Avian anatomy and physiology

Bài giảng cơ thể và sinh lý học gia cầm, bào gồm rất nhiều hình ảnh mô tả chi tiết các cơ quan của gia cầm đặc biệt là các loài chim. Hình ảnh màu và chú thích rất chi tiết do Tiến sĩ Christine Fiorello Bác sĩ thú y trưởng tại Hawks Aloft, Inc. (tổ chúc chuyên về bảo vệ các loài chim hoang dã tại Hoa Kỳ)

Avian Anatomy and Physiology Christine Fiorello, DVM, PhD, Dipl ACZM Some slides from Heather Wilson, DVM, Dipl ABVP Avian Integument ¾ layers: Dermis and epidermis ¾ Epidermis thin except for certain areas ¾ Keratinization produces special structures: beak, nails, scales, feathers ¾ Lacks glands Feathers-7 types ¾ Contour ƒ wing & tail (flight) ¾ Semiplume ¾ Down ƒ fluffy, no barbules ¾ Bristle ƒ “eyelashes” ¾ Powder down ¾ Hypopenna ¾ Filoplume Uropygial Gland ¾ “Preen gland” ¾ Bilobed holocrine gland ¾ Conditions feathers ¾ Not all species have one Purpose of Feathers ¾ Flight ¾ Courtship ¾ Defense ¾ Insulation ¾ Waterproofing Contour Feathers ¾ Rows (pterylae) in most species ¾ Apteryla=featherless tracts ¾ Remiges=Wing flight feathers ¾ Retrices=Tail flight feathers Primaries attach to metacarpals Secondaries attach to ulna Waterproofing ¾ Preen gland secretions are not necessary ¾ Interlocking of feather barbules creates watertight barrier Musculoskeletal System Notarium Synsacrum Coccygeal Avian wings ¾ Unique structure ¾ Flight feathers attached to ulna and metacarpals ¾ Ulna > radius Bat Pterodactyl Superman Air sacs ¾ No gas exchange ¾ air sacs in parrots ¾ Can ventilate via air sac cannula ¾ Poorly vascularized ƒ Bad place for infection ƒ Air sacculitis difficult to treat Air sacs ¾ Pneumatic bones ƒ humerus, femur ƒ Don’t put intraosseous catheters here ¾ Must move sternum to breathe ƒ Don’t smush little birds during restraint ƒ Don’t lean on chests of anesthetized birds Avian lungs ¾ Unidirectional air flow ¾Extremely efficient compared to mammals ¾ Gas exchange occurs in air capillaries of parabronchi ¾ Rigid lung GI Tract GI Tract Oral cavity ¾ Ramphotheca-upper sheath ¾ Gnathotheca-lower sheath Cervical Esophagus Thoracic Esophagus No gallbladder in parrots or pigeons Upper GI Tract ¾ Crop not present in all species ¾ Proventriculus is glandular stomach ¾ Ventriculus (gizzard) is muscular ƒ Lined with koilin Intestines ¾ Paired cecae mark the junction between small and large intestine ¾ Duodenum, jejunum, ileum as in mammals Cloaca and Vent C U P ¾ GI and Urogenital tracts end in cloaca ¾ Coprodeum ¾ Urodeum ¾ Proctodeum ¾ Vent is opening into cloaca Male Reproductive Tract ¾ testis ¾ Rudimentary phallus (may or may not be intromittant) ¾ Parrots nonintromittant Iliac Female Reproductive Tract ¾ Left ovary ¾ Infundibulum ¾ Magnum ¾ Isthmus ¾ Uterus (shell gland or oviduct) Adrenal Glands ¾ Paired ¾ Medial and cranial to kidneys and gonads ¾ Function similar to mammalian adrenals Thyroid, Parathyroid & Thymus