CHAPTER 28 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-2 Learning Outcomes 28.1 List the pathways and organs of the lymphatic system and give their locations 28.2 Define lymph and tell how it is circulated in the body 28.3 Define the terms infection, pathogen, and antigen 28.4 List and describe the nonspecific body defense mechanisms 28.5 Explain the signs and causes of inflammation © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-3 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 28.6 Explain what is meant by body defenses 28.7 Define B cells and T cells and describe their locations and functions 28.8 Explain the importance of MHC proteins 28.9 List the different types of T cells and describe their functions 28.10 Explain how antibodies fight infection © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-4 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 28.11 List the different types of antibodies and tell how they differ 28.12 Define complement proteins and give their function 28.13 Explain the difference between the primary immune response and secondary immune response 28.14 Explain the four different types of acquired immunities 28.15 Describe the function of a vaccine © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-5 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 28.16 Define the terms cancer and carcinogen 28.17 Describe how cancers are diagnosed and treated 28.18 Explain how cancers are classified 28.19 Describe how allergies develop 28.20 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of other common immune disorders © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-6 Introduction • Immune system – Protects the body against • • • • • • Bacteria Viruses Fungi Toxins Parasites Cancer • Lymphatic system – Works with immune system to remove disease-causing agents – Organs • Thymus • Spleen • Lymph nodes © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-7 The Lymphatic System • Network of connecting vessels – Collects fluid (lymph) between cells and returns it to bloodstream – Picks up lipids from digestive organs and transports them to bloodstream – Functions to defend the body against pathogens © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-8 Lymphatic Pathways • Lymphatic capillaries – Extend into interstitial spaces – Permeable, thin walls pick up fluid, now lymph – Delivers lymph to lymphatic vessels • Lymphatic vessels – Deliver lymph to lymph nodes • Cells in nodes can remove pathogens from lymph and start an immune response – Leaves nodes through efferent lymphatic vessels Lymph System © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-9 Lymphatic Pathways (cont.) • Lymphatic trunks – Receive lymph from efferent lymphatic vessels – Deliver it to • Lymphatic collecting ducts – Thoracic duct • Left side of head and neck, left arm, left side of thorax, entire abdominopelvic area, and both legs Lymph System – Right lymphatic duct • Right side of head and neck, right arm, and right side of chest © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-10 Tissue Fluid and Lymph • Interstitial fluid – Fluid in spaces between cells that has leaked from blood capillaries and has not been picked up by body cells – High in nutrients, oxygen, and small proteins – Becomes lymph • Pushed through lymphatic vessels by squeezing action of neighboring skeletal muscles and breathing movement © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-36 Common Immune System Disorders • Autoimmune disease – Body attacks its own antigens – Examples • • • • • • Scleroderma Rheumatoid arthritis Multiple sclerosis Glomerulonephritis Crohn’s disease Diabetes mellitus, type I © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-37 Common Immune System Disorders (cont.) Disorder Description AIDS Development of severe signs and symptoms caused by HIV as it destroys lymphocytes; leaves immune system weakened and susceptible to other diseases Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) Condition of severe tiredness not relieved by rest and not related to other illnesses Lymphedema Blockage of lymphatic vessels results in tissue swelling that increases over time © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-38 Common Immune System Disorders (cont.) Disorder Description Mononucleosis “Mono”; highly contagious viral infection spread through saliva of infected person Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) Autoimmune disorder; produces antibodies that target own cells and tissues; affects women more often than men © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-39 Apply Your Knowledge Matching: ANSWER: G Immune response to a substance _ A CFS E Blockage of lymphatic vessels _ B SLE F “Kissing disease” _ C Cancer B “Butterfly” rash on face _ D Autoimmune disease A Severe tiredness _ E Lymphedema C Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells _ F Mononucleosis D Body attacks its own antigens _ G Allergy © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-40 In Summary 28.1 The lymph system is composed of pathways known as lymph vessels In addition to the lymph vessels, the organs of the lymphatic system include lymph nodes located throughout the body, the thymus in the mediastinum, and the spleen located in the LUQ 28.2 Lymph is the body fluid found between the body’s cells It circulates through the body via lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic trunk, collecting ducts, and to the subclavian vein © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-41 In Summary (cont.) 28.3 Infection is the presence of a pathogen in or on the body A pathogen is a disease-causing agent, and antigens are foreign substances within the body that may or may not cause disease 28.4 The nonspecific body defenses include species resistance, mechanical and chemical barriers, phagocytosis, fever, and inflammation 28.5 Inflammation is the result of injury or infection Signs are redness, heat, swelling, and pain © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-42 In Summary (cont.) 28.6 Specific defenses are immunities or defenses against very specific antigens 28.7 B and T cells come from the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and the lining of the digestive tract and are found circulating in the blood B cells utilize memory and plasma cells in a process called humoral or antibody-mediated immunity, and T cells bind directly to cell antigens, attacking them directly, producing cell-mediated immunity © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-43 In Summary (cont.) 28.8 T cells cannot be activated to produce immunity without MHC proteins and macrophages 28.9 Activated T cells may form cytotoxic cells which protect the body against viruses and certain types of cancer Other T cells may become helper T cells, which increase antibody and memory cell and B cell formation and phagocytosis Still other T cells become memory cells 28.10 Antibodies may work in the following ways: phagocytosis, antigen clumping, covering (inactivating) toxic portions of antigens, and activating complements © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-44 In Summary (cont.) 28.11 Antibodies are also known as immunoglobulins IgA prevents pathogens from entering the body; IgD controls B cell activity; IgE works with IgA in triggering allergic reactions; IgG recognizes bacteria, viruses and toxins and activates complements; and IgM binds to antigens on food, bacteria, or incompatible blood cells IgM also activates complements © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-45 In Summary (cont.) 28.12 Complements are serum proteins that attack pathogens by forming holes in them They also attract macrophages and can stimulate inflammation 28.13 A primary immune response occurs the first time a person is exposed to an antigen The response is slow and takes several weeks to occur A secondary immune response occurs at the next exposure This response is very quick and may prevent the person from becoming ill © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-46 In Summary (cont.) 28.14 The four types of immune response are natural active immunity, such as when someone becomes ill and develops immunity; artificial active immunity, as when an injection is given against a pathogen, preventing illness; natural passive immunity occurs when an infant has its mother’s immunity for a short while after birth and through breast-milk; and artificial passive immunity occurs after injection of antibodies such as with an antivenom © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-47 In Summary (cont.) 28.15 Vaccines are used to produce artificially acquired active immunity 28.16 Cancer is defined as the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells A carcinogen is an agent that is known to cause cancer 28.17 Cancer diagnoses can come about in many ways, but often a biopsy confirms the diagnosis Treatments vary depending on the type and stage of the cancer, but treatment options include surgery, including bone marrow transplants, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, as well as newer immune therapies © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-48 In Summary (cont.) 28.18 Cancers are classified as Stages I−IV and recurrent Definitions of these stages may be found in Table 28-1 28.19 An allergic reaction is an immune response to a substance that is not normally considered harmful to the body Allergic reactions can also be an excessive immune response Allergens are substances that produce an allergic response © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-49 In Summary (cont.) 28.20 Diseases and disorders of the immune system include autoimmune diseases, where the body attacks its own antigens, as well as numerous other diseases, including some cancers, caused by pathogens, allergens, and other antigens The signs, symptoms and treatments are as numerous and varied as the diseases Some of the more common diseases and disorders are discussed in the Pathophysiology section at the end of this chapter © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28-50 End of Chapter 28 Thought is an inf ection I n the case of certain thoughts, it becomes an epidemic ~Wallace Stevens © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d [...]... Disease • Immunities – Protect against very specific pathogens – Antigens • Foreign substances in the body – Haptens • Foreign substances too small to start an immune response by themselves • Other substances – Proteins – antibodies and complements – WBCs – lymphocytes and macrophages – Lymph system • Cytokines – assist in immune response regulation • Monokines – increase B cell production and stimulate WBC... active immunity – Injected with pathogen – immunizations or vaccines – Makes antibodies and memory cells – Long-lasting © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d Immune Responses and Acquired Immunity 28- 31 (cont.) • Naturally acquired passive immunity – Acquired from mother • Breast milk • Placenta – Short-lived • Artificially acquired passive immunity – Injected with antibodies... response with next exposure to same antigen – Quick and carried out by memory cells – Usually prevents person from developing disease from the antigen © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d Immune Responses and Acquired Immunity 28- 30 (cont.) • Naturally acquired active immunity – Natural exposure to antigen – having an illness – Makes antibodies and memory cells – Long-lasting... reserv e d 28- 17 Defenses Against Disease • Infection – The presence of a pathogen in or on the body • Pathogen – A disease-causing agent • Innate immunity – Nonspecific defenses to protect against pathogens • Nonspecific defenses – Species resistance – Mechanical barriers – Chemical barriers – Phagocytosis – Fever – Inflammation © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28- 18 Specific... one time • Cells in nodes – Macrophages – digest unwanted pathogens – Lymphocytes – start an immune response against pathogen • Nodes can generate some lymphocytes © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28- 14 The Thymus and Spleen • Thymus – Soft, bi-lobed organ – Located just above the heart in the mediastinum – Large in children, shrinks as we age – Functions • Same as lymph... cells and andattack attack them themdirectly directly Secrete lymphokines that Secrete lymphokines that increase increaseTTcell cellproduction productionand and directly directlykill killcells cellswith withantigens antigens © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28- 21 Defenses Against Disease (cont.) • T cell activation – Begins when macrophage ingests and digests pathogen with. .. rights reserv e d 28- 35 Major Immune System Disorders (cont.) – Allergy signs/symptoms • Inhaled allergens – runny nose, sneezing, coughing, wheezing • Ingested allergens – nausea, vomiting, diarrhea • Skin allergens – rashes • Allergens in blood – most life-threatening; can affect many organs – Treatment • Antihistamines, decongestants – OTC or prescription • Epinephrine for anaphylaxis – vasoconstriction,.. .28- 11 Back © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28- 12 Lymph Nodes • Small, glandular structures • Located along paths of larger lymphatic vessels – Afferent lymphatic vessels – Lymph to node – Efferent lymphatic vessels – Lymph from node © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28- 13 Lymph Nodes (cont.) • More lymph... antigen on it – Antigens are placed on cell membrane of macrophage – T cell recognizes and binds to antigen and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the surface of the macrophage – Now can divide to form other types of T cells © 2011 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 28- 22 Defenses Against Disease (cont.) • Types – Cytotoxic T cells • Protect body against viruses and cancer... ll rights reserv e d 28- 33 Major Immune System Disorders • Cancer – Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells form malignant tumors – Factors known to cause cancer are called carcinogens – Treatment based on stage 0 – very early; cancer cells localized I – spread to deeper layers or some in surrounding tissues II – spread to surrounding tissues but contained in primary site III – spread beyond primary