tác động của việc thu hồi đất đến 5 loại sinh kế (tự nhiên, con người, tài chính, vật chất, xã hội) của người dân tỉnh thái bình qua các năm. việc xem xét tác động của việc thu hồi đất cho các dự án xây dựng ở tỉnh Thái Bình đối với sinh kế của người dân là rất quan trọng. Kết quả nghiên cứu sẽ cung cấp những luận cứ khoa học tin cậy để các cấp chính quyền hoạch định những chính sách phù hợp nhất trong công tác giải phóng mặt bằng đền bù cũng như hỗ trợ việc làm cho các hộ dân trong vùng dự án. Vấn đề này càng có ý nghĩa hơn khi kết quả nghiên cứu được coi là cơ sở để đề xuất chính sách khi thu hồi đất cho các dự án tiếp theo.
UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS FACULTY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY *** SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TOPIC : ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND ACQUISITION ON THE LIVELIHOOD ASSETS OF HOUSEHOLDS IN THAI BINH PROVINCE Hanoi, 2023 UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS FACULTY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY *** SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TOPIC : ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND ACQUISITION ON THE LIVELIHOOD ASSETS OF HOUSEHOLDS IN THAI BINH PROVINCE Instructors: Dr Nguyễn Thị Lan Hương Member: Đỗ Tùng Dương Phùng Thị Như Quỳnh Nguyễn Tiến Đạt Vũ Cao Sơn Nguyễn Huy Hoàng Class: QH – 2020 E Kinh tế CLC Hanoi, 2023 DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that this research was carried out by ourselves under the guidance and supervision of Dr Nguyễn Thị Lan Hương; and that the work contained and the results in it are true by author and have not violated research ethics The data and figures presented in this research are for analysis, comments, and evaluations from various resources by our work and have been duly acknowledged in the reference part In addition, other comments, reviews and data used by other authors, and organizations have been acknowledged, and explicitly cited I will take full responsibility for any fraud detected in our research UEB is unrelated to any copyright infringement caused on our work (if any) GROUP OF AUTHORS ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, we would like to express our sincere and deep gratitude to the lecturers of the Political economy department for imparting extremely useful knowledge in our field of study Especially, we would like to thank Dr Nguyen Thi Lan Huong for her dedication guide, and share valuable research experiences so that we can understand more closely our project We would also like to thank the local managers and staff of the People's Committee of Thai Binh province for their support of information, enthusiastic guidance, and introduction to contact and interview with households had their land acquired to build key projects in the locality We are very grateful to family and friends in the class who have always shared the work in the past GROUP OF AUTHORS TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP ACKNOWLEDGMENT LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF BOXES INTRODUCTION Research background Research objectives 11 Research questions 11 Practical significance of the study 11 Subjects and scope of research 12 Research structure 12 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODS 13 1.1 Literature review 13 1.2 Livelihood analysis framework 16 Figure 1: framework for sustainable livelihoods 17 1.2.1 Sources of capital and livelihood assets 17 1.2.2 Vulnerability context 21 1.2.3 Institutions and policies 21 1.2.4 Livelihood Strategies 21 1.2.5 Livelihood outcomes 22 1.3 Methods 23 1.3.1 Study areas and data collection 23 1.3.2 Data analysis methods 24 CHAPTER 2: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 25 2.1 Introduction to the study area 25 2.1.1 Natural and socio-economic characteristics 25 2.1.2 Key projects being invested in Thai Binh city 26 2.1.3 Support policies when the State 27 2.1.4 Results of the implementation of the State's policies 27 2.2 Livelihood assets of households 28 2.2.1 Human capital 28 2.2.2 Natural capital 35 2.2.3 Financial capital 36 2.2.4 Social capital 42 2.3 Vulnerable circumstances 43 2.4 Livelihood strategies and activities 50 2.4.1 Livelihood strategies of households 50 2.4.2 Livelihood activities 51 2.5 Livelihood Outcomes 54 CHAPTER 3: CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 58 3.1 Conclusion on livelihoods and difficulties of households in Thai Binh province whose land has been acquired 58 3.2 Recommendations 61 3.2.1 Improving policies on land clearance, compensation, land acquisition and job creation 61 3.2.2 Policy suggestions 62 REFERENCES 66 INSTRUCTOR 'S COMMENTS 68 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS DFID Department for International Development US United States UK United Kingdom LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: framework for sustainable livelihoods 17 Figure 2.1: Household size, average number of employees 29 Figure 2.2: Education level of household head 31 Figure 2.3: Education level of main laborers in the household 32 Figure 2.4: The work of household before and after land acquisition 34 Figure 2.5: Percentage of households with agricultural production land before being acquired 35 Figure 2.6: The households purpose of saving money rate 38 Figure 2.7: Loan purpose of households 39 Figure 2.8: Labor restructuring 40 Figure 2.9: The purpose of using the compensation money of the people 41 Figure 2.10: Shocks of people after land acquisition 44 Figure 2.11: People's reactions to land acquisition 49 Figure 2.12: Difficulties in self-employment, job search or career change 55 Figure 2.13: People's satisfaction with their current life 56 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Health status of household members 33 Table 2.2: Saving status of the household before land acquisition 37 Table 2.3: Livelihood Activity of Households Before and After Land Acquisition 52 Table 2.4: Current income compared to before land acquisition 54 LIST OF BOXES Box 2.1: People are shocked when there is no more productive land 45 Box 2.2: Farmers' career change shock 47 Box 2.3: People's shock about environmental pollution 48 Box 2.4: People's thoughts on compensation land price 50 INTRODUCTION Research background Investing in the construction of projects for local socio-economic development is an indispensable requirement of all countries, especially in the current period of industrialization and modernization However, observing reality, when the land is recovered from the people to implement the project, with the compensations along with the policies to support the search for new jobs from all levels of the government, there are not really any projects It also really brings positive effects to the people around the area A basic requirement of land acquisition to build a development investment project is that the change in the lives of people around the project area must be in a better direction, that is, generate higher income than before In some localities, when people's land is recovered to invest in the construction of projects for industrial or service development, there will really be a comprehensive change in the face of the region, including a change in the life quality of households However, in many provinces and cities, the issues of land acquisition, compensation, and sustainable livelihoods for the people who were affected by the project have not had much research and evaluation and have not been satisfactorily resolved in order to bring satisfaction to the people Research on the impact of industrialization and urbanization on Vietnamese farmers' livelihoods suggests that state revocation of agricultural land use rights has important economic, social, cultural and political impacts on households whose land has been recovered for industrialization and urbanization purposes Because of the limitations of Government and Party policy on vocational training and job creation, in response to the new situation, many rural households relied on their natural assets in the form of residential land use rights to avoid poverty and move towards new livelihoods, although the transition implies social differentiation and a multiplicity of household livelihood strategies 2.5 Livelihood Outcomes Assess the change in household income after land acquisition The survey showed that only 17.9% of households increased their income after land acquisition; the rest did not improve; up to 62.3% of households said that their income had "no change," and 19.8% of families replied that their income was lower than before the land acquisition Table 2.4: Current income compared to before land acquisition Evaluate the change Quantity (Numbers of Ratio (%) households) Reduced 74 19.8% No change 232 62,3% Increase 66 17.9% 372 100% Total Reasons for the decrease in income According to the opinion of households, the main reason for the decrease in income is the lack or loss of arable land, so self-employment, job search or job switching to earn income Life is extremely important in creating income for households 54 Figure 2.12: Difficulties in self-employment, job search or career change Those who have to find new jobs due to land expropriation are often elderly farmers who have been attached to the land for many years, so their biggest barrier when looking for new jobs is making ends meet which is the problem of age (accounting for 74.1%), health (accounting for 63.97%), and education level (accounting for 42.2%) Other factors, such as financial capital or difficulty accessing job information, or difficulty going to vocational training, are lower, with only about 14%, because people have just compensated for land, so they will not really lack money At that time, the local government also had policies to encourage people to go to vocational training and work In addition, there is a small group of people who have low self-esteem when going to a new job (accounting for 5.37%) In addition, according to an official of Thang Cuu commune, households whose incomes are improved largely because they are still attached to agricultural land for 55 production according to their old occupations (compensation money) often to buy agricultural land), or those who enjoy doing business after receiving compensation, develop service businesses, and then rise Besides, there are still many households that use capital inefficiently, not invest in business but instead buy motorbikes and phones, and not take the time to learn a trade or find a job when they have a lot of money in hand No work, no income, leading to poverty Or there are households, because before they not have much money, when they have a large amount of money they not know what to do, cannot buy land, or not business, so they send it to the bank The market price of land is increasing, but the money is not available If they still have the same value as before, they don't have enough money to buy agricultural land to develop their old jobs, spend all their money, go to work again, and become poor Level of life satisfaction now compared to before land acquisition In general, most of the people have adapted to the new situation and feel more satisfied with their current lives than before (61.38% in Thang Cuu and 77.38% in Luong) Trang (55.63% at Co Hoi and 62.22% in Giang Dong) Figure 2.13: People's satisfaction with their current life 90.00% 77.38% 80.00% 70.00% 62.22% 61.38% 55.63% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 41.97% 36.84% 33.67% 30.00% 21.43% 20.00% 10.00% 4.95% 2.46% 1.19% 0.94% 0.00% Thang Cuu Luong Trang Unsatisfied Co Hoi Neutral 56 Satisfied Giang Dong Households living in Giang Dong village are more satisfied with the change of life than households living in Co Hoi and Thang Cuu villages Because the compensation amount from land acquisition is higher for people whose land has been acquired in Luong Trang village than for households in other areas On the other hand, Luong Trang Village, because it is in a period of strong development and is densely populated, is a commune with better economic conditions, is easy to invest in and develop production and business services to improve family income, than the rest of the communes On the contrary, in Thang Cuu village, which is a village in Thai Binh City, people expect that the price of land will be high, but in reality, the price is not as high as people's expectations, leading to people not being satisfied with the land compensation price in this area That explains why the number of dissatisfied people in Thang Cuu village is the highest at 4.95% 57 CHAPTER 3: CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 3.1 Conclusion on livelihoods and difficulties of households in Thai Binh province whose land has been acquired Through the survey results of households and local officials involved in compensation clearance, vocational training support, in general, the livelihoods of people whose land has been acquired during project construction is mostly are guaranteed but still face difficulties leading to lack of sustainability Low skill level Low education is a barrier for farmers to quickly adapt to changes in life, or change careers, they have difficulty in participating in vocational training, so after losing their job, these people often participate in occupations requiring unskilled labor, such as hired laborers, day workers for local construction projects (mostly to serve infrastructure projects under construction such as schools, hospital, ) These jobs are not stable For households with productive land, the low level of education also hinders the access to and implementation of advanced techniques in production This will make it difficult to ensure a sustainable livelihood for themselves and their families No more productive land, have to change careers As soon as the land is recovered and the money is compensated, most people use the money to serve the needs of building houses, buying household assets such as televisions, refrigerators, motorbikes, mobile phones, etc .Except for households with a large amount of compensation (due to the large amount of land acquired), if they use the money to buy other land to cultivate old occupations, or have the ability to adapt when using the compensation money to Changing careers (commercial, service) makes life better For households with relatively low compensation amounts, they often face difficulties in livelihood development, because after building a house, buying family assets and paying off bank loans, there is no money left, or not enough money to buy agricultural land to 58 continue following traditional occupations For the purpose of making a living for themselves and their families, the workers in the family have to work as hired laborers, work as workers for local construction projects or look for jobs elsewhere However, these jobs are mostly unskilled workers, temporary and unstable The study also shows that local authorities still have difficulty in finding jobs for people who have lost their jobs due to land acquisition for a number of reasons: people lack qualifications, skills, lack of discipline in labor working in the industrial and service sectors, not accept low-wage jobs as soon as they have a lot of money after land acquisition Difficulty in learning a new job Although the local government has also surveyed the people's vocational training needs, when opening classes, few people registered to study, making it difficult to organize the implementation The reason is that people familiar with agricultural production are now afraid to familiarize themselves with other occupations On the other hand, post-training jobs have low wages, and vocational training programs have not yet met the skills required for workers to work in enterprises and factories Some are busy with work (employment, worker, or family) so it is difficult to arrange time to attend vocational training classes (fear of losing their current job, losing source of income) Underemployment for agricultural workers For households who have completely lost productive land, employment for purely agricultural workers is a matter of great concern In the past, when there was still agricultural land, they could different things such as growing rice, raising livestock, planting seedlings, etc But now they are almost the people who have completely lost their livelihood and depend on their families , or live on bank deposits It is difficult to switch to other jobs, or learn a trade, even more difficult when applying for jobs at companies and factories 59 Credit People living in rural areas have limited social relationships, so when there is a need to borrow money to serve livelihood activities, it is difficult to access official credit institutions, a major reason Credit officers are afraid of the risks when lending money to farmers Inefficient use of capital will make it difficult for them to pay, especially lowincome individuals and families Therefore, farmers are very reluctant to access loans from commercial banks Just like in many rural areas of Vietnam, there are still forms of “hot loans” or “participation” in the locality Infrastructure According to the survey results in Luong Trang village, Thong Nhat commune, people reported that since doing constructions such as schools, building new urban areas, small roads, vehicles running a lot, causing landslides, on the other hand here The drainage system has not been done well, so when it rains, it often floods For aquaculture households living outside the dam (aquacultural forest land), it is almost impossible for the road to travel, only traveling by motorbike, especially in the rainy season, the road is muddy People complained that they not regularly receive information from local authorities, many areas not have loudspeakers in the area to provide information When there is necessary information, people often convene a meeting at the community house of the hamlet branch, the people's house will send a representative to the meeting, or the hamlet cadre will directly inform each household, which wastes time Time and labor loss of many people People often access information related to industries, consumption markets, prices, business opportunities, or other information mainly through television channels In the surveyed areas, there are no parks, children's play areas, and cultural houses, but activities are limited 60 The locality does not have a high school in the commune which is also a big obstacle for the children to get higher education This age, not old enough to be able to live independently away from home If taking transportation to school will affect the jobs of the adults, leaving the children to go to school on their own, parents are not assured Therefore, families who not have enough money tend to send their children out of school early This will affect the children's future, easy to fall into the family circle: poor - uneducated no stable job - poor Environmental pollution For households living and cultivating agriculture near urban areas under construction or near shopping centers or supermarkets, residents have difficulty making dust from construction work affecting water sources In addition, the work also affects the water line leading to the rice fields and crops, affecting the yield and making it difficult for the people to work in the fog The construction of the thermal power plant under construction also scares the locals because it will directly affect their health (projectors, dust, heat, etc.) 3.2 Recommendations 3.2.1 Improving policies on land clearance, compensation, land acquisition and job creation The policies of the state are applied to the people, so when drafting, it is necessary to consult the people and need the consensus of the people to ensure that the policies are made in accordance with the actual situation in the localities It is necessary to publicize, transparently inform, and early inform people about land planning, land use plans, support policies, compensation, and resettlement, including information on compensation unit prices to give people peace of mind and time to prepare 61 for relocation, stabilize their lives, and at the same time strengthen people's confidence in the state's policies When implementing the project, it is necessary to accelerate the construction progress, and at the same time, it is also necessary to plan and calculate the development synchronously so as not to affect the agricultural production of the people around the project Strong breakthroughs in the management mechanism, especially focusing on training human resources with enough mind and range to meet the needs of the socioeconomic development of the locality, In the long term, in order for scarce land resources to be used more effectively, the state needs to create conditions and increase incentives for people to feel secure in investment and production, and policies and laws need to ensure the right to use the land stable, long-term land of farmers It is necessary to pay close attention to and coordinate with functional agencies in providing vocational guidance for local people, regularly mobilizing, propagating, and implementing training, vocational training, and job creation employment and stable income for employees Avoid the situation of "beating the drums and throwing them away" 3.2.2 Policy suggestions From the analysis of the research results, the author suggests a number of policies for the authorities to consider and apply appropriately to support the people affected by the projects that have to acquire agricultural land to improve their livelihoods adapt to changes and cope with risks to be able to ensure sustainable livelihoods in the future Education and training 62 Strengthening advocacy work, creating conditions for families not to let their children drop out of school early Regularly surveying labor needs and employment needs of the people, creating conditions for people to participate in vocational training Organize career orientation activities for people Increase the quantity and quality of training programs on techniques for aquaculture, cultivation, animal husbandry, business, entrepreneurship, etc for households Creating and enhancing the role of social organizations Propagating and mobilizing people to pay attention to and participate in social and economic organizations such as Women's Union, Farmers' Union, Fisheries Association, Aquaculture, Cooperatives, production cooperative groups, etc contribute to increasing opportunities for information exchange and production technology exchange for the community At the same time, strengthen the institutions and capacity of local authorities and mass organizations to actively support the people Enhance information for the community The transmission of complete and timely information to the people is extremely important, promoting the active role of public organizations or social organizations, people can access information about the direction of the population information on the labor market, on opportunities and business knowledge, information on production techniques, production orientation, etc to develop the family economy The lack of necessary information may prevent workers from keeping up with the needs of the market, so they not learn suitable occupations, cannot find jobs, or become obsolete in the production and business process quality, lack of competition, etc At the sites, cultural houses and libraries need to invest in computers with internet connection, to guide people to use them to improve their knowledge, and to find information about the economy, society, market, etc 63 Resettlement support policy Synchronized investment in infrastructure (electricity, water, roads, schools, parks, amusement parks, etc.) at resettlement sites as well as residential areas for people to have a better life as soon as they change their place of residence or change their lives Monitor the lives of households even after completing the compensation and resettlement support to provide timely support for people's difficulties in livelihood activities Policies to support vocational training and job creation There are strict, binding policies for projects that need land to build works, factories to support vocational training, or order vocational training for workers who have lost their jobs due to land acquisition to suit their needs recruitment needs of enterprises, prioritize recruiting them to work This reduces many job opportunities for local workers, which goes against the policy purpose of attracting FDI into Vietnam At the same time, strengthen the appropriate vocational training for workers to meet the recruitment needs of these companies It is necessary to have a separate vocational training plan and program for workers in households whose land has been acquired and is suitable to the recruitment requirements of enterprises in particular and to social needs in general Linking with companies, factories, and training by address to help workers get jobs right away or study and work at the same time For those who are busy working for hire and have no time to participate in vocational training, it is possible to create more favorable conditions to attract more people to participate, such as flexible training times, training times, etc like class minimums, concentrated study, on-site training… Create conditions for many workers to participate 64 Improve environmental conditions The problem of environmental pollution becomes even more serious when three thermal power plants are put into operation at the same time Industry, construction, service development, etc affect the health and production activities of people, not only now but in the future Solutions: Initiating businesses and people in the community to join with the state in planting forests to develop aquatic ecosystems, planting many trees around in the Zone of Encouragement for shading and treatment of air pollution, including both jobs that have been planted, and planting grass to treat water pollution Invest in irrigation systems and water treatment systems to ensure clean water sources for aquaculture production for people Other policies For households that not completely lose productive land, but when the construction works affect production, cause crop failure, reduce productivity, or reduce product quality, the state also needs to spend money to help people overcome the consequences, such as infrastructure investment, technical support, career change support, etc With the damage to agricultural production caused by the people, the government needs to coordinate with businesses directly affected (typically companies and factories operating locally) to provide timely support to the people In addition, the state needs to have special preferential policies to encourage investment in the area to create more jobs for unemployed workers 65 REFERENCES DOMESTIC DOCUMENTS Lại Thế Bảo (2019), Ảnh hưởng công tác thu hồi đất đến sinh kế người dân bị thu hồi đất dự án Vinhome địa bàn quận Long Biên, Thành phố Hà Nội Báo cáo Ngân hàng giới (2011), chế nhà nước Thu hồi đất chuyển dịch đất đai tự nguyện Việt Nam Bộ Tài nguyên Môi trường (2009), Thông tư số 14/2009/TT-BTNMT ngày 01/10/2009 quy định chi tiết bồi thường, hỗ trợ, tái định cư trình tự, thủ tục thu hồi đất, giao đất, cho thuê đất Huỳnh Văn Chương (2010), Ảnh hưởng việc chuyển đất nông nghiệp sang đất phi nông nghiệp đến sinh kế người nông dân bị thu hồi đất thành phố Hội An, tỉnh Quảng Nam Tạp chí khoa học Trường Đại học Huế Nguyễn Thị Diễn, Vũ Đình Tơn, Philippe Lebailly (2012), Ảnh hưởng việc thu hồi đất nơng nghiệp cho cơng nghiệp hóa đến sinh kế hộ nông dân tỉnh Hưng Yên Trương Thị Hồng Giang (2015), Tài liệu sinh kế hộ gia đình bị thu hồi đất địa bàn huyện Duyên Hải Trương Thị Hồng Giang (2015), Sinh kế cộng đồng dân cư bị thu hồi đất xây dựng cơng trình trọng điểm địa bàn huyện duyên tỉnh Trà Vinh Trần Đức Hoàng (2020), Đảm bảo sinh kế cho hộ dân thuộc diện thu hồi đất nông nghiệp để xây dựng nạo vét, tạo cảnh quan hồ điều hòa phường thị cầu địa bàn thành phố Bắc Ninh, tỉnh Bắc Ninh Đinh Phi Hổ & Huỳnh Sơn Vũ (2011), Sự thay đổi thu nhập người dân sau thu hồi đất để xây dựng khu công nghiệp: Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng gợi ý sách 10 Phạm Phương Nam, Nguyễn Thanh Trà Khoa (2015), Assessment of Compensation for Ground Clearance to Perform Some Costruction Projects in Tien Hai District, Thai Binh Province 66 11 Phan Thị Ngọc (2020), Biến đổi sinh kế làng Gia Trung (huyện Mê Linh, thành phố Hà Nội) tiến trình cơng nghiệp hóa thị hóa 12 Quốc hội (2003), Luật đất đai năm 2003 13 Quốc hội (2013), Luật đất đai năm 2013 14 Nguyễn Văn Sửu (2010), Tác động cơng nghiệp hóa thị hóa đến sinh kế nông dân Việt Nam: Trường hợp làng ven đô Hà Nội 15 Nguyễn Minh Thuận, Dương Ngọc Thành Trần Thị Mỹ Tuyên (2018), Các nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến hài lòng sinh kế hộ dân sau thu hồi đất tỉnh Vĩnh Long 16 Trần Văn Trung (2014), Đánh giá thực trạng công tác thu hồi đất, bồi thường hỗ trợ cho dự án khu công nghiệp Hanaka, thị xã Từ Sơn, tỉnh Bắc Ninh đề xuất giải pháp ổn định sinh kế cho người dân FOREIGN DOCUMENTS 17 Christoph Oberlacka Laura Tejadaa, Peter Messerlia, Stephan Rista, Markus Gigera (2016), Sustainable livelihoods in the global land rush? Archetypes of livelihood vulnerability and sustainability potentials 18 Department for International Development (1999), “Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets” 19 Jincai Zhao, Guangxing Jia, Yuan Tian, Yulong Chen, Zheng Wang (2018), Environmental vulnerability assessment for mainland China based on entropy method 20 Nguyen Thi Lan Huong, Shunbo Yao & Shah Fahad (2018), Assessing household livelihood vulnerability to climate change: The case of Northwest Vietnam 21 Ronald OSEI Mensah (2020), Effects of Large-Scale Land Acquisition on Livelihood Assets in the Pru East District of Ghana 22 Ross T Shackleton (2020), Loss of land and livelihoods from mining operations: A case in the Limpopo Province, South Africa 23 Suhiyini I Alhassan, Mohammed T Shaibu, John K M Kuwornu, Joseph Amikuzuno (2019), The nexus of land grabbing and livelihood of farming households in Ghana 67 INSTRUCTOR 'S COMMENTS (About the student's scientific research in the academic year 2022 - 2023) Instructor: Dr Nguyễn Thị Lan Hương Topic: Assessing the impact of agricultural land acquisition on the livelihood assets of householdsInstructor comments: Instructor 's comments Hanoi, March 20, 2023 Instructors 68