) 46 ii Figure 3.11: Water Quality Map with Star-shape Index of Red River after recieving water of Da River in the Second Quarter (Downstream) 46 Figure 3.12: Water Quality Map with Star-shape Index of Bua River in the Second Quarter 47 Figure 3.13: Water Quality Map with Star-shape Index of Da River in the Second Quarter 47 Figure 3.14: Water Quality Map with Star-shape Index of Red River in the Third Quarter (Upstream) 48 Figure 3.15: Water Quality Map with Star-shape Index of Red River after recieving water of Bua River in the Third Quarter (Downstream) .48 Figure 3.16: Water Quality Map with Star-shape Index of Red River after recieving water of Da River in the Third Quarter (Downstream) 49 Figure 3.17: Water Quality Map with Star-shape Index of Bua River in the Third Quarter 49 Figure 3.18: Water Quality Map with Star-shape Index of Da River in the Third Quarter 50 Figure 3.19: Correlation graph between values of Star-shapr Index and VN_WQI 52 Figure 3.20: Characteristics of survey respondents .53 Figure 3.21: Community perception on water quality concern and VN_WQI 54 Figure 3.22: Community reaction on Star-shape Index and VN_WQI 55 Figure 3.23: Distribution of response options by education level 56 Figure 3.24: Distribution of response options by age 56 Figure 4.1: Suggestion of using web-based system for presenting Star-shape Index 59 Figure A-1: Questionnaire preface .63 Figure A-2: Questionnaire – Question (Age) and question (Education) 64 Figure A-3: Questionnaire – Question (Water concern) and question (VN_WQI perception) .65 Figure A-4: Questionnaire – VN_WQI description .66 Figure A-5: Questionnaire – Question (VN_WQI understandable property) and question (VN_WQI interesting property) 67 Figure A-6: Questionnaire – Star-shape Index description 68 Figure A-7: Questionnaire – Question (Star-shape Index understandable property) and question (Star-shape Index interesting property) .69 Figure C-1: pH results of 55 monitoring points in rivers of Phu Tho Province 82 Figure C-2: Results of DO parameter in rivers of Phu Tho Province 83 Figure C-3: Results of BOD and COD parameters in rivers of Phu Tho Province .83 Figure C-4: Results of TSS parameter in rivers of Phu Tho Province 83 Figure C-5: Results of Nutrient parameters in rivers of Phu Tho Province 84 Figure C-6: Results of Microorganism parameter in rivers of Phu Tho Province .84 iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BOD5: COD: DDT: DO: EC: IWRM: MONRE: Q2: Q3: QCVN 08MT:2015/BTNMT: TN: TOC: TP: TSS: VEA: WQI: Five-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen Demand Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane Dissolved Oxygen Environmental Communication Integrated Water Resource Management Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment The second quarter The third quarter National Technical Regulation on Surface Water Quality Total Nitrogen Total Organic Carbon Total Phosphorus Total Suspended Solid Vietnam Environmental Administration Water Quality Index iv APPENDIX B: Star-shape Index and VN_WQI results for rivers of Phu Tho Province Table B-1: Star-shape Index and VN_WQI results of Lo River 2nd Quater of 2021 No ID Star-shape Index 3rd Quater of 2021 VN_WQI 95 Very good Very good L1 Not Clean – Level III 70 92 Moderate Very good L2 Not Clean – Level IV Not Clean – Level III 99 99 Very good Very good L3 Not Clean – Level II VN_WQI 96 Not Clean – Level II Star-shape Index Not Clean – Level II 97 94 Very good Very good L4 Clean – Level I Not Clean – Level II 70 94 88 Very good Good L5 Not Clean – Level II Not Clean – Level II 94 99 Very good Very good L6 Clean – Level I Not Clean – Level II 94 100 Very good Very good L7 Not Clean – Level II Not Clean – Level II 98 95 Very good Very good L8 Clean – Level I Clean – Level I 93 91 Very good Very good L9 Not Clean – Level II Not Clean – Level II 71 10 94 90 Very good Very good L10 Not Clean – Level II Not Clean – Level III 11 85 92 Good Very good L11 Not Clean – Level II 12 Not Clean – Level II 94 94 Very good Very good L12 Not Clean – Level II Not Clean – Level II 13 96 96 Very good Very good L13 Not Clean – Level II 14 Clean – Level I 95 96 Very good Very good L14 Clean – Level I Not Clean – Level III 72 15 92 92 Very good Very good L15 Not Clean – Level II 16 Not Clean – Level II 96 94 Very good Very good L16 Clean – Level I Clean – Level I Table B-2: Star-shape Index and VN_WQI results of Red River 2nd Quater of 2021 No ID Star-shape Index 17 3rd Quater of 2021 VN_WQI VN_WQI 91 81 Very good Good R1 Not Clean – Level V 18 Star-shape Index Not Clean – Level III 82 98 Good Very good R2 Not Clean – Level IV Not Clean – Level II 73 19 81 96 Good Very good R3 Not Clean – Level IV 20 Not Clean – Level II 81 83 Good Good R4 Not Clean – Level III 21 Not Clean – Level III 87 96 Good Very good R5 Not Clean – Level V 22 Clean – Level I 85 94 Good Very good R6 Not Clean – Level IV 23 Not Clean – Level II 86 89 Good Good R7 Not Clean – Level III Not Clean – Level III 74 24 84 94 Good Very good R8 Not Clean – Level III 25 Not Clean – Level II 82 96 Good Very good R9 Not Clean – Level III 26 Clean - Level I 83 96 Good Very good R10 Not Clean – Level IV 27 Clean – Level I 92 95 Very good Very good R11 Not Clean – Level IV 28 Clean – Level I 96 95 Very good Very good R12 Clean – Level I Clean – Level I 75 29 94 92 Very good Very good R13 Not Clean – Level II Clean – Level I 30 95 94 Very good Very good R14 Not Clean – Level II Clean – Level I 31 75 89 Moderate Good R15 Not Clean – Level III 32 Not Clean – Level III 92 97 Very good Very good R16 Not Clean – Level II 33 Not Clean – Level II 94 93 Very good Very good R17 Not Clean – Level II Not Clean – Level II 76 34 93 89 Very good Good R18 Not Clean – Level II 35 Not Clean – Level II 95 93 Very good Very good R19 Not Clean – Level II 36 Not Clean – Level II 95 96 Very good Very good R20 Clean – Level I 37 Clean – Level I 97 97 Very good Very good R21 Not Clean – Level II Clean – Level I 38 95 88 Very good Good R22 Not Clean – Level II Not Clean – Level II 77 39 95 90 Very good Good R23 Not Clean – Level II Clean – Level I 40 97 87 Very good Good R24 Not Clean – Level II 41 Not Clean – Level II 95 85 Very good Good R25 Not Clean – Level II Clean – Level I 42 97 91 Very good Very good R26 Not Clean – Level II 43 Not Clean – Level II 95 90 Very good Good R27 Not Clean – Level II Not Clean – Level II 78 Table B-3: Star-shape Index and VN_WQI results of Da River 2nd Quater of 2021 No ID Star-shape Index 44 3rd Quater of 2021 VN_WQI 96 Very good Very good D1 Clean – Level I 93 95 Very good Very good D2 Not Clean – Level II 46 Clean – Level I 96 87 Very good Good D3 Not Clean – Level II Clean – Level I 47 VN_WQI 96 Not Clean – Level II 45 Star-shape Index 92 92 Very good Very good D4 Not Clean – Level II Not Clean – Level II 79 Table B-4: Star-shape Index and VN_WQI results of two tributaries (Chay River & Bua River) 2nd Quater of 2021 No ID Star-shape Index 48 3rd Quater of 2021 VN_WQI 91 Very good Very good C1 Not Clean – Level II 96 95 Very good Very good C2 Not Clean – Level II Clean – Level I 50 96 97 Very good Very good B1 Clean – Level I 51 VN_WQI 98 Clean – Level I 49 Star-shape Index Clean – Level I 99 95 Very good Very good B2 Clean – Level I Clean – Level I 80 52 83 87 Good Good B3 Not Clean – Level III 53 Not Clean – Level II 92 80 Very good Good B4 Not Clean – Level II 54 Not Clean – Level III 93 92 Very good Very good B5 Not Clean – Level II 55 Not Clean – Level II 93 87 Very good Good B6 Not Clean – Level II Not Clean – Level II 81 APPENDIX C: Evaluation of water quality parameters in Phu Tho’s Rivers according to QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT The water condition of rivers in Phu Tho was generally assessed by directly comparing the observed value of each parameter with the National technical regulation on surface water quality of MONRE (2015) A 4-level rating scale (A1, A2, B1, B2) according to the Regulations of MONRE was used in this evaluation Table C-1: Using purpose regulated in QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT Level Using purpose A1 Use for domestic water supply purposes (after applying treatment general), aquatic flora and fauna conservation and other purposes such as levels A2, B1 and B2 A2 Use for domestic water supply purposes but must be applied suitable treatment technology or use such as levels B1 and B2 B1 Use for irrigation or other uses with similar water quality requirements or use as level B2 B2 Use for navigation and other purposes with low quality water requirements Figure C-1: pH results of 55 monitoring points in rivers of Phu Tho Province 82 47 48 Monitoring point (Point) 50 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 40 30 20 10 A1 A2 B1 B2 Excess Level Figure C-2: Results of DO parameter in rivers of Phu Tho Province BOD5 25 23 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 21 19 20 Monitoring point (Point) Monitoring point (Point) 25 COD 15 15 13 11 10 A1 A2 B1 B2 22 22 20 18 15 15 10 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 13 10 A1 Excess A2 B1 B2 Excess Level Level Monitoring point (Point) Figure C-3: Results of BOD and COD parameters in rivers of Phu Tho Province 30 30 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 28 25 21 20 15 13 10 A1 A2 B1 B2 Excess Level Figure C-4: Results of TSS parameter in rivers of Phu Tho Province 83 𝑵𝑶− 𝟐 Monitoring point (Point) 60 50 51 54 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 40 30 20 10 1 A1 A2 B1 B2 Monitoring point (Point) 𝑵𝑯𝟒+ 50 45 49 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 40 30 20 10 10 Excess A1 A2 B1 Level 𝑷𝑶𝟑− 𝟒 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 40 30 20 10 5 60 Monitoring point (Point) Monitoring point (Point) 50 50 50 A2 B1 B2 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 51 40 30 27 20 15 10 A1 Excess Level 𝑵𝑶𝟑− 50 B2 Excess A1 A2 B1 B2 Excess Level Level Figure C-5: Results of Nutrient parameters in rivers of Phu Tho Province 45 41 40 35 34 30 25 21 20 14 15 10 A1 A2 E.Coli 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter B1 Level B2 Excess Monitoring point (Point) Monitoring point (Point) Coliforms 50 50 49 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 40 30 20 10 A1 A2 B1 B2 Excess Level Figure C-6: Results of Microorganism parameter in rivers of Phu Tho Province 84