Luận án tiến sĩ ngôn ngữ học đối chiếu từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa “kết quả”, “tổng kết” tiếng việt và tiếng anh (trên cơ sở các văn bản khoa học xã hội

LỜI CAM ĐOAN Tôi xin cam đoan công trình nghiên cứu riêng tơi Các số liệu, kết trình bày Luận án trung thực chƣa đƣợc công bố công trình khác Tác giả Nguyễn Thị Tố Hoa MỤC LỤC MỞ ĐẦU 1 Lý chọn đề tài Mục đích nhiệm vụ nghiên cứu Đối tƣợng, phạm vi tƣ liệu nghiên cứu Phƣơng pháp nghiên cứu Đóng góp khoa học luận án Ý nghĩa lý luận thực tiễn luận án Kết cấu luận án……………… …………………… .…….…… CHƢƠNG 1:TỔNG QUAN TÌNH HÌNH NGHIÊN CỨU VÀ CƠ SỞ LÝ THUYẾT 1.1 Tổng quan tình hình nghiên cứu 1.1.1 Tình hình nghiên cứu phép nối, từ nối nƣớc 1.1.2 Tình hình nghiên cứu phép nối, từ nối Việt Nam 1.2 Cơ sở lý thuyết 12 1.2.1 Văn liên kết 12 1.2.2 Phép nối từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết …… .… 23 1.2.3 Thể loại văn khoa học …………………….… …… … 38 1.2.4 Ngôn ngữ học đối chiếu ………………… …… 41 1.3 Tiểu kết….………… ………….… ………… ….…… … 42 CHƢƠNG 2: ĐỐI CHIẾU ĐẶC ĐIỂM CẤU TRÚC - NGỮ NGHĨA CỦA TỪ NGỮ NỐI BIỂU THỊ Ý NGHĨA KẾT QUẢ, TỔNG KẾT TRONG VBKHXHTV VÀ VBKHXHTA 44 2.1 Tiêu chí nhận diện từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết VBKHXHTV VBKHXHTA 44 2.1.1 Tiêu chí nhận diện từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết tiếng Việt 44 2.1.2 Tiêu chí nhận diện từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết tiếng Anh 47 2.2 Đối chiếu số lƣợng tần suất sử dụng từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết VBKHXHTV VBKHXHTA 48 2.2.1 Số lƣợng tần suất sử dụng từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 48 2.2.2 Một số nhận xét chung số lƣợng tần suất sử dụng từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 49 2.3 Đối chiếu đặc điểm cấu trúc - ngữ nghĩa từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết VBKHXHTV VBKHXHTA 53 2.3.1 Vị trí từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết phát ngôn 53 2.3.2 Yếu tố kèm từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết phát ngôn 55 2.3.3 Chức cú pháp từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết phát ngôn 55 2.3.4 Đặc điểm cấu tạo - ngữ nghĩa từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết 53 VBKHXHTV VBKHXHTA 59 2.4 Tiểu kết 104 CHƢƠNG 3: ĐỐI CHIẾU ĐẶC ĐIỂM LIÊN KẾT - LẬP LUẬN CỦA TỪ NGỮ NỐI BIỂU THỊ Ý NGHĨA KẾT QUẢ, TỔNG KẾT TRONG VBKHXHTV VÀ VBKHXHTA 106 3.1 Đối chiếu đặc điểm liên kết từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết VBKHXHTV VBKHXHTA 106 3.1.1 Đặc trƣng liên kết từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết 106 3.1.2 Cấu trúc liên kết từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết 107 3.1.3 Các mơ hình liên kết từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết 110 3.1.4 Một số nhận xét chung mối quan hệ liên kết từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết 125 3.2 Đối chiếu đặc điểm lập luận từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết VBKHXHTV VBKHXHTA 127 3.2.1 Giá trị liên kết từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết có tác dụng tạo quan hệ lập luận cho văn bản………………… ……………………… 127 3.2.2 Đặc điểm lập luận từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết …… 129 3.2.3 Đối chiếu đặc điểm liên kết lập luận từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết VBKHXHTV VBKHXHTA …………………… 142 3.3 Tiểu kết 144 KẾT LUẬN 146 CÁC CÔNG TRÌNH ĐÃ CƠNG BỐ LIÊN QUAN ĐẾN LUẬN ÁN 150 DANH MỤC TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO…………………………………… 151 NGUỒN NGỮ LIỆU KHÁO SÁT……………………………………… 160 PHỤ LỤC……………………………………… 167 DANH MỤC CÁC CHỮ VIẾT TẮT A: Chủ ngôn B: Kết ngôn ĐHQG: Đại học Quốc gia E: (Văn bản) Anh HN: Hà Nội KHXH: Khoa học xã hội KHXH&NV: Khoa học xã hội Nhân văn PN: Phát ngôn SL: Số lƣợng r: Phƣơng tiện nối TNN: Từ ngữ nối TB: Trung bình VB: Văn VBKH Văn khoa học VBKHXH: Văn khoa học xã hội VBKHXHTV: Văn khoa học xã hội tiếng Việt VBKHXHTA: Văn khoa học xã hội tiếng Anh V: (Văn bản) Việt U (Utterance): Phát ngôn DANH MỤC BẢNG BIỂU Bảng 2.1 Số lƣợng tần suất xuất từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết VBKHXHTV VBKHXHTA 48 Bảng 2.2 Số lƣợng tần suất xuất từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết VBKHXHTV VBKHXHTA theo nhóm 49 Bảng 2.3 So sánh 10 từ ngữ nối có tần suất sử dụng cao VBKHXHTV VBKHXHTA 52 Bảng 2.4: Số lƣợng, hình thức cấu tạo, chức ngữ nghĩa tần suất xuất từ ngữ nối kết quả, tổng kết VBKHXHTV có hình thức từ 68 Bảng 2.5: Số lƣợng, hình thức cấu tạo, chức ngữ nghĩa tần suất xuất từ ngữ nối kết quả, tổng kết VBKHXHTA có hình thức từ 75 Bảng 2.6: Số lƣợng, hình thức cấu tạo, chức ngữ nghĩa tần suất xuất từ ngữ nối kết quả, tổng kết VBKHXHTV có hình thức cụm từ 86 Bảng 2.7: Số lƣợng, hình thức cấu tạo, chức ngữ nghĩa tần suất xuất từ ngữ nối kết quả, tổng kết VBKHXHTA có hình thức cụm từ 91 Bảng 2.8: Số lƣợng, hình thức cấu tạo, chức ngữ nghĩa tần suất xuất từ ngữ nối kết quả, tổng kết VBKHXHTV có hình thức mệnh đề 98 Bảng 2.9: Số lƣợng, hình thức cấu tạo, chức ngữ nghĩa tần suất xuất từ ngữ nối kết quả, tổng kết VBKHXHTA có hình thức mệnh đề 102 Bảng 3.1: Từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết mối quan hệ chủ ngôn kết ngôn VBKHXHTV VBKHXHTA 126 Bảng 3.2 Các kiểu quan hệ lập luận nhóm từ ngữ nối mang nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết biểu thị VBKHXHTV VBKHXHTA 133 MỞ ĐẦU Lý chọn đề tài 1.1 Ngôn ngữ học văn (Text linguistics, Textual linguistics) lĩnh vực nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ học đại Những vấn đề ngôn ngữ học văn đƣợc quan tâm nghiên cứu, có liên kết văn (VB) Liên kết điều kiện quan trọng để tập hợp câu trở thành VB lẽ VB hồn tồn khơng phải phép cộng đơn câu có nghĩa mà chúng phải có sợi dây liên hệ chặt chẽ tạo thành chỉnh thể thống nhất, trọn vẹn, rõ ràng, mạch lạc Tính liên kết đƣợc xem đặc trƣng quan trọng VB, chí, định ―chất‖ VB Vì vậy, VB, phƣơng tiện liên kết khơng nhân tố quan trọng mà cịn yêu cầu bắt buộc hầu hết nhà nghiên cứu VB quan tâm đến nguyên tắc khả liên kết phận VB với Để tạo thành VB, câu phải liên kết, gắn bó với theo nguyên tắc định theo phƣơng thức định Trong phƣơng thức liên kết, phép nối phƣơng thức đƣợc sử dụng phổ biến tất loại VB, đặc biệt văn khoa học (VBKH) phƣơng thức phổ qt nhiều ngơn ngữ Trong phƣơng thức liên kết nối, từ ngữ nối phƣơng tiện ngơn ngữ quan trọng thực chức liên kết câu/phát ngôn theo mối quan hệ ngữ nghĩa xác định, dấu hiệu cách tƣờng minh mối liên hệ phát ngôn VB Với chức liên kết, từ ngữ nối đóng vai trị khơng thể thiếu việc định hƣớng ngữ nghĩa tạo cấu trúc ngữ nghĩa thành phần VB, từ giúp cho VB mạch lạc, sáng rõ 1.2 Trong tiếng Việt tiếng Anh có từ ngữ nối biểu thị phạm trù ngữ nghĩa khác đa dạng Nếu nhƣ tiếng Việt có từ ngữ nối thuộc phạm trù không gian - thời gian, tương phản - nhượng bộ, giả thiết - nguyên nhân, khái quát - cụ thể, kết - tổng kết (tóm tắt)… tiếng Anh có từ ngữ nối dùng để nguyên nhân, kết quả, mục đích, tương phản, điều kiện tƣơng ứng Thực tế có số nghiên cứu bƣớc đầu đơn vị từ ngữ nối theo phạm trù nói trên, nhƣng nghiên cứu cách có hệ thống cịn bỏ ngỏ, đặc biệt nhóm từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết đƣợc sử dụng VBKH hầu nhƣ chƣa đƣợc quan tâm nghiên cứu Đây từ ngữ có chức đƣa kết nêu lại ý chính, điều bản, chủ yếu vấn đề hay nhận định chung mang tính khái quát Quan hệ thƣờng thực liên kết hai với nhiều phát ngôn khác VB Những từ ngữ nối theo quan hệ phổ biến nhƣ: vậy, đó, cho nên, vậy, tóm lại, nhìn chung, suy cho cùng, nhìn cách khái qt… Chính vậy, chúng tơi chọn đề tài Đối chiếu từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa “kết quả”, “tổng kết” tiếng Việt tiếng Anh (trên sở văn khoa học xã hội) để làm rõ đặc điểm cấu trúc ngữ nghĩa - liên kết - lập luận từ ngữ nối kết quả, tổng kết hai ngôn ngữ Việt - Anh Thông qua đề tài này, luận án mong muốn làm sáng tỏ đặc điểm chức nhóm từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết, đặc biệt giá trị liên kết chúng VBKH tiếng Việt tiếng Anh Kết nghiên cứu giúp ích thiết thực cho việc dạy - học ngôn ngữ bậc đại học, đặc biệt việc hiểu rõ chức liên kết từ ngữ nối biểu thị kết quả, tổng kết hai ngơn ngữ Mục đích nhiệm vụ nghiên cứu 2.1 Mục đích nghiên cứu Mục đích luận án nhằm tìm hiểu đặc điểm cấu trúc - ngữ nghĩa liên kết - lập luận nhóm từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết đƣợc sử dụng VBKHXH tiếng Việt tiếng Anh sở lý thuyết phân tích diễn ngơn, qua đối chiếu để tìm điểm tƣơng đồng khác biệt tiếng Việt tiếng Anh bình diện này, đồng thời khẳng định vai trị quan trọng nhóm từ ngữ nối việc tạo giá trị liên kết nhƣ khả tạo giá trị biểu đạt hoạt động, hành chức VB 2.2 Nhiệm vụ nghiên cứu Để đạt đƣợc mục đích trên, luận án cần giải nhiệm vụ nghiên cứu sau: (i) Xác lập sở lý luận thơng qua việc trình bày số vấn đề lý thuyết ngôn ngữ học VB, số vấn đề liên quan đến phép nối, từ nối, sở xác định tiêu chí nhận diện từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết VB (ii) Miêu tả, phân tích đối chiếu đặc điểm cấu trúc - ngữ nghĩa nhóm từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết đƣợc sử dụng tiếng Việt tiếng Anh ngữ liệu VB thuộc ngành KHXH Cụ thể, luận án xem xét đặc điểm cấu tạo, vị trí chức ngữ pháp ngữ nghĩa loại từ ngữ nối thể phát ngơn, qua tƣơng đồng khác biệt nhóm từ ngữ nối VBKHXH tiếng Việt tiếng Anh từ bình diện cấu trúc - ngữ nghĩa (iii) Miêu tả, phân tích đối chiếu đặc điểm liên kết - lập luận nhóm từ ngữ nối đƣợc sử dụng VBKHXH tiếng Việt tiếng Anh Cụ thể, luận án xem xét mối quan hệ liên kết quan hệ lập luận từ ngữ nối loại thể VB, qua tƣơng đồng khác biệt nhóm từ ngữ nối VBKHXH tiếng Việt tiếng Anh từ bình diện liên kết - lập luận Đối tƣợng, phạm vi tƣ liệu nghiên cứu 3.1 Đối tượng phạm vi nghiên cứu Luận án xác định đối tƣợng nghiên cứu từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết đƣợc sử dụng VBKHXH tiếng Việt tiếng Anh Phạm vi nghiên cứu giới hạn việc xem xét nhóm từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết đƣợc sử dụng khơng nằm phát ngơn giao tiếp (lời nói), phát ngôn riêng lẻ, mà phát ngơn gắn bó với VB với ngữ cảnh đủ bề rộng đƣợc rút từ VBKHXH tiếng Việt tiếng Anh Điều có nghĩa luận án xem xét đặc điểm từ ngữ nối loại chuỗi phát ngôn lẽ phát ngôn liên quan đƣợc xem yếu tố góp phần tạo nên ngữ cảnh cần thiết giúp cho việc phân tích cấu trúc - ngữ nghĩa - liên kết - lập luận phát ngôn chứa từ ngữ nối mang nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết đạt hiệu cao 3.2 Tư liệu nghiên cứu VBKH thể loại VB phong phú, tồn dƣới nhiều hình thức khác Trong luận án này, chúng tơi giới hạn lựa chọn hình thức VB chung cho tiếng Việt tiếng Anh, báo khoa học Các báo khoa học mà lựa chọn làm tƣ liệu nghiên cứu nghiên cứu đƣợc đăng tải số tạp chí KHXH mang tính đa ngành liên ngành chúng thuộc nhiều ngành KHXH khác nhƣ văn học, ngơn ngữ học, lịch sử, kinh tế, trị, pháp luật… Đây hầu hết nghiên cứu mang tính điều tra, phân tích dựa quan sát nguồn tƣ liệu nhằm tìm mối quan hệ nhân phát mới, nhận định, đánh giá có giá trị định chun mơn Vì vậy, việc sử dụng từ ngữ nối mang nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết nghiên cứu cần thiết, giúp cho tác giả thể suy luận logic vấn đề nghiên cứu Ngoài ra, báo thƣờng VB có dung lƣợng ngắn, trung bình khoảng từ 5000 từ đến 7000 từ nên dễ mang tính khả thi việc phân tích từ ngữ nối VB Với cách lựa chọn nhƣ trên, nguồn ngữ liệu cụ thể luận án bao gồm 60 VBKHXH tiếng Việt đƣợc trích xuất từ số tạp chí mang tính đa ngành, liên ngành nhƣ tạp chí KHXH Việt Nam, tạp chí KHXH Nhân văn, tạp chí Nhân lực KHXH… Các tạp chí hầu hết đƣợc xuất từ năm 2010 đến 2018 Đối với ngữ liệu tiếng Anh, luận án có lựa chọn tƣơng tự Để đối chiếu với tiếng Anh, luận án lựa chọn ngữ liệu khảo sát từ ngữ nối mang nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết đƣợc trích từ VB thuộc lĩnh vực KHXH nhƣ văn học, ngôn ngữ học, lịch sử, kinh tế, luật tƣơng ứng tiếng Anh, nghĩa đƣợc trích từ tạp chí KHXH mang tính đa ngành, liên ngành nhƣ International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science Các tạp chí đƣợc xuất từ năm 2010 đến 2018 Tuy nhiên, để nguồn tƣ liệu hai ngôn ngữ đƣợc tƣơng đƣơng, tiếng Anh luận án lựa chọn 50 VBKHXH VB tiếng Anh thƣờng dài tiếng Việt (trung bình báo tiếng Anh có độ dài khoảng 7000 từ, tiếng Việt xấp xỉ khoảng 6000 từ) [Chi tiết ngữ liệu, xem ―Nguồn ngữ liệu khảo sát‖ phần cuối luận án] Dựa tiêu chí nhận diện [chi tiết tiêu chí nhận diện từ ngữ nối, xem mục 1.2.4.3 mục 2.1 luận án], lọc đƣợc 115 từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết tiếng Việt tiếng Anh số 136 với tần suất sử dụng khác Phƣơng pháp nghiên cứu Để thực đề tài, luận án sử dụng phƣơng pháp thủ pháp nghiên cứu sau: - Phương pháp phân tích diễn ngơn: đƣợc xem phƣơng pháp chủ đạo luận án lẽ liên kết vấn đề quan trọng phân tích diễn ngơn Vì vậy, luận án này, đặc điểm từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết đƣợc xem xét theo khung lý thuyết phƣơng pháp phân tích diễn ngơn Cốt lõi phân tích diễn ngơn xem xét mặt chức ngôn ngữ Cụ thể, phƣơng pháp dùng để xem xét cách thức mà từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết đƣợc sử dụng gắn liền với ngữ cảnh Nói cách khác, phƣơng pháp dùng để xem xét hành chức từ ngữ nối văn cảnh cụ thể phân tích ngữ nghĩa hay đặc điểm liên kết quan hệ lập luận chúng VBKH - Phương pháp miêu tả: dùng để miêu tả đặc điểm cấu trúc - ngữ nghĩa liên kết - lập luận nhóm từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết - Phương pháp so sánh đối chiếu: đƣợc sử dụng để đối chiếu từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết tiếng Việt với tiếng Anh mặt cấu trúc ngữ nghĩa liên kết - lập luận, qua tìm tƣơng đồng khác biệt chúng bình diện Nghĩa nghiên cứu này, luận án sử dụng phƣơng pháp so sánh, đối chiếu chiều [đã đƣợc đề cập chi tiết mục 1.2.4 Ngơn ngữ học đối chiếu],đó cách tiếp cận lấy sở so sánh (Tertium comparationis) làm trung tâm] - Thủ pháp phân tích logic ngữ nghĩa – ngữ dụng: nói tới phép nối nói tới quan hệ ngữ nghĩa, thủ pháp đƣợc sử dụng để xem xét cách thức từ ngữ nối đƣợc sử dụng văn cảnh cụ thể Hay nói cách khác, thủ pháp dùng để xem xét vai trò từ ngữ nối VB khác phân tích ngữ nghĩa giá trị liên kết hay quan hệ lập luận chúng VBKH - Thủ pháp thống kê phân loại: dùng để xác lập, thu thập, tập hợp phân loại từ ngữ nối từ nguồn khác Đó đoạn văn, câu (phát ngơn) có chứa từ ngữ nối loại đƣợc sử dụng VBKHXH Các ngữ liệu thu thập đƣợc sở để đƣa sơ đồ, bảng biểu, số liệu nhằm minh họa thuyết minh cho miêu tả, phân tích, nhận xét, kết luận luận án Đóng góp khoa học luận án Luận án cơng trình đối chiếu chun sâu tồn diện hệ thống mối quan hệ ngữ nghĩa cụ thể từ ngữ nối phƣơng diện cấu trúc - ngữ nghĩa liên kết - lập luận phạm vi nguồn ngữ liệu VBKHXH Luận án miêu tả, phân tích làm rõ đặc điểm mặt cấu trúc - ngữ nghĩa từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết tiếng Việt so sánh, đối chiếu với tiếng Anh; mối quan hệ liên kết nhƣ mơ hình liên kết từ ngữ nối loại thể VBKHXH tiếng Việt tiếng Anh Thơng qua việc tìm hiểu giá trị lập luận mà từ ngữ nối thể VBKHXH, luận án cho thấy giá trị liên kết nhƣ khả tạo giá trị biểu đạt từ ngữ nối loại nhƣ khẳng định vai trò quan trọng từ ngữ nối biểu thị ý nghĩa kết quả, tổng kết việc tạo lập phát ngôn 141 [ ] In short, the traditional concept of our elderly is still dominant, their understanding of the social and commercial pension service system is not enough, the power to buy pension financial products is still lacking [E21: p.101] 142 Did Loc Dogg approach the receptionist this way because he is mean-spirited? Has hormonal imbalances? Is genetically inferior? Of course not He did this because he grew up without white privilege and consequently was deprived of the cultural capital and was devoid of the socialization necessary to teach him the proper way to meet the middle-class measuring rods In short, he doesn't know how to compete in a middle-class environment following white privilege rules Whites are the ones who define and decide what proper decorum and etiquette are in this type of interaction [E24: p.12] 143 [ ] In sum, the structure of CQ recognizes that individuals with high levels of cognitive ability may not necessarily achieve similar levels of success in the real world [E42: p.19] 144 [ ] In summary, values are an important aspect which shapes the culture of human life Values also reflect social norms which control human or social group behaviour Without rules and taboos, an individual member of society may as he wishes without thinking of social perceptions or the views of people around him Values are inherited, maintained and well-preserved Yet there are values, which though once held, have lapsed, are changing and will change Thus, implementation of values based on norms established from time to time needs to go hand in hand with the building of a harmonious and unified society [E50: p.56] 145 [ ] In summary, the effectiveness of the project team could be a crucial determinant of project success Came has well-defined objectives, i.e a target schedule, and a target value or budget The action of those objectives could be a tangible facet of the project team mission If a project over runs its value and schedule, or fails to attain its technical performance objective, the effectiveness of the project team is impaired [E39: p.272] 146 [ ] In summary: to improve the pension system and expand the scale of pension finance, it‘s need the effort of government, market and society, etc… [E21: p.104] 147 [ ] In summary, the cultural intelligence construct and related sub-dimension scores are an ideal point at which to launch more sophisticated intercultural assignment programs as well as explore cultural capacity-enhancement training initiatives [E42: p.28] 148 The last ritual is the Divestment Ritual that removes prior meaning from goods in order to create a personal ownership This ritual has a two part structure When a person buys a used item, the divestment ritual is used to remove the meaning of personal belongings to the last owner For example, a house that was owned previously by someone else will often be decorated by the new owner with different colors in order to erase the memories of last owner, and also to create a new sense of belonging in his/her new house The second Divestment Ritual happens when a person gives away something that he/she owned before When that person, for example, sees someone wearing any old item of clothing, they have to work through discomfort that someone else is wearing their former possession These Divestment Rituals are utilized to remove meanings of goods that have been in one‟s personal possession In summary, all of the rituals discussed so far are used as tools of meaning to facilitate the transfer of this meaning from the culturally constituted world to consumer goods [E3: p.28] 149 For our international audience, Jiffy Lube is an automobile-care company, whose 2,200 franchised operations dot the American landscape It is certainly the case that each automobile receives (or should receive) parts designed for it and not some other automobile In that sense, a minute amount of particular information is retained in production [E2: p.9] 150 McCracken (1988) defines a culture as a crowd of individuals participating in sharing values, rules, and traditions One‟s behaviour toward family, friends, work, education, consumption, and other important concepts and processes are directly influenced In this sense, the notion of „culture‟ has multiple and various inclusive definitions [E3: p.30] 151 In this sense, the media and especially the new media (social networks, blogs, chats etc.) becomes one of the main regulators of public relations That’s why the media can manipulate social communities, influence personal behavior and attitudes and it has a great contribution to the socializing process [E49: p 23] 203 152 [ ] In the end, some researches carried out in the world has shown that educational software often does not correspond to the cognitive, physical and emotional level of children‘s development, and warns that in their development, care must be taken to avoid damaging children‘s development [E6: p.100] 153 It was in this context that efforts to liberalize took place As the process to elect a new Assembly got underway, Sadat intervened at crucial moments to control the direction of political activities.When the door for political mobilization was opened, Egyptians saw a large number of groups advancing their vision for the country by means of platforms Cooper counted 31 platforms (Cooper, 1982, p 183), representing a wide spectrum of political ideologies and religious positions These were not party platforms, since parties were not allowed In the end, Sadat endorseda narrow set of three platforms to represent the left, center and right [E13: p.27] 154 The basic tendency of this paper is to point to the increasing application of information technology in teaching, and therefore also in the teaching of science and society This means that educational process is constantly developing and improving, but teaching aids also are modernizing Modern didactic and methodical knowledge are increasingly pointing out the shortcomings of traditional teaching and they offer solutions for overcoming these drawbacks, among the others, and through the modern informational technologies In this sense, the use of computers is not just something that is recommended but it is becoming more necessary since it is the path to the active acquisition of knowledge and creativity [E6: p.89] 155 In a contextual view human action is seen as threading out from the here and now of face-toface social interaction into more extensive fields of mediated interaction managed by institutions and organizations In this way social relations can be thought of as stretching over time and space yet linked to the concrete production of individual attitudes and behavior [E44: p.3] 156 In order to avoid such a revolt, the government kept spending and running budget deficits On the international front, the drop in revenues meant that a serious balance of payments deficit was also developing It became clear that such a path was unsustainable [E13: p.30] 157 [ ] It can be summarized that this definition suggests three things: firstly, culture seen as a totality of knowledge and model for perceiving things, secondly, immediate connection between culture and behavior and events, thirdly culture's dependence on norms It should be noted also that some other definitions claim that both knowledge and material things are parts of culture [E10: p.1394] 158 [ ] It can be highlighted that (Có thể nhấn mạnh rằng,), in terms of computer literacy, university students are highly knowledgeable [[E49: p.28] 159 [ ] It has been evident that the status of professional association in Ethiopia was transformed from self-help associations to full-fledged contemporary professional association overtime [E15: p.915] 160 It is already quite clear that (rõ ràng –xem lại xác khơng) place context influences the formation of racial attitudes (Oliver & Mendelberg, 2000; Oliver & Wong, 2003) [E44: p.6] 161 This analysis was realized through the analysis in one of van Dijk‘s works (van Dijk, 2012) Phonetics: Knowledge, Information and the Role of the Focus ―The Russian ambassador in Ankara, Karlov, who lost his life in a despicable assault, was a friend I appreciated as a diplomat On behalf of myself and my people, I strongly curse and condemn it Immediately after the incident I called Putin We are in agreement that this treacherous assault is a clear provocation against the Turkey-Russia relations.‖ (YeniŞafak, 21 December 2016: 13) It might be said that Erdoğan‘s speech, from which this first paragraph was taken, consists of three parts In the first part, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announces the killing of the Russian ambassador Karlov; in the second part his condemnation of the murder and in the third parts his calling Russian President Putin [E1:p.61] 162 [ ] It is clear that training can be important throughout the career, helping apprentices to develop, for future responsibilities [E41: p.37] 163 First is the privilege of genealogy It is clear that whites have the advantage of being descended from people who traditionally made the rules [E24: p.11] 164 [ ] It is evident that e-learning in this regard provides a numerous of the features that ensure the further development of the educational process [E6:p.99] 204 165 According to the lots of researchers, globalization takes its pwer form the efficiency of economics It is possible to say that (có thể nói rằng) first aspect of globalization is economics Then, challenges to power and politic relations across World [E16: p.78] 166 [ ] It is possible to state that the news in this study, in other words, Russian Ambassador Andrey Karlov assassination news was presented ideologically [E1: p.64] 167 [ ] It is true that, in political theory, the concept of recognition has only emerged since the 1990s, especially through the work of Charles Taylor (The Politics of Recognition, 1992), and it has caused immediate reverberations in the public debate [E8: p.29] 168 From the other side, international relations are refocusing the problem by deepening the notion of relation, investigating it and making explicit its implications in a way that may offer a richer, normative and moral articulation, compared to the narrow legal use It is true that there seems to be greater sensitiveness of scholars, theorists and experts around the moral aspects and implications of recognition, even in the varied and fragile field of international law [E8: p.29] 169 [ ] Last, in order to increase the intention of residents to accept occupational therapy services at home, it is quite important for the applicant to get the reasonable subsidization and convenient services provided by public sectors [E14: p.192] 170 [ ] Lastly, additional restraint for this learning stalks commencing the physiognomies of the illustration This learning was carried out in small, medium and large, manufacturing companies in Pakistan with by and large less educated male respondents Generalization of consequences has been limited due cultural perspective in diverse work settings These insufficiencies offer a probability for upcoming study look on the current conclusions in further and mottled kinds of establishments with extra diverse or else traditionally dissimilar sample [E39: p.277] 171 [ ] Lastly, the paper recommends that repatriation should continue to be prioritized as a durable solution to the refugee‘s crisis ([E31: p.84] 172 [ ] Maybe the people in the urban get skill faster than one in the rural with age As the coefficient of age square is significantly negative4,it says the influence of age on income will decrease after some age in every quantile [E34: p.119] 173 [ ] Maybe it's just in all communication tools integration the reason why the huge confusion between the concepts of corporate communication and integrated marketing communication [E9: p.52] 174 The fourth dimension describes the concept of uncertainty avoidance and explains how much anxiety an individual member of a culture will endure to avoid uncertainty (Hofstede, 1980) When a culture scores high on the uncertainty avoidance index, people of that culture would prefer explicit rules and usually have a low acceptance of vagueness In these cultures, people tend to stay with one employer for a longer period of time On the other hand, in cultures with low uncertainty avoidance, people of that culture tend to prefer flexible rules and less formal arrangements On the whole, (nhìn chung) there is no exact predictor, but cultures with high uncertainty avoidance characteristics are usually just entering the innovation and transformation of advancement stage [E3: p.29] 175 The main purpose of a workshop approach to teaching is to allow students ―to see their work through the eyes of their peers and help them gain distance so they can evaluate the work for themselves‖ (Connors & Glenn, 2003; Glenn & Goldthwaite, 2008) Therefore, in the writing workshop, the teacher can ask students to accomplish specific tasks like a brainstorming discussion of an essay topic, the analysis of errors on essays, and making comments on one another‘s draft (Connors & Glenn, 2003; Glenn & Goldthwaite, 2008) More precisely, a workshop approach to the teaching of writing is designed to get students involved in the group work, as during inclass writing activities, evaluating peers‘ papers and providing peers with comment Definitely, (rõ ràng, chắn) writing workshops enable students to reach a goal of collaborative learning in ―peer-response‖ groups where the group members offer oral and written responses to peers‘ papers [E45: p.9] 176 [ ] Our results did not show any relationship between the EPL index and child bullying; however, there was a significant relationship between the strictness of the regulation on temporary forms of employment and children bullying (p-value = 024) [E38: p.11] 205 177 [ ] Overall, the impact of the media varies and it is determined by many factors such as the content of messages, as well as the habits of the public, its erudition, readiness, maturity and emotional state In this sense, the media are differentiated according to the audience The impact broadly encompasses the processes of behavior and experience of individuals within the reach of the media [E49: p.23] 178 [ ] Overall, Hofstede‟s approach can be considered to be a macro approach to a culture, while McCracken‟s approach can be viewed as a micro approach to a culture [VB.E3: p.30] 179 […] Overall, children‘s involvement in mediated reality does bring challenges regarding their health, eating and sleeping habits, aggressive behaviour, language development, consumerism, building of identity and relationships with others [E18: p.51] 180 [ ] Overall (nhìn chung) findings and discussions on classroom observations answered the first research question In the first class of every week, the professor integrated the Internetbased instruction into the writing workshop for arousing students‘ interest in English writing [E45: p.11] 181 The length of the unemployment of females, younger females and older workers overall seems to be particularly negatively affected by the strictness of the employment protection legislation [E37: p.9] 182 The second variant that is ―I will advise getting professional or higher education allowing to become a professional practitioner, master or specialist, meeting the demands of the current market‖ was chosen by 30.8 per cent of respondents Perhaps that's why, villagers, including not only parents, but also most rural childrenare close to the productive work [E20: p 176)] 183 Conversely, physical space is presented as a neutral container of human existence Space ―is equivalent, practically speaking, to a set of institutional and ideological superstructures that are not presented for what they are alternatively it assumes an outward appearance of neutrality, of insignificance, of semiological destitution, and of emptiness (or absence)‖ [E44: p.2] 184 The March 30 Program was the opposite of the earlier strategy of reining in the upper classes and bringing in the middle and lower classes to the embrace of the public sector Predictably, the political reform was opposed as being biased towards the upper classes and counterrevolutionary [E13: p.25] 185 [ ] Presumably, attitudes toward in- and out-group members are formed via moral rules that emerged during phylogeny and can be fixed in genes and culture (House et al., 2013) The preference for unrelated group members may therefore be formed within culture early in ontogenesis but later than the preference for related group members [E46: p.61] 186 [ ] Results indicated that aggregate cultural intelligence predicts intercultural negotiation outcomes, intercultural negotiation satisfaction, and intercultural negotiation performancesatisfaction [E42: p.18] 187 [ ] Results suggest that, majority of respondents held favourable attitudes towards Lake Natron, with 244(77%) of respondents of the opinion that Lake Natron is either important or very important in contributing to their households income [E17: p.164] 188 The standardization of the U.S schools during the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s was not merely insufficient to the task of reform It turned out to be incompatible with mature conceptions of the education good, a good that requires for its achievement a more holistic and complex information environment Said another way, instead of avoiding a further production problem within the schools, the very thing with which Standards reformers were most concerned, the movement to make the rules of production more uniform so affected the information environment that it oversimplified education and accelerated a descent or deprofessionalization of educational practice [E2: p.5] 189 All of the particular information that is being displaced cannot be put back without becoming too expensive (the corollary to the loss thesis) Leaving it all out impairs the production of quality education So the policy question is, what should be kept or reintroduced in order to optimize learning opportunities for individuals and societies? [E2: p.14] 190 [ ] So this is interpreted as teachers participants at workshop have a self- perception of more competentes regarding the skill "team work" [E29: p.39] 206 191 [ ] So, using educational materials in electronic form, in teaching has not only given a chance to the new pedagogical paradigms, but it imposes a new form of professional cooperation between the teachers themselves [VB.E6:p.103] 192 Global developments in the financial field, can lead to use the scarce resources in an efficient and rational way and that can accelerate the World trade and can benefit everyone (ỗeken, ệkten ve Ateolu, 2008:82) So economy can be regarded as one of the most important aspects of globalization [E16: p.78] 193 A student using a computer quickly and efficiently learns the appropriate teaching content, so he has more time to focus on problems and phenomena of particular interest If it encounters more serious difficulties, it receives adequate instructions from the computer to overcome the problem [E6:p.100] 194 Also, international students may face some cultural difficulties when they live in a foreign country For instance, in Australia, some international students come from Asia which is not a part of the dominant AngloAustralian culture, and the international students' concerns and opinions are quite different So that tends to make students feel lonely and isolated from the society around them [E30: p.18] 195 There is no research is made on project success in Pakistan only research which is relate with the business project is made only in business level or within the business So the literature of project success, project manager‘s leadership and teamwork are totally from foreign author or countries [E39: p.271] 196 Common among the issues that are confronting teachers from both, South Africa and the United States of America, is the concern about students and their education Citizens who are concerned about the future of their children mostly believe that it depends on the education they receive So whether teachers are laid-off or evaluated, the primary intention is to improve the schooling system in general Obviously, this is a very fair, reasonable and responsible concern [E28: p 30] 197 [ ] Presumably, the more similar the negotiator‟s cultures, the better chance they have at understanding the behaviors and values of each other, and hence reach outcomes of higher value Indeed, the results of H1 imply that relying on cultural intelligence as a proxy to reduce the negative effects of cultural distance between intercultural negotiators leads to improved integrative outcomes [E42: p.2] 198 The study reached to the fact that cultural factors effect on the process of translating literary works The researcher has achieved the following findings, which are: Firstly, knowing cultures leads to better performance in the translation of literary works So culture, being what people have to learn as distinct from their biological heritage, must consist of the end product of learning: knowledge, in a most general, if relative, sense of the term Secondly, translator must get in touch with different cultures which help him / her to translate correctly Hence, we can say that culture and intercultural competence and awareness that rise out of experience of culture, are far more complex phenomena than it may seem to the translator [E10:p.1403] 199 [ ] Studies shows that teachers, especially from the Black communities characterized by low socioeconomic status, those who received their teaching qualification during the Apartheid era mostly have content knowledge deficiencies an outcome of the education they received under the Apartheid regime [E28: p 29] 200 [ ] Surprisingly, results indicated no relationship between the EPL index and the value of the exports in goods or the value of the imports in goods of OECD countries However, our results show a moderately significant relationship between the EPL index and the value of the net trade in goods for 2009 (p-value = 098) [E38: p.10] 201 The researcher found that overall significant number of respondents agree that they are greatly influenced by the advertisements, in making or changing decisions regarding buying a mobile network So this hypothesis is also accepted through this research Therefore it is established through this research that there is significant association between the current service provider and the most catchy and influential advertisement of telecommunication company, hence the hypothesis is accepted [E12: p.200] 202 City and the country are the two sides of a coin But the urban-rural income is different in every country Less is the developed country, and the large is the developing country So, the 207 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 income gap is always the hotspot in the developing country [E34: p.115] [ ] Table show that in 2013, sub-Saharan Africa countries had the second highest rate of progress in the Human Development Index (HDI), which combines achievements in income, health and education Rwanda and Ethiopia achieved the fastest growth, followed by Angola, Burundi, Mali, Mozambique, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia [VB.E5: p.12] The role of various income-generating activities (including ecotourism) in improving the livelihood of the local residents was assessed by looking at the position they occupied as a source of household income Table shows respondents‘ main occupations and their annual incomes [E17: p.64] [ ] Table shows that a percentage of about (56.52%) of the Syrian water comes from the Basins of Euphrates and Tigris and from Khabur [E40: p.136] [ ] Table shows that while viewing TV advertisements of cellular companies, how the different factors affect the users mind in making choice of mobile connection Results further show that (kết tiếp tục cho thấy) promotional schemes, message content (package description) and family related or emotional ads impact the respondents significantly [E12:p.200] Table shows the average expenditure of health as percentage of GDP of selected African countries in comparison to three Western industrialized countries [E5:p.12 Propositions of statements consist of the conditions they address to, events and point of views The reflection of propositions onto languages can be in the forms of adjectives or verbal adjectives Or it can occur with stable verbs When Erdoğan‘s words are considered, there is always a contrast of positive and negative The first step in the complicated strategy of understanding discourse is the interpretation of words and encoding The wellmeaning of words in our mental lexicon is inextricably in touch with our world knowledge related to the things that are mentioned about That’s why we know what ―a despicable assault‖, ―he was a friend I appreciated‖, ―I strongly curse‖, ―I condemn‖ and ―a treacherous assault‖ mean [E1: p.62] Infant, adolescent, youth socialization has been running its course, taking into account the characteristics of education in different periods That's why a child should be grown up as a personality able to live independently [E20: p.176] Besides, there is serious dearth of infrastructure to support access to free access to social media platforms for active participation in the academic environment The consequences of this low rate of subscription is that, there is poverty of information on education and learning contents, which culminates into social exclusion and other forms of deprivations among communities of learners [E25: p.167] The assessment results show that student awareness is closely related to instructor coverage of the issues in learning (see Figure for a detailed comparison) [E4: p.6] [ ] The consequences were, indeed, disastrous for Western diplomatic and business interests [E13:p.24] By defining recognition as a «vital human need», somehow Charles Taylor opened the way to a possible reexpression of the theme of recognition within a general theory having an anthropological-philosophical base The fact that a similar root can even be found in other fundamental subsequent researches, such as in Habermas, Ricoeur and Honneth, which does not only reinforce this interpretative line, but rather it tends towards an interdisciplinary articulation This is because in constructing their respective theories, these scholars give a varied or even different reference to disciplines such as psychology, sociology, and politics Actually, (trên thực tế) the concept of recognition has been variously developed by these disciplines, for different reasons and in relation to different domains of application [E8: p.25] [ ] The fact that distribution of ecotourism benefits was largely restricted to people living in Engaresero village, residents‘ perception of ecotourism benefits in this village were generally positive compared to the rest of the study villages [E17: p.68] 208 215 [ ] The findings reveal that there is a negative correlation between the nations‘ educational system and the kind of skills needed to achieve sustainable development In addition, government policies have not been able to effectively galvanize the private sector and NGOs to create more technical skills and jobs for citizens The paper recommends that the dynamics of development and participation at grassroots level must involve the exposure of government change agents to participatory learning and action methodologies Thus, government, private sector and NGOs should collaborate to establish a mechanism for a better and efficient approach to providing skilled capacity [ E5:p.4] 216 Four steps of analyzing mediation effect were established according to suggestions from past literature First, we should identify that the independent variable is significant correlated with the dependent variable Second, we should identify that the independent variable is significant correlated with the mediator Third, we should identify that the mediator is significant correlated with the dependent variable The last, we should build the mediator‟s mediation effect between independent variable and dependent variable (Baron and Kenny, 1986).It is considered that there are significant correlations between subjective norm and the intention of residents, between subjective norm and attitude, and between attitude and intention [E14: p.190] 217 [ ] The overall respondents‘ perception of the negative impacts of ecotourism was minimal [E17: p.169] 218 [ ] There is no doubt that this movement is a result of complex interplay of political and economic forces at both the domestic and international levels Hence an understanding of this movement cannot be based on simple dichotomies, such as, dictatorship/democracy, state capitalism/marketcapitalism and so on [E13: p.22] 219 [ ] The results have indicated that discrimination is represented by two dimensions, namely as victimization and alienation This result has carried evidence that employees has been discriminated against by their superior to achieve the interests of themselves and the organization The existence of discriminatory behaviour will reduce the trust of workers to the employer in organization [E37: p.47] 220 Before investigating the relationship between visitors‘ motivations and their satisfaction, we conducted a principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation to check whether the 14 items suggested by Kozak (2002a) fitted within the four intended motivations (culture, pleasure-seeking/fantasy, relaxation, and physical) The results highlighted that two items (to meet local people‖ and - to spend time with people they cared deeply about‖) had high cross-loadings Therefore, they were excluded from the analysis [E33: p.24] 221 Huckfeldt‘s emphasis on social interaction and the flow of political information within networks has produced valuable findings about how context determines political behavior Yet, placing theoretical emphasis on social interaction as the dominant cause of contextual effects leads Huckfeldt away from the ontological connection between context and place The result is the neglect of non-social interaction contextual forces that are geographically situated to a greater or lesser degree E44: p 5] 222 [ ] The research results have shown that Syria is confronting an important challenge, which is the achievement of efficiency in using water resources in agriculture, particularly under the limited water resources in Syria, which led to groundwater depletion on one hand, and this usage has not contributed in achieving agricultural development in Syria, on the other hand [E40: p.133] 223 In particular, the results indicate that the effects of the four motivations vary markedly depending on the age of the respondents [E33: p.19] 224 [ ] The results of this study shed new light on travel motivations and overall satisfaction with the destination for the older tourist segment Overall, the findings showed that travel motivations, overall satisfaction with the destination, and the impact of travel motivations on satisfaction varied depending on the age group to which older tourists belonged Therefore, destination managers and tourism operators should not treat older tourists as a unique, homogenous segment when implementing their marketing strategy [E33: p.26] 225 [ ] The results show that refugees were inadequately prepared for food and self-reliant livelihoods as opposed to the hitherto dependence of food-aid [E31: p.80] 226 [ ] The results show that students understand issues of the climate change and alternative 209 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 energy very well The weak areas are issues related to clean products and services and policy and administration It is understandable that climate change is having significant and costly effects on our communities and health [E4: p.6] While the SAP brought about needed macroeconomic adjustments, it also contributed to rising unemployment, poverty and inequality The deleterious consequences are predictable given the very logic of the SAP Many other countries which have gone through SAP faced similar consequences This, however, was not inevitable Along with the SAP, the government could have instituted social welfare policies to counteract the impact on the poor and marginalized population Egypt had no such policy and the IFIs did not pay attention to social welfare The result was social and political conflict which ultimately led to the downfall of the Mubarak regime [[E13: p.37] [ ] The results show that there is not necessarily a correlation between the company‘s financial performance and ICT investment in short term, but ICT investment will produce high returns to the company‘s performance in the long run (…) [E22: p.46] [ ] The study also revealed (nghiên cứu cho thấy) an unequal distribution of benefits among the local residents as most ecotourism benefits were confined in one village where tourist facilities currently exist In addition, most employment opportunities to the lodges were mainly taken by men, immigrants and a few local elites This situation has effectively marginalised some groups within the community with respect to ecotourism activities As a result, the communities offer less backing to conservation and ecotourism development by participating in activities that are detrimental to the environment [E17: p.69] Teaching aids that should activate the pupils and encourage them for independent, originative and creative attitude towards what they adopt, request of the teacher far greater activity and involvement in the preparatory stage and a different approach to the whole organization of the teaching This is why teachers underused teaching resources and multimedia content, despite the fact that the knowledge of the students is gained without them are largely formalistic, so in teaching dominating receptive acquiring of the knowledge, cultivate the memory, neglect of thought processes and self-acquisition of the knowledge [VB.E6: p.93] [ ] This suggests that it is important to introduce moral education in early childhood [E46: p.62] [ ] Results show that the ―productivity paradox‖ still existed, and that the same attention shall be paid although ICT capital could not completely substitute for labor Wang Miaojun and Zhang Weiying (2007) [25] studied the effect of ICT on enterprise performance from the microcosmic prospect Results show that the ICT investment promotes the improvement of enterprise‘s productivity, competitiveness and innovation ability, and that the efficiency of ICT capital is far higher than that of non-ICT capital [E22: p.48] Critical discourse analysis does not have a unitary theoretical framework because it does not demonstrate a special research statement There are lots of examples of both analytical and theoretical critical discourse analyses The critical analysis of conversations is quite different than written news reports or what is taught at schools Therefore, since the general aims of critical discourse analysis and its common trends are prescribed one can find close theoretical and conceptual frameworks with common features [E1:p.59] Intellectual capital, according to its predecessor (Stewart 1998), consists of the sum of all the knowledge of all employees of a company, which gives it a competitive advantage Therefore, managers need to identify those who produce this capital within their company, motivate them to share it and then manage it [E41: p.35] What is specific to all educational software, and therefore ORS Naturalists, is the constant presence of feedback (Abdulwahed, Nagy and Blanchard, 2008, 8), which allows the student to know what he has learned at all times, what is not, in what has made a mistake and how to correct the error [E6:p.97] [ ] Therefore, teaching in general and consequently the teaching of Nature and Society with the application of information technologies has a number of advantages over traditionally organized teaching There is no doubt that, in terms of the ability to adapt learning to the individual attributes and abilities of students, the use of diverse sources of knowledge, more successful monitoring and more objective evaluation, computer teaching is in serious advantage [E6: p.100] 210 237 Had the A Nation at Risk authors used an institutional method of analysis, in that way evaluating the rules and their effects on the information base of production, researchers and scholars at the time would have had a research pathway, an epistemology, a theory of knowledge, by which to engage a much wider range of research questions and policy solutions to the problem of quality education Schools of education in the university, where such research is carried out, are therefore partly to blame for the sustainability problem [E2: p.7] 238 [ ] Therefore, social work education has a responsibility to prepare students for this work, including the challenges they may encounter [E27: p.89] 239 The concept of globalization has multi-aspect property and includes many changes in contextual level within itself Therefore it is rational to discuss the effects of globalization in a contextual level Because globalization is a dynamic concept and circle is vast This study includes the multi-dimensional aspect of globalization, analytic validity and vastness of its circle In this context many studies first attempt to gain a depth to the concep of globalization in a contextual level Therefore it will be helpful to define the globalization with different aspects Globalization is a process where all World people transforming to a global community (Albrow and King, 1990:9) Globalization has a geographic aspect and has effect on politic, financial and tecnologic aspects (Yeung, 2002:286) Globalization forms our lifes by the decisions which are decided by far away from us (Heywood, 2013:28) The concept of globalization leads to compression of World as well as a whole World consciousness (Robertson, 1992:8) Globalization is entegration of World economies by eliminating the national borders (Das, 2010:66) As a result globalization is a system where the borders are eliminated, production and consumption is made across World state, market is defined by international institutions (Kỹrkỗỹ, 2013:2) The definitions presented above means that globalization concept is a multi-dimensional concept Each conceptual definition extracts a different field of globalization concept That is because globalization has a dynamic structure It is possible to say that globalization has financial, politic, cultural, technologic and demographic aspects [E16: p.78] 240 Another major problem of capacity building is that 55 percent of the medical doctors trained in Africa leave the continent to practice in Western Europe or North America (Gwin 2014) Therefore, it could be argued that capacity building should be a very difficult thing to achieve in Africa because the continent presently: (1) lacks professional or expert human capital; (2) lacks international communication technology; and that the governments (3) not regard development as a process that could be cumulative as well; (4) fail to see sustainable development as a process that requires all stakeholders or citizens collaboration; (5) and fail to take stakeholders as altruist when it comes to contributing to development, and never care to seek diaspora expertise to augment home-country development efforts [E5:p.2] 241 [ ] Therefore child's socialization is related to the development of public and historical experience of the history of mankind [E20: p.169] 242 [ ] Therefore, at the present time, the teaching process is almost unthinkable without the use of the Internet and educational computer software [E6:p.101] 243 It could be argued therefore that skills development can improve employability of workers, productivity of enterprises and the inclusiveness in economic growth [VB.E5:p.10] 244 The youths and adults in urban areas of many African countries are characterized also by persistently high unemployment (World Bank, 2007) Nebil et al (2010) argue that without opportunities for today‘s youth to earn a living, poverty will persist through the next generation Therefore, the commitment by all stakeholders particularly, private sector, government and NGOs and other civil society organizations in an integrated manner is indispensable for necessary measures to be taken in the country [E5:p.14] 245 [ ] It is, therefore, argued that in most cases formation of associations is not an end in itself It is rather a means to protect members‘ interests that associations are ultimately formed It could, thus, be contended that freedom of association should be interpreted to include the right to collective bargaining because one of the measures of ensuring members‘ interest is believed to be collective bargaining [E15: p.915] 211 246 The capacity building problems previously discussed reveals that many African countries are faced with the challenges of under employment As a result of these delicate challenges, the labor market policies are not enough, considering that most jobs are in the informal economy (Bourguignon et al 2007; Gilpin 2001; Ebart and Griffin 2015) Therefore, pursuing full employment and reducing employment related vulnerability in the future requires policies that promote job-creating growth, and that extend a social protection framework for all in both the formal and informal sectors all over the Africa continent [E5: p.17] 247 In some countries, upon the belief in the principle of the accuracy of arguments, all the evidence and documents obtained by the way of the violation of fundamental rights and lack any legal ground, are known null and void Such arguments are absolutely unreliable Among the prohibited evidence, unidentified witnesses and the persons subordinate to the government and or the officers who not reveal their real identification at the time of giving testimony or report The acceptance of such testimonies or reports is dangerous to the discovery of the truth Therefore, the witness`s identity and his source of information should be certain and clear [E47: p.67)] 248 In some countries, upon the belief in the principle of the accuracy of arguments, all the evidence and documents obtained by the way of the violation of fundamental rights and lack any legal ground, are known null and void Such arguments are absolutely unreliable Among the prohibited evidence, unidentified witnesses and the persons subordinate to the government and or the officers who not reveal their real identification at the time of giving testimony or report The acceptance of such testimonies or reports is dangerous to the discovery of the truth Therefore, the witness`s identity and his source of information should be certain and clear [E47: p.67] 249 [ ] Therefore, the motivations for traveling can be internal and external, and satisfaction and behavioral intentions are affected by travel motivations [E33: p.20] 250 However, as emphasized by Muller and O‘Cass (2001), self-perceived age rather than chronological age may better define tourists, their travel motivations, and activities Specifically, the ―young at heart‖ (i.e., individuals who feel younger than their actual age) are motivated to travel mostly by the desire for physical stimulation, such as playing sports, and have higher expectations; therefore, they are more likely to be disappointed by the lack of these elements at the destination Thus our findings suggest that destination managers should go beyond a stereotyped image of older tourists and instead address the heterogeneity of this segment with a variety of activities In this regard, a recent study conducted among Spanish tourists aged 55 and over showed that the availability of sports activities at a destination contributes to increasing older tourists‘ length of stay (Alén, Nicolau, Losada, & Domínguez, 2014) Finally, this study shows that the intention to revisit Sirmione was strongly correlated to respondents‘ satisfaction with the destination, thus extending the results of previous studies (Alegre & Cladera, 2009; Taher et al., 2015) to older tourists [E33: p.26] 251 [ ] Therefore, there are significant differences between the scores at the end of each session by each group of teachers [E29: p.40] 252 With the new state understanding, the state possesses an active role in directing the market, rather than having the quality of wasting and disrupting the public expenditures and financial stability The liberalism approach, that was developed in the international system, has been effective in the emergence of this new state structure Liberalism approach targets a political order in which the new global actors, except the state, gain power and individual rights and freedoms are based Therefore, international organizations in the international system, is the most important actors of this new world order That's why, depending on today‘s global developments, the old nation state understanding fails to meet the changing conditions and requirements of the new world order [E16: p.83] 253 According to Kraft and Furlong (2013),the five major economic goals that governments in Africa have not been able to effectively use to promote economic growth includes low levels of unemployment, low levels of inflation, a positive balance of trade, and the management of deficits and debt There is very scanty evidence to show that the governments of Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe have effectively utilized these economic growth policy instruments(Eade 2005; Gilpin 2001; Gwin, 2014) Although enhanced capacity is central to some African countries‘ development, several sub- 212 254 255 256 257 Saharan nations continue to trade off infrastructure development for social services programs, corruption, unfruitful agriculture projects, strengthening public institution, improve public performance, increasing employment and appropriate skills for manufacturing and production Capacity building in the African continent therefore lacks a fully articulated framework for assessing economic growth and sequencing appropriate interventions as well as determining results for both the public and private sectors (Sengupta; Gwin, 2005) As a result, new ways of building sub-Saharan African citizens ‗capacity to realize a more effective environment would have to come from entrepreneurship, experimentation and learning of skills that are appropriate for its sustainable development process [E5: p.3] The study uses a rubric to evaluate 103 students on awareness of environmental sustainability in a traditional business course in the middle of semester The results indicate that students‘ knowledge on environmental sustainability improved significantly through formative assessment practices Therefore, more integration of environmental sustainability in business courses is recommended for students to think critically and solve meaningful environmental problems [.E4: p.1] An increased strictness of the employment protection legislation, therefore, seems to have strong negative consequences on beneficial societal educational outcomes [E38: p.12] On the other hand, a translator of drama in particular must translate into the modern target language if he wants his characters to live, bearing in mind that the modern language covers a span of say 70 years, and that if one character speaks in a bookish or old-fashioned way in the original, written 500 years ago, he must speak in an equally bookish and old-fashioned way in the translation, but as he would today, therefore with a corresponding time-gap - differences of register, social class, education, temperament in particular must be preserved between one character and another Thus the dialogue remains dramatic, and though the translator cannot forget the potential spectators, he does not make concessions to them [E10: p.1401] Formative assessment is important to facilitate teaching and learning rather than to measure students‘ learning Summative assessment is important for accurate information and evaluation of the effectiveness of overall program Summative assessment is useful to identify program strengths and weaknesses as part of the program improvement process Therefore, both formative and summative assessments are essential for student learning [E4: p.7] 258 The competence-based orientation of contemporary education is a world-wide tendency The competence approach is therefore part of the paradigm of educational theory Unfortunately, it enters educational practice as a component of the normative and admin istrative tools of the State Educational Requirements rather than as the main priority in a well-planned educational reform Thus, the modernization of education and the improvement of its quality are impossible to realize at the expected rate [E48: p.69] 259 The goal of formative assessment is to monitor student process and identify the weak areas in learning The instructor, therefore, can modify teaching and learning activities immediately in the classroom to improve student performance [E4: p.2] 260 The purpose is that decision-makers ―learn‖ to make decisions in a collective learning process Therefore, it is necessary to build intelligent territories that are capable of adapting to change This constant adaptation requires rapid and accurate information about these agents and their interrelationships, about the evolution trends of the different environments and about demand behaviour However, rather than information, the most important aspect is the creation of instruments for those who receive such information to be able to respond to changes quickly, decisively and reducing the margin of error Thus, tourism governance would have a constantly updated body of knowledge that would optimise its effectiveness [E19: p.20] 261 Merritt‟s (2000) findings confirm that these pilots are influenced by the distinct local cultures in which they are brought up One specific type of pilot training is therefore not sufficient for all the pilots as a result of cultural differences In sum, Hofstede‟s work (1980) was successfully applied and contributed in discovering national differences which proved his work is highly significant [E3: p.30] 262 The recent move to globalization and advancements in transportation and technologies like the Internet and satellite communication has given one the ability to learn about and compare different cultures to one‟s own Therefore, pushing the boundaries of cross-cultural consumer research to gain a better understanding of consumer behaviour in a multi-cultural environment 213 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 has created both opportunities and challenges for today‟s marketers [E3: p.26] Research around how schools and school districts were coupling with the wider institution and its network of standardized information could not identify the mounting costs in the system Therefore, much of the research coming out of schools of education in the U.S merely consisted in taking the pulse of a dying patient [E2: p.7] Interpersonal discrimination always occurred among employees in a workplace Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine dimension of discrimination among Islamic financial based organization [E37: p.48] This study indicates that the incorporation of sustainability across a curriculum should be balanced among all sustainability issues and dimensions (Watson et al, 2013) Although this course emphasizes sustainability in student learning, awareness scores in certain areas are relatively low in this research Further, certain environmental issues may be missing in student learning in the course Therefore, it is necessary for business faculty to develop a comprehensive plan to ensure that all aspects of environmental sustainability are addressed in the program [.E4: p.7] [ ] These results confirm our hypothesis that teenage girls who have experienced early motherhood develop mainlya comparative optimism unlike those who have no experiences [E35: p.20] A labor market study by World Bank (2007) proved that both the private sector brokers and the public sector labor market information providers are weak to serve the market function properly This fact explains why employers have not been able to attract the most qualified [E5:p.18] [ ] This is all to help in the designing of a proactive educational environment which is to develop a problem-solving competence, first in teachers and then in their students [E48: p.80] [ ] This is to show that comparative optimism related to conscious perception of early motherhood risks depends on factors such as the use of contraceptive measures and the experience of early motherhood itself [E35: p.18] In addition, we should point out the proportion of people (22.8% for 2009) who watched political broadcasts for ongoing events during workdays between 1.5 hours and hours This definitely is a low percentage of Bulgarians who are interested in political life [E49:p.26] Bulgarian students have serious difficulties in researching and understanding problems, presenting and formulating, plan-ning, im-plementing, controlling and rational-izing certain situations This is why they fall below the first (33.3% of the students, with an av-erage of 8.2% for OECD countries) or are in the first level of results, with only 1.6% in the fifth and sixth levels where results can be considered excellent [E48: p.68] This research concludes that social media serve as non-formal education interactive platforms that have the capacity to enhance learning engagement, interactive learning and civic engagement The essence is to promote collaboration, dialogue, and participatory learning among campus audience Thus, the variables measured in this study were basic to the on-going discourse on the generational shift from a knowledge society to a network society where all form of interactions are determined and shaped by data within space and time It is therefore recommended that, all forms of engagements on the social media platform should be based on development information, diffusion of learning innovations and massification of knowledge enrichment [E25: p.168] [ ] This result corroborated the research by Kietzmann and Jan, (2011) which attested to the high level of awareness of the social media sources where people obtain information, education, news and other data for engagement and other forms of interaction [E25: p.167] This result obviously confirmed that the writing instruction using a Workshop approach positively affected the learning outcomes by promoting students‘ competence to write English essays [E45: p.13] [ ] This reality points to the fact that genuine education and learning is expensive for a very important reason: the education good is not a simple process of knowledge and skill distribution A society that understands what human beings are and what education is - as a complex state of being and becoming - views it as a necessarily expensive investment into its next generation of citizens That payoff involves the sustainability of free and innovative 214 social, cultural, political, and economic institutions As a famous example, California had the investment-in-people idea in mind when it created its „master plan‟ for the schools and higher education in 1960 California‟s was an intelligent attempt at the preservation of diverse, quality education within a scaled environment Indeed, a lot is at stake for a society as well as the professional educator in this informationinstitution correspondence [E2: p.8] 276 [ ] Thus, the themes or quotation samples from the news reflect the styles of those who are the source of such news media or those of different news actors However, the form and content of a headline in press might cunningly influence its interpretation Hence, the news report has a convincing impact among its readers If we presuppose that the news media is directive on readers and audience, we must know the certain conditions which also include the structural components of the news repor [E1:p.60] 277 Our thesis is that, within a technical model of production, particular, heuristic and tacit information, that is, the kind of information bound up with the individual person and local community and culture, is divided from and comes to be displaced by standardized information This information loss impairs production of the education good (i.e., quality education), thus diminishing the creation of human and social capital [E2: p.1] 278 The story of the family is foundation of family activities Thus, the continuity and the interconnectedness of generations related to living family members all over the world is the basic precondition of social activity Hasslefree generation is not able to ensure the continuity of generations and their socialization, as well as integration of all social groups, public life and social activities The family consists of physiological processes and psychological forms, cultural values, market and industrial-economic relations, demographic change, social institutions, and other components Relations between the family and society, other social institutions, along with family relations with individuals at all times occupied and will occupy their place in the development of human civilization Hence the study of role and function of the family in society is relevant and topical issue [E20: p.170] 279 Currently, training is a means that develops the skills of people so that they can be more productive, creative and innovative, so that they contribute better to organizational objectives and become increasingly valuable Thus, training is a useful source, because it allows people to effectively contribute to the results of the business [E41: p.36] 280 Supply-side interventions can only be successful with complementary efforts that help to expand job opportunities for all citizens In an environment with low labor demand, young people will have a hard time finding a job, no matter what their skills level and educational attainment are Thus, programs that generate jobs and foster local businesses are vital to reduce the prevalence of unemployment in urban areas (Ikatu, 2010) The following strategies are critical for the government to explore in the near future [E5:p.18] 281 The concept competency on the other hand is more pragmatically oriented; this is what makes possible the practical implementation of one‘s competence It can be described by be-ing able to tell ―how to relate knowledge and situations‖ rather than being able to tell thatknowledge and situations are related Etymologically, both terms evoke the original meaning of the root meaning ―apt, adequate, able, meaningful‖ Thus, summarily, competency is a subjectively represented competence Competence is therefore a predominantly subjec-tive and personality-oriented characteristic of human activities, while competency is preeminently subjective and social [E48: p.71-72] 282 [ ] Thus, governance can be applied to the management of a destination, creating relational areas, not subject to the principles of hierarchy or market, with the power to make collective decisions from new perspectives [E19: p.13] 215 283 [ ] Thus, Bertucci (2002) points out that, since tourism industry influences many dimensions of the economic and social life of a community and all problems related to tourism cannot be solved by a single stakeholder, either public or private, partnerships play a crucial role in bringing together all stakeholders and allowing for discussion, arbitration and productive collaboration It is of paramount importance that governments and firms interested in the development of tourism activity admit that there exists a resource dependency between them and that they realise that the promotion of tourism cannot be achieve on one‘s own (Nordin and Svesson, 2005) Participatory governance would constitute an innovative way to find long-term innovative solutions to existing problems (Paskaleva-Shapira, 2001) In brief, the achievement of sustainable tourism development is directly related to the implementation of a good, transparent and equitable governance, which includes community management and social economy methods based on participation, self-management of much of the tourism development process, democratic decision-making and equitable distribution of resources and benefits (Lanquar and Rivera, 2010) [E19: p.13] 284 [ ] Thus, whenever possible, parents should, of course, if they live in rural areas, teach their children to choose the right profession, necessary for the village, agriculture and farming activities [E20: p 175] 285 This research begins from Einstein‘s statement that ―science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind‖ This view clearly depicts science as being not value-free or, in other words, science is bound to values.Thus, the purpose of this research is to submit proof that the above statement is true [E50: p.55] 286 It seems that they are influence of the type and duration of each session Thus, the workshop session, with more duration and intensity seems to have influenced a little more in the change of attitude of the teachers involved [E29: p.40] 287 Culture is phrased, according to authors like Linton (1999), in terms of the basis or the foundation of the development of individual‘s personality It thus shapes the individual according to social values and norms So, based on culture, early marriages are imposed to some girls who, for the most part, are under duress due to cultural considerations [E35: p.17] 288 The measuring error theory refers that most of incomes from ICT investment are ignored by the traditional GDP accounting method, which underestimates the increase of productivity in the field of ICT capital, thus resulting in paradox [E22: p.46] 289 However, through time public and private sectors‘ employees gradually began to assume active and strong position in Ethiopia To be clear, professionalization is something that has more to with being a graduate in certain specialized field from recognized institutions Ostensibly (rõ ràng), the history of modern educational institutions, particularly Universities was relatively a recent phenomenon in Ethiopia Thus, in one way or another the quality and quantity of professional associations in Ethiopia was determined by the expansion and proliferation of educational institutions To this end, foreign educated elites and graduates of local universities were ultimately managed to establish various professional associations under their respective fields of profession or occupation [E15: p.916] 290 Faranda and Schmidt (2000) recommended using multiple segmentation models to increase the effectiveness of segmentation strategies and support strategy formulation To conclude, the literature analysis has shown that a great variety exists in travel motivations for older tourists However, there is a need to further explore the relationship between motivation and satisfaction with the destination for this specific segment [E33: p.22] 291 [ ] To conclude, it proposes some suggestions to be considered in order to change the current status quo and yield the desired results [E28:p 25] 292 [ ] To sum up, translation is defined by Catford (1988) as the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL) Accordingly, Catford like many translation scholars defined an equivalence oriented theory [E10: p.1398] 293 Better information will also help citizens to make good decision to complete high school, and an optimal combination of education and work The development of labor market information is also useful for the effective design and implementation of appropriate policies Further, the collection, analysis, and evaluation of labor market information are crucial to ensure that laws and policies are evidence-based and responsive to situations on the ground Measures that can 216 enable the African people to have improved access to valuable information and opportunities so that they might make informed decisions about their lives are important To this end, it is important to enhance the capacity of the labor market institutions [E5:p.17] 294 [ ] To this end, the article will discuss the origin, development, challenges and prospect of freedom of association in general and particularly the right to form and join to professional association in Ethiopia Finally, the article assess critical legal impediments which are stumbling blocks with respect to the right to freedom of association and the right to form and join professional association under the three successive regimes in Ethiopian jurisdiction [E15: p.911] 295 The defendant`s right to dignity and reputation, requires judges not to mistreat and humiliate defendants during various stages of criminal proceedings To this end, teaching professional ethics is of great importance In most countries, judges‘ education is only limited to technical legal discussions, whereas their perception of human dignity and reputation is necessary to realize a fair criminal justice [E47: p 66] 296 The improvement of governance systems at all levels plays an essential role in the move towards sustainable tourism To this end, constant feedback should exist between destinations (at any territorial level) to evaluates the different management techniques within the field of governance, determining which are more effective and efficient for the sustainable management of tourism [E19: p.22] 297 [ ] We believe that in the near future, a joint venture e-learning as a flexible combination of classical teaching, e-learning and distance learning will be dominant system of work in schools [E6:p.99] 298 [ ] We conclude that instead of exercising teacher layoffs due to budget constraints, the government should consider other means such as teacher redeployment to schools that are under staffed This move will at least prevent the teaching profession from being viewed as an unstable Moreover, we believe that teacher layoffs that are based on seniority is missing the point as they will lead to a barren profession with few if at all senior to mentor incoming novice teachers There is no harm in teacher evaluation as long as it is done appropriately Persistent harsh and unfavorable school conditions equally hurts the very same people, the children, we argue that we are protecting Lastly, teachers need to be supported in every way possible, for without that support it is unlikely that they will succeed in their mission to educate future citizens [E28: p.31] 299 [ ] Without doubt, it certainly is this ethical line coming from theoretical studies on international law and international relations that a reflective philosophy may find in its course through the non-philosophical nature of recognition in law [E8: p.30] 300 English writing for ESL students and solved their problems in learning writing Undoubtedl, a Workshop approach successfully functioned as an indispensible helper that enriched ESL students‘ skills as writers [E45: p.14] 217