A laboratory manual for the isolation identification and characterization of avian pathogens 5th (2008)

Sổ tay Phòng thí nghiệm về Phân lập, Nhận dạng và Đặc tính của Mầm bệnh Gia cầm, Phiên bản thứ 5, bắt nguồn từ nhu cầu tiêu chuẩn hóa các phương pháp thử nghiệm và đánh giá vắcxin gia cầm. Trong ấn bản thứ 5, AAAP đã bổ nhiệm Tiến sĩ Louise DufourZavala làm Tổng biên tập, với David Swayne làm cố vấn và biên tập phần. John Glisson, Willie M. Reed, Mark W. Jackwood và James E. Pearson tiếp tục là người biên tập chuyên mục, đóng góp kiến thức chuyên môn của họ về vi khuẩn học, chẩn đoán thú y, sinh học phân tử và virus học.

A LABORATORY MANUAL FOR THE ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AVIAN - UH* ** w/ « Fifth Edition THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS A LABORATORY MANUAL FOR THE ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AVIAN PATHOGENS Fifth Edition American Association of Avian Pathologists Editorial Committee Louise Dufour-Zavala, Editor-in-Chief David E Swayne John R Glisson Janies E Pearson Willie M Reed Mark W Jackwood Peter R Woolcock Copies Available from: American Association of Avian Pathologists 953 College Station Road Athens, GA 30602-4875 Frederic J Hoerr Cover: Direct fluorescent antibody test on primary chicken embryo kidney cells showing syncytia formed by ILT virus in primary chick embryo kidney cells (Rey Resurreccion, GPLN, Oakwood, GA) Ninety well serum plate prepared for ELISA testing for the detection of AE antibodies (Len Chappell, GPLN, Oakwood, GA) Bacterial culture on a TSI slant (Doug Waltman, GPLN, Oakwood, GA) Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis if the spike (SI) glycoprotein gene of the Arkansas strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) Lanes and are molecular weight markers Lane is the IBV amplicon digested with BstYI, lane is the IBV amplicon digested with Haein, and lane is the IBV amplicon digested with XcmI (Mark Jackwood, PDRC, Athens, GA) Ten-fold dilution series of avian influenza virus RNA run with the USDA type A influenza M gene real-time RT-PCR test on the Applied Biosystems 7500 FAST system (Erica Spackman, SEPRL, Athens, GA) Microphotograph of Mycoplasma gallisepticum colonies on agar (35x) (Stan Kleven, PDRC, Athens, GA) Bio Merieux API 20 system for bacteria identification using a series of biochemical tests (Doug Waltman, GPLN, Oakwood, GA) Embryonated egg candling to locate the chorio-allantoic sac for inoculation of a virus isolation sample (Rey Resurreccion, GPLN, Oakwood, GA) Wet mount of Aspergillus sp conidiofores after culture in Sabouraud's dextrose agar (100X) The isolate was obtained from a case of systemic aspergillosis in 9-wk-old broiler breeder pullets (Guillermo Zavala, PDRC, Athens, GA) Pictures 2,3,7,8 and Page design by HMM Photography (Heidi Migalla) Copyright © 1975, 1980, 1989,1998,2008 by American Association of Avian Pathologists, Inc Athens, Georgia All rights reserved Copyright is not claimed for Chapters 22, 36 Chapters 16,29, 35,40,44, 49: US Government copyrighted, user rights reserved, printed by permission Chapters 30, 31: (British) Crown copyrighted and (British) Crown user rights reserved, printed by permission Chapter 6: (Australian) Crown copyrighted and (Australian) Crown user rights reserved, printed by permission Mention of a trademark or proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the author, the supporting institutions or the American Association of Avian Pathologists and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that also may be suitable Fifth edition 2008 Previously entitled Isolation and Identification ofAvian Pathogens Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2008924452 ISBN 978-0-9789163-2-9 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner Printed in the United States of America 10 987654321 Printed by OmniPress, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin 53704 ii A Laboratory Manual for the Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Avian Pathogens TABLE OF CONTENTS Diagnostic Principles Frederic J Hoerr Salmonellosis W Douglas Waltman and Richard K Gast Colibacillosis Margie D Lee and Lisa K Nolan 10 Pasteurellosis, Avibacteriosis, Gallibacteriosis, Riemerellosis, and Pseudotuberculosis John R Glisson, Tirath S Sandhu, and Charles L Hofacre 12 Bordetellosis Mark W Jackwood 20 Infectious Coryza Pat J Blackall 22 Campylobacter in Poultry Jaap A Wagenaar and Wilma F Jacobs- Reitsma 27 Spirochetosis Stephen R Collett 31 Erysipelas George L Cooper and Arthur A Bickford 36 10 Listerosis George L Cooper and Arthur A Bickford 39 11 Staphylococcosis Stephan G Thayer and W Douglas Waltman .42 12 Streptococcosis and Enterococcosis Stephan G Thayer and W Douglas Waltman 44 13 Clostridial Diseases Stephan G Thayer and David A Miller 47 14 Tuberculosis Susan Sanchez and Richard M Fulton 53 15 Mycoplasmosis Stanley H Kleven 59 16 Chlamydiosis Arthur A Andersen and Daisy Vanrompay 65 17 Omithobacteriosis Richard P Chin and Bruce R Charlton 75 18 Mycoses and Mycotoxicoses R.D Wyatt 77 19 Adenovirus Brian M Adair and J Brian McFerran 84 20 Hemorrhagic Enteritis of Turkeys Marble Spleen Disease of Pheasants F William Pierson and Sctott D Fitzgerald 90 21 Infectious Laryngotracheitis Deoki N Tripathy and Maricarmen Garcia 94 22 Marek’s Disease Patricia S Wakenell and Jagdev M Sharma 99 23 Duck Virus Enteritis Peter R Woolcock 106 24 Herpesviruses of Free-Living and Pet Birds Erhard F Kaleta 110 25 Pox Deoki N Tripathy and Willie M Reed 116 26 Budgerigar Fledgling Disease and Other Avian Polyomavirus Infections Branson W Ritchie and Phil D Lukert 120 27 Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Branson W Ritchie and Phil D Lukert 122 28 Chicken Anemia Virus M Stewart McNulty and Daniel Todd 124 29 Avian Influenza David E Swayne, Dennis A Senne and David L Suarez 128 30 Newcastle Disease Virus and Other Avian Paramyxoviruses Dennis J Alexander and Dennis A Senne .135 31 Avian Metapneumovirus Richard E Gough and Janice C Pedersen 142 32 Infectious Bronchitis Jack Gelb, Jr and Mark W Jackwood 146 33 Turkey Coronavirus Mark W Jackwood and James S Guy 150 34 Enteric Viruses Don Reynolds and Ching Ching Wu 153 35 Oncornaviruses, Leukosis/Sarcomas and Reticuloendotheliosis Aly M Fadly, Richard L Witter, and Henry D Hunt 164 36 Avian Encephalomyelitis Louis van der Heide 173 37 Duck Hepatitis Peter R Woolcock 175 38 Turkey Viral Hepatitis Willie M Reed 179 39 Viral Arthritis/Tenosynovitis and Other Reovirus Infections John K Rosenberger and Erica Spackman .181 40 Arbovirus Infection Eileen N Ostlund and James E Pearson 184 41 Infectious Bursal Disease John K Rosenberger, Y.M Saif, and Daral J Jackwood 188 42 Parvovirus of Waterfowl Richard E Gough 191 43 Cell-Culture Methods Karel A Schat and Holly S Sellers 195 44 Virus Propagation in Embryonating Eggs Dennis A Senne 204 45 Virus Identification and Classification Pedro Villegas and Ivan Alvarado 209 46 Titration of Biological Suspensions Pedro Villegas 217 47 Serologic Procedures Stephan G Thayer and Charles W Beard .222 48 Molecular Identification Procedures Daral J Jackwood and Mark W Jackwood 230 49 Antigen Detection Systems Mary J Pantin-Jackwood and Sandra S Rosenberger 233 Appendix of Abbreviations and Acronyms used in the Text 241 Quick Reference Diagnostic Chart 244 Index 247 iii CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Brian Adair Veterinary Sciences Division Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute Stoney Road Stormont Belfast BT4 3SD Northern Ireland E-mail: Brian.Adair@afbini.gov.uk FAX: +44(0)2890525773 Richard P Chin California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System Fresno Branch School of Veterinary Medicine University of California - Davis 2789 S Orange Ave Fresno, California 93725 E-mail: rpchin@ucdavis.edu FAX: (559) 485-8097 Dennis J Alexander Central Veterinaiy Laboratory (Weybridge) New Haw, Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB United Kingdom E-mail: d.j.alexander@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk FAX: +44-1932-357856 Stephen R Collett Department of Population Health College of Veterinary Medicine The University of Georgia 953 College Stations Road Athens, Georgia 30602-4875 E-mail: colletts@uga.edu FAX: (706) 542-5630 Ivan R Alvarado 120 Spring Lake Pointe Athens, GA 30605 E-mail: ialvarado@lahintemational.com FAX: (404) 506-9013 George L Cooper School of Veterinary Medicine University of California-Davis Calif Vet Diagnostic Lab System Turlock Branch P.O Box P Turlock, California 95381 E-mail: gcooper@cvdls.ucdavis.edu FAX: (209) 667-4261 Dr Arthur A Andersen USDA-ARS Former Address: National Animal Disease Center P.O.Box 70, Ames, IA 50010 Email: aanderse@nadc.usda.gov Charles W Beard 130 Red Fox Run Athens, GA 30605 E-mail: charlesb9@charter.net FAX: (706) 548-6410 Aly M Fadly USDA- Agricultural Research Service Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory (ADOL) 3606 East Mount Hope Road East Lansing, Michigan 48823 E-mail: fadly@msu.edu FAX: (517) 337-6776 Arthur A Bickford University of California-Davis California Veterinaiy Diagnostic Laboratory System Turlock Branch 1650 Simon Drive Turlock, California 95382 E-mail: aabickford@ucdavis.edu FAX: (209) 632-4258 Scott D Fitzgerald Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University PO Box 30076 Lansing, Michigan 48909-7576 E-mail: fitzgerald@dcpah.msu.edu FAX: (517)355-2152 Pat J Blackall Animal Research Institute Locked Mail Bag No Moorooka, Queensland 4105 Australia E-mail: blackap@dpi-qld.gov.au FAX: +61-7-33629-429 Richard M Fulton Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health Michigan State University PO Box 30076 Lansing, Michigan 48909 E-mail: fulton@dcpah.msu.edu FAX: (517)355-2152 Bruce R Charlton California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System Turlock Branch School of Veterinary Medicine University of California - Davis 3327 Chicharra Way Coulterville, California 95311 E-mail: brcharlton@ucdavis.edu FAX: (209) 667-4267 Maricarmen Garcia Department of Population Health College of Veterinary Medicine The University of Georgia 953 College Station Rd Athens, Georgia 30602-4875 E-mail: mcgarcia@uga.edu FAX: (706) 542-5630 iv Richard K Gast USDA, ARS Russell Research Center 950 College Station Road Athens, GA 30605 E-mail: rgast@seprl.usda.gov FAX: (706) 546-3035 Daral J Jackwood Food Animal Health Research Program Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center The Ohio State University 1680 Madison Ave Wooster, Ohio 44691 E-mail: jackwood.2@osu.edu FAX: (330) 263-3760 Jack Gelb, Jr Department of Animal and Food Sciences College of Agricultural Sciences 531 South College Avenue University of Delaware Newark, Delaware 19716-2150 E-mail: jgelb@udel.edu FAX: (302)831-2822 Mark W Jackwood Department of Population Health College of Veterinary Medicine The University of Georgia 953 College Station Road Athens, Georgia 30602-4875 E-mail: mjackwoo@uga.edu FAX: (706) 542-5630 John R Glisson Department of Population Health College of Veterinary Medicine The University of Georgia 953 College Station Rd Athens, Georgia 30602-4875 E-mail: iglisson@uga.edu FAX: (706) 542-5630 Wilma F Jacobs-Reitsma RIKILT Institute of Food Safety Bomsesteeg 45 6708 PD Wageningen The Netherlands E-mail: Wilma.jacobs@wur.nl FAX: +31-317-417717 Richard E Gough Central Veterinary Laboratory (Weybridge) New Haw, Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB United Kingdom E-mail: r.e.gough@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk FAX: +44-1932-357856 Erhard F Kaleta Institute for Avian and Reptile Medicine Justus-Liebig-University Frankfurter Strabe 91, D-35392 Giefien Germany E-mail: erhard.f.kaleta@vetmed.uni-giessen.de FAX: +49-641-201548 Janies S Guy North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Population Health & Pathobiology 4700 Hillsborough Street Raleigh, North Carolina 27606 E-mail: Jim Guy@NCSU.edu FAX: (919)513-6464 Stanley H Kleven Department of Population Health College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia 953 College Station Rd Athens, Georgia 30602-4875 E-mail: skleven@uga.edu FAX: (706) 542-5630 Frederic J Hoerr Thomas Bishop Sparks State Diagnostic Laboratory P O Box 2209 Auburn, Alabama 36831-2209 E-mail: hoerrfj@vetmed.auburn.edu FAX: (334) 8244-7206 Margie D Lee Department of Population Health Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center The University of Georgia 953 College Station Road Athens, Georgia 30602-4875 E-mail: mdlee@uga.edu FAX: (706) 542-5771 Charles Hofacre Department of Population Health College of Veterinary Medicine The University of Georgia 953 College Station Road Athens, Georgia 30602-4875 E-mail: chofacre@uga.edu FAX: (706) 542-5630 Phil D Lukert Department of Medical Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Box 207 Colbert, Georgia 30628 E-mail: plukert@uga.edu FAX: (706) 542-5771 Henry Hunt USDA- Agricultural Research Service Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory (ADOL) 3606 East Mount Hope Road East Lansing, Michigan 48823 E-mail: hunt@msu.edu FAX: (517) 337-6776 J Brian McFerran 19 Knocktem Gardens Belfast BT4 3LZ Northern Ireland FAX: +44-1232-658040 v M Stewart McNulty Department of Agriculture Veterinary Sciences Division Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD Northern Ireland FAX: +44-1232-525773 E-mail: m-mcnulty @utvintemet com Willie M Reed Purdue University Dean, School of Veterinary Medicine Lynn Hall Room 1176 West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2026 E-mail: wreed@purdue.edu FAX: (765) 496-1261 David A Miller National Veterinary Services Laboratories USDA-APHIS-VS 1800 Dayton Road Ames, Iowa 50010 E-mail: damiller@aphis.usda.gov FAX: (515) 239-8569 Donald L Reynolds 2520 Veterinary Administration Iowa State University 1802 Elwood Drive Ames, Iowa 50011 E-mail: DLR@iastate.edu FAX: (515) 294-8956 Lisa K, Nolan Dept, of Vet Microbiology and Preventive Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine 1802 Elwood Dr VMRI #2 Iowa State University Ames, LA 50011 E-mail: lknolan@iastate.edu FAX: (515) 233-2136 Branson W Ritchie Department of Medical Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens, Georgia 30602 FAX: (706) 542-6460 Email: britchie@uga.edu John K Rosenberger Aviserve, LLC Delaware Technology Park Innovation Way, Suite 100 Newark, DE 19711 E-mail: aviserve@aol.com FAX: (302) 368-2975 Eileen N Ostlund Head Equine Ovine Viruses Section Diagnostic Virology NVSL Ρ,Ο,Βοχ 844 Ames, IA 50010 E-mail: Eileen.Ostlund@aphis.usda.gov FAX: (515) 663-7348 Sandra S Rosenberger Aviserve, LLC Delaware Technology Park Innovation Way, Suite 100 Newark, DE 19711 E-mail: aviserve@aol.com FAX: (302) 368-2975 Mary J Pantin-Jackwood Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory USDA-ARS 934 College Station Road Athens, Georgia 30605 E-mail: mary.pantin-jackwood@ars.usda.gov FAX: (706) 546-3161 Y M Saif Food Animal Health Research Program Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center The Ohio State University 1680 Madison Avenue Wooster, Ohio 44691 E-mail: saif.l@osu.edu FAX: (330) 263-3677 Janies E Pearson 4016 Phoenix Ames, Iowa 50014 (515) 292-9435 E-mail: ipearson34@aol.com Janice C Pedersen Avian Section, Diagnostic Veterinary Services Laboratory NVSL 1437 270th Street Madrid, Iowa 50156 E-mail: Janice.c.pedersen@aphis.usda.gov FAX: (515) 663-7348 Susan Sanchez Athens Diagnostic Laboratory 0103 Athens V.M Diag Lab 501 D.E Brooks Dr Athens, GA 30602 E-mail: ssanchez@uga.edu FAX: (706)542-5568 Frank W Pierson Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases Virginia-Maryland Reg College of Vet Medicine Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 E-mail: pierson@vt.edu FAX: (540) 231-3426 Tirath S Sandhu Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory 37 Howell Place P.O Box 427 Speonk, New York 11972 E-mail: Sandhu37@optonline.net vi Stephen G Thayer Department of Population Health College of Veterinary Medicine The University of Georgia 953 College Station Road Athens, Georgia 30602-4875 E-mail: sthayer@uga.edu FAX: (706) 542-0252 Karel A Schat Unit of Avian Health College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853 E-mail: kas24@comell.edu FAX: (607) 253-3384 Daniel Todd Dept of Agriculture and Rural Development from N Ireland Veterinary Sciences Division Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD UK E-mail: Daniel.Todd@dardni.gov.uk Tel: +44 2890 525773 Holly Sellers Department of Population Health Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center The University of Georgia 953 College Station Road Athens, GA 30602-4875 E-mail: hsellers@uga.edu FAX: (706)542-5630 Deoki N Tripathy Department of Veterinary Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine University of Illinois 104 West McHenry Urbana, Illinois 61801 E-mail: tripathy@uiuc.edu FAX: (217) 244-7421 Dennis A Senne National Veterinary Services Laboratories Veterinary Services Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture 1800 Dayton Road Ames, Iowa 50010 E-mail: dennis.a.senne@aphis.usda.gov FAX: (515) 663-7348 Daisy Vanrompay Ghent University Faculty of Bioscience engineering Department of molecular biotechnology Coupure Links 653 9000 Ghent, Belgium E-mail: daisy.vanrompay@UGent.be FAX: +32 09 2646219 Jagdev M Sharma Department of Veterinary PathoBiology 258 Veterinary Science Building College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota 1971 Commonwealth Avenue St Paul, Minnesota 55108 E-mail: sharmOO @umn.edu FAX: (612) 625-5203 Louis Van Der Heide Dept Of Pathobiology U-89 PO Box 37 12 Yeomans Road Columbia, Connecticut 06237 E-mail: louisandingrid@yahoo.com FAX: (860) 486-2794 Erica Spackman USDA-Agriculture Research Service Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory 934 College Station Road Athens, GA 30605 E-mail: erica.spackman@ars.usda.gov FAX: (706)546-3161 Pedro Villegas Department of Population Health College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia 953 College Station Road Athens, Georgia 30602-4875 E-mail: pedrov@uga.edu FAX: (706) 542-5630 David L Suarez USDA-Agriculture Research Service Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory 934 College Station Road Athens, GA 30605 E-mail: david.suarez@ars.usda.gov FAX: (706)546-3161 Jaap A Wagenaar Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis and WHO Collaboration Centre for Campylobacter Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University P.O Box 80.165 3508 TD Utrecht The Netherlands E-mail: i wagenaar@uu.nl FAX: +31 (0)30-2533199 David E Swayne USDA-Agricultural Research Service Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory 934 College Station Road Athens, Georgia 30605 E-mail: david.swayne@ars.usda.gov FAX: (706) 546-3161 vii Patricia S Wakenell Department of Veterinary Medicine Population Health & Reproduction University of California Davis, California 95616 E-mail: pswakenell@ucdavis edu FAX: (530) 752-5845 Peter R Woolcock California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System Fresno Branch School of Veterinary Medicine University of California - Davis 2789 South Orange Ave Fresno, California 93725 E-mail: prwoolcock@ucdavis.edu FAX: (559) 485-8097 W Douglas Waltman Georgia Poultry Laboratory P.O Box 20 4457 Oakwood Road Oakwood, Georgia 30566 E-mail: dwaltman@gapoultrylab.org FAX: (770) 535-1948 Ching-Ching Wu Purdue University Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory 406 South University Street West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2065 E-mail: Wuc@purdue.edu FAX: (765) 497-1405 Richard L Witter USDA- Agricultural Research Service Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory 3606 East Mount Hope Road East Lansing, Michigan 48823 E-mail: witterr@msu.edu FAX: (517) 349-0817 Roger Wyatt 195 Edgewood Dr SW Athens, GA 30606 (706) 548-2297 E-mail: mycotec@charter.net viii Chapter 49 Antigen Detection Systems 56 Oldoni, I., C C Brown, D J King, S Samal, and B S Seal The use of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to study the pathogenesis of various Newcastle disease virus strains and recombinants in embryonated chicken eggs Microb Pathog 39:69-75 2005 57 Oltishi, K., M Senda, H Yamamoto, H Nagai, M Norimatsu, and H Sasaki Detection of avian encephalomyelitis viral antigen with monoclonal antibody Avian Pathol 23:49-59 1994 58 Pantin-Jackwood, M J., and T P Brown Infectious bursal disease virus and proventriculitis in broiler chickens Avian Dis 47:681-690 2003 59 Pantin-Jackwood, M J., E Spackman, and J M Day Pathology and virus tissue distribution of Turkey 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virus antigens Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 49:757-763 1987 92 Yilmaz, F., N Timurkaan, and H Bulut Detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus in trigeminal ganglia by avidin-biotin complex method in chickens: short communication Acta Vet Hung 52:167-171 2004 evidence of a major antigenic shift in recent field isolates Avian Dis 32:535-539 1988 80 Spencer, J L., and F Gilka Lymphoid leukosis: detection of group specific viral antigen in chicken spleens by immunofluorescence and complement fixation Can J Comp Med 46:370-375 1982 81 Stedman, N L., T P Brown, and C C Brown Localization of avian leukosis virus subgroup J in naturally infected chickens by RNA in situ hybridization Vet Pathol 38:649-656 2001 82 Storch, G A Diagnostic Virology In: Fields Virology D A a P M H Knipe, ed., Philadelphia, PA pp 501-505 2001 83 Swayne, D E., MD Ficken, and J.S Guy Immunohistochemical demonstration of influenza A nucleoprotein in lungs of turkeys with natural and experimental influenza respiratory disease Avian Pathol 21:547-557 1992 84 Tanimura, N., K Tsukamoto, K Nakamura, M Narita, and M Maeda Association between pathogenicity of infectious bursal disease virus and viral antigen distribution detected by immunohistochemistry Avian Dis 39:9-20 1995 85 Thomas, C B., and P Sharp Detection of antigenic variation among strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent inhibition assay (ELISA) and Western blot analysis Avian Dis 32:748-756 1988 86 Toro, Η., V Godoy, J Larenas, E Reyes, and E F Kaleta Avian infectious bronchitis: viral persistence in the harderian gland and 240 APPENDIX OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USED IN THE TEXT A/A AAF AAS AAVLD ABC AC AC-ELISA AE AEC AEV AFLP AGID AGP Al AIS AIV ALV AOAC AP APEC APHIS AP-PCR APMV-1 AR ART BA BAM BCIP/NBT BD BDU BEF BEM BG BGN BGS BLAST BLS-3 BPL BME BPW BSA BSE BSK BSS C CAV CAM CAMP CAT CDC CE CE-CAM CED CEF CEK CEL CELC CELO Acid slant/acid butt in media tube Amniotic-allantoic fluid Avian adenovirus group Π splenomegaly American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex Anticomplement Antigen-capture ELISA Avian encephalomyelitis 3-Amino-9-ethylcarbazole Avian encephalomyelitis virus Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Agar-gel immunodiffusion (test) Agar-gel precipitin Avian influenza Avian intestinal spirochetosis Avian influenza virus Avian leukosis virus Association of Official Analytical Chemists Alkaline phosphatase Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service Arbitrarily primed PCR Avian paramyxovirus serotype Antigen retrieval Avian rhinotracheitis Bordetella avium Bacteriological Analytical Manual -bromo-4-chloro-3 -indolylphosphate/ Nitro blue tetrazoliumchloride Bactoagar 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine Budgerigar embryo fibroblast (cells) Broth enrichment medium Brilliant green (agar) Brilliant green supplemented with novobiocin (agar) Brilliant green supplemented with sulfapyridine or sulfadiazine (agar) Basic Local Alignment Search Tool Biosafety level Beta Propriolactone Basal medium, Eagle’s Buffered peptone water Bovine serum Albumin Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy B arbour-Stoenner-Kelly medium Balanced salt solution Cytosine Chicken anemia virus Chorioallantoic membrane Christie, Atkins, and Muench-Peterson (media) Cefoperazone, Amphotericin, Teicoplanin agar Center for Disease Control Chick embryo Chick embryo-Chorioallantoic membrane route Chick embryo dermal (cells) Chick embryo fibroblast (cells) Chick embryo kidney (cells) Chick embryo liver (cells) Chick embryo liver cells Chick embryo lethal orphan CEO CET CE-YS CF CGD CK CKC CKN CM CMGS CNA C/E CELLS C/O cells COFAL COFAR CPE CRBC CSM CVA DAB DAS DBH DEAE DEF DEK DEL DEPC DFA DHV DID DMEM DMSO DNA DON DS DSA DSE DSSM DVE EBA EDTA EDS EDS 76 EEE EEEV EFSA EID50 ELD50 ELISA ELISA-ALV EM EMEM EMJH ERIC ESB ETOH EU F 241 (avian adenovirus) Chicken embryo Origin Chick embryo tendon (cells) Chick embryo-Yolk sac route Complement fixation Cold Gelatin Diluent Chicken kidney (cells) Chicken kidney cell Chicken Conditioned medium Chopped meat-glucose-starch (media) Colistin Nalidixic Acid CEF resistant to subgroup E ALV CEFs susceptible to avian leukosis viruses in subtypes A,B,C,D,E,J Complement fixation for avian leukosis Complement fixation for avian reticuloendotheliosis Cytopathic effect Chicken red blood cell Charcoal-selective medium (agar) Cefoperazone, vancomycin, Amphotericin (agar) 3,3’ diaminobenzidine tetrachloride Diacetoxy scirpenol Dot Blot Hybridization Diethylaminoethyl Duck embryo fibroblast (cells) Duck embryo kidney (cells) Duck embryo liver (cells) Dethylpyrocarbonate Direct fluorescent antibody (test) Duck hepatitis virus Double immunodiffusion (test) Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium Dimethyl sulfoxide Deoxyribonucleic acid Deoxynivalenol Double stranded (DNA) Dextrose starch agar Delayed secondary enrichment Double-strength skim milk Duck virus enteritis Elementary body agglutination (test) Ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid Egg drop syndrome Egg drop syndrome 76 Eastern equine encephalitis Eastern equine encephalitis virus European Food safety Authority Mean embryo infectious dose Mean embryo lethal dose Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA for ALV Electron microscopy Eagle’s minimum essential medium Ellinghausen-McCullaugh-JohnsonHarris (Medium) Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-based Erysipelothrix selective broth Ethyl alcohol European Union Fusion protein Appendix of abbreviations and acronyms FA FAdV FBS FC FCS FDA FFU FITC FRET G GC-MS GDPT GMS GMT GPV GS GTS H H H&E HA HBSS HE HEV HI HJ HMN HNEG HN protein HPAl HPLC HPS HRP HVT HV IB IBD IBH IBDV IBV ICPI ICTV ID50 IDU IEM IF IFA IgG IgM HIS IIF ILT ILTV IM π* ISH ISHH ISO IV IVPI LA LD50 LH LI LJ LL L/S LPD LPM Fluorescent antibody (test) Fowl Adenovirus Fetal bovine serum Flow cytometry Fetal calf serum Food and Drug Administration Focus-forming unit Fluorescein isothiocyanate Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Guanine Mass spectral Gas Chromatography Gel-diffusion precipitin test Gomori mehenamine silver Geometric mean titer Goose parvovirus Group-specific Gene targeted sequencinng Hemagglutinin Flagellar antigens (chapter 10 only) Hematoxylin and Eosin Hemagglutination Hanks’ balanced salt solution Hemorrhagic enteritis Hemorrhagic enteritis virus Hemagglutination inhibition Highlands J (virus) Haemophilus maintenance medium Hemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis of geese Protein with hemagglutination and neuraminidase activities Highly pathogenic avian influenza High Pressure Liquid Chromatography Hydropericardium syndrome Horseradish peroxidase Herpes virus of turkey Herpes virus Infectious bronchitis Infectious bursal disease Inclusion body hepatitis Infectious bursal disease virus Infectious bronchitis virus Intracerebral pathogenicity index International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses Mean infective dose 5’-iodo-2’-deoxyuridine Immune electron microscopy Immunofluorescence Indirect fluorescent antibody (test) Immunoglobulin G Immunoglobulin M Immunohistochemical staining Indirect immunofluorescence Infectious laryngotracheitis Infectious laryngotracheitis virus Intramuscular Immunoperoxidase in situ hybridization in situ hybridization histochemistry International Standards Organization Intravenous Intravenous pathogenicity index Latex agglutination (test) Mean lethal dose Lactalbumin hydrolysate Lysine iron Lowenstein-Jensen agar LPS LTR LSAB M MA mAbs MAC MAC MAC-X mCCDA MD MDEF MDPV MDT MDV MEE MEM MG MLEE MM MS MSDV mMDV MLIA MOX MSD MW N NAD NBT ND NDV N N NGFIS NP NPIP NVSL O OIE ONPG PALCAM PAS PBFD PBS PBS-B-G PCR PD PD pd50 PEA PEMS PFGE PFU PI PID50 PLB PM PM 242 Lymphoid leukosis Leukosis/sarcoma Lymphoproliferative disease Lithium chloride-phenyl ethanol-moxalactan (agar) Lipopolysaccharide Long terminal repeat Streptavidin-Biotin-Peroxidase complex Matrix protein Micro agglutination Monoclonal antibodies MacConkey agar Mycobacterium avium Complex (2 species) M avium Complex (3 species) Modified Charcoal Cefoperazone Deoxycholate agar Marek’s disease Muscovy duck embryo fibroblast (cells) Muscovy duck parvovirus Mean death time Marek’s disease virus Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis Mnimum essential medium Mycoplasma gallisepticum Multi locus Enzyme Electrophoresis Miller Mallinson media Mycoplasma synoviae Marble Spleen Disease Virus Mildly virulent MDV Modified lysine iron agar Modified Oxford (agar) Marble spleen disease Molecular weight Neuraminidase Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Nitroblue tetrazolium Newcastle disease Newcastle disease virus Neuraminidase inhibition (test) Neutralization index (chapter 46 only) Netherlands Government Food Inspection Service Non-producer National Poultry Improvement Plan National Veterinary Services Laboratory Somatic antigens (chapter 10 only) Office International des Epizooties OrrAo-Nitrophenyl-p-galactoside Polymyxin-acriflavin-lithium chlorideceftazidime-esculin-mannitol (agar) Periodic Acid Schiff Psittacine beak and feather disease Phosphate-buffered saline PBS with BSA and gelatin Polymerase chain reaction Proportionate distance Protective Dose (Chapter 46) Mean protective dose Phenylethyl alcohol agar Poult enteritis mortality syndrome Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis Plaque or pock forming unit Post inoculation Mean poultry infectivity dose Pagano Levin Base media Phenotypic mixing (chapter 35 only) Pasteurella multocida Appendix of abbreviations and acronyms PRN PSI PTA PVK QBV RAPD RAV-O RBC REs REA RFLP REO REV RNA rRNA SPF SPG SPGA SSA T TBE TBS TBTB TC TCoV TCID TCID50 TEys TEM TME THEV TLC TM/S TM/SN TPB TSA TS TT TTC TOC TV TVH U UPGMA USDA UV UVM vMDV VN wMDV w+MDV WBP WEE WN XLD XLDN XLT4 RNP RO RIF RSV RT RT-PCR Plaque reduction neutralization (test) Pounds per square inch Phosphotungstic acid Pierce-Van Der Kamp (stain) Quail Bronchitis Virus Random amplified polymorphic DNA Rous-associated virus Red blood cell Restriction enzymes Restriction enzyme analysis Restriction fragment length polymorphism Avian reovirus Reticuloendotheliosis virus Ribonucleic acid Ribosomal RNA Specific-pathogen-free Sucrose-phosphate-glutamate Sucrose-phosphate-glutamine albumin Stunting syndrome agent Thymine Tris borate Buffer Tri-buffered saline Tris-buffered tryptose broth Tissue culture Turkey coronavirus Tissue culture infective doses Mean tissue culture infective dose Turkey embryo yolk sac Transmission electron microscopy Turkey meningoencephalitis Turkey Hemorrhagic enteritis virus Thin layer chromatography Supplemental test medium without NAD TM/S supplemented with NAD Tryptone phosphate broth Tryptic soy agar Triple sugar iron Tetrathionate (broth) 2,3,5-triphenylterazolium chloride Tracheal organ culture Trypsin and versene Turkey viral hepatitis Uracil Unweighed paired group method Using arithmetic averages United States Department of Agriculture Ultraviolet (light) University of Vermont Very virulent MDV Virus neutralization (test) Very, very virulent MDV Greater virulence than wMDV Whole blood plate Western equine encephalitis West Nile Xylose-lysine-desoxycholate (agar) XLD supplemented with novobiocin Xylose-lysine-tergitol (agar) RV SC SDS SE SHS SIM SP SPA Ribonucleic protein Reverse osmosis Resistance inducing factor (test) Rous sarcoma virus Reverse transcriptase Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction Rappaport-Vassiliadis (broth) Subcutaneous Sodium dodecyl sulfate Salmonella enteritidis Swollen head syndrome Sulfide-indole-motility (medium) Sample-positive ratio Serum plate agglutination * 243 QUICK REFERENCE DIAGNOSTIC CHART: BACTERIAL and FUNGAL DISEASES, MYCOTOXINS Pathogen CH A gallinarum A para­ gallinarum B avium Borrelia anserina Brachyspira sp C botulinum 13 C colinum 13 Preferred Isolation method or diagnostic test Serogrouping, serotyping, speciation, pathogenicity HP2-PCR Serotyping: PAGE (Aggl or HI), KUME (HI using treated bacterial cells and rbcs), ERIC PCR Isol BA (with Staph nurse culture), CE-YS, Ckn inoc Aggl., FA Isol BA, anaerb mouse bioassay Isol CMGS, CGD Isol TPA with glucose and yeast (anaerb) FA, AGID Isol BA (anaerb), PEA FA Campylobacter Chlamydophila 16 Isol CC confirmed FA; Isol CE-YS; confirmed Histo staining E coli Isol MAC, and TSI, SIM, BA E rhusopathiae Isol BA, MAC or TSI (CO2) G anatis b haemolytica Isol BA, DSA HI ELISA and MA Isol MAC Wet smears and microscopy Isol BSK, Ckn inoc, CE-YS, TE-YS 13 Host Serology not useful Isol BA, DSA C perfringens 2S-N-D-PCR AGID, ELISA, MA, IFA PCR not useful CF PCR, DNA probes Isol Campy-cefex, CVA, mCCDA Toxin typing: Multiplex PCR Phenotypic and molecular based typing PCR not useful not useful CF, LA, EBA PCR Serogrouping (0 antigen) and serotyping (0 and Flagellar &/or capsular Ag) Antigenic typing by mouse protection test not useful not useful not useful Isol BA, 35 C USDA method: UVM sei Enrichment, MOX and LTM plating NGFIS method: prim, enrichment: PALCAM broth, Sec Enrichment: PALCAM plate, microaerobic FA Isol LJ media Stained smears: Acid Fast Fluorochrome stain Listeria mono­ cytogenes 10 Mycobacterium 14 Mycoplasma 15 Isol Frey, PPLO medium, plate on Agar, Ornithobacterium 17 Isol BA Pasteurella Isol BA, DSA R anatipestifer Isol BA or TSB with yeast (CO2) Salmonella Isol, using selective enrichment (eg TT), non selective pre-enrichment (eg BPW), selective plating (BGN, XLT4, Rambach), and DSE (7 d) AC-ELISA Staphylococcus 11 Isol BA 12 Isol BA, MAC Isol TSA or BA Mycotoxins 18 Aspergillus 18 Dactylaria 18 Candida 18 Favus 18 TLC, HPLC, GC-MS, ELISA Isol SDA or PDA, direct microscopy Histo (PAS) Isol SDA, direct microscopy Isol PLB, micropscopic exam Isol SDA, microsc Exam Streptococcus, Enterococcus Y pseudo­ tuberculosis Molecular Diagnosis DNA probes, Real timePCR Speciation by DNA-DNA hybridization, MLEE, RFLP, PFGE not useful Molecular probes, PCR Typing: Aggl ELISA, PFGE, RFLP Tuberculin PCR, Gene targeted sequencing FA, IFA SPA, ELISA, HI Serotyping by AGID ELISA Somatic serotyping: GDPT, capsular serogrouping: passive hemAggl ELISA DNA probes, PCR, magnetic bead systems, etc Serotyping: plate Aggl Serogrouping: somatic Ogroup antigen Aggl., followed by single factor Aggl.; Serotyping: microtube Aggl test ELISA WBPT, tube Aggl., micro Aggl., ELISA not useful FA, Aggl not useful serotyping by Aggl not useful not useful not useful not useful not useful 244 QUICK REFERENCE DIAGNOSTIC CHART: VIRAL DISEASES Molecular Diagnosis Serogrouping, serotyping, speciation, pathogenicity Host Serology Isol CEK, TEK, CKC, followed by FA or EM DEK for EDS, followed by HA, and HI TCEM or ELISA for Ag detection in tissues ISH Sub-typing: REA, PCR, SN HI (EDS), ELISA, IFA, AGID 40 Isol, by inoc newborn mice IC Isol CEF, DEF, Vero, BHK21, RK13 cells; CF, IFA, PRN, VN PCR PRN, HI, ELISA Astrovirus (DHVII) 37 See under DHV Isol CE-YS or DE-YS; death, neutralization TEM Astrovirus (enteric) 34 Isol CEL, followed by EM, FA, AGID RT-PCR, multiplex RTPCR, ISH, rRT-PCR VN, ELISA Avian Paramyxovirus 2-9 30 Isol CE-AS, HA activity, VN Isol CE-YS for PMV5 Avian Paramyxovirus-1 (NDV) 30 Inoc CE-AS, HA activity, VN Bimavirus (IBD) 41 Isol CE-CAM; AGP, FA, AC-ELISA Circovirus (PBFD) 27 Coronavirus (enteric) 34 Coronavirus (IBV) Pathogen CH Adenovirus 19 Arbovirus (EEE, WEE, HJ, TME) Preferred Isolation technique/Diagnostic test Serotype ID: HI ELISA RT-PCR, rRT-PCR Pathogenicity: IC test in day old chicks; Strain variability using Mab, sequencing ELISA, HI RT-PCR RFLP; Cross neutralization in embryos, cross challenge in chickens ELISA, AGP, VN DNA Probe, PCR, ISH PCR HI Isol TE-AS or CE-AS EM, IEM, IFA, EHC, HA RT-PCR, multiplex PCR IFA, sequencing IFA, AC-ELISA, Competitive ELISA, VN, HI 32 Isol CE-AS, VN, HI, IHC PCR Serotype ID: VN, HI, RRTPCR, RFLP ELISA, HI, VN Coronavirus (TCV) 33 Isol CE-AS, EM, FA, IHC, ELISA RT-PCR ELISA Entervirus-like (enteric) 34 Isol TEF, EM EM on intestinal contents IHC, IFA, ELISA not recommended Gyrovirus (CAV) 28 Isol MDCC-MSB1, MDCC-CU147, VN Inoc suscb Chicks, anemia ISH, DBH, PCR ELISA Herpesvirus (DVE) 23 Isol MDEF, DEF, or DEL,death, lesions; FA ; protection in DAZE vaccinated ducks following challenge with virulent DVE virus Isol in d old Muscovy ducks, FA Isol DE-CAM, FA Neg stain TEM (not specific to DVE) PCR VN Herpesvirus (ILT) 21 Herpesvirus (MDV) 22 Isol in cell culture, FA Herpesvirus of free flying birds 24 Isol CEF, CEK, CEL, VN with known + antisera Direct IF on tissue/impression smears Isol In CEL, CEK, TOC, CE-CAM, CKN inoc Smears stained with Giemsa EM Antigen detection: FA, IP, AGID PCR PCR/RFLP, reciprocal DNA: DNA hybridization AGID, VN, IFA, IHC, ELISA PCR, ISH, DBH 245 PCR AGID, ELISA, VN Pathogenicity in Emb Ckn eggs VN, ELISA QUICK REFERENCE DIAGNOSTIC CHART: VIRAL DISEASES Molecular Diagnosis Serogrouping, serotyping, speciation, pathogenicity Host Serology Isol CKN or TKY TOC, CE-YS, TE-YS, CEF, VERO, QT-35 IP, IF, Ag detection PCR VN using monoclonals, ED ELISA, FA, VN 35 Isol SPF CEFs resistant to subgroup E ALV and lack endogenous viral genes; Demonstrate ALV gs (p27) by ELISA PCR (Exogenous) Subgroup by VN or flow cytometry, Pathogenicity in SPF genetically susceptible chicks ELISA, VN or flow cytometry for subgroup determination 35 Isol SPF CEFs and assay for virus by ELISA, IFA, IP, FC, AGID Direct ELISA or CF for gs (p30) in albumin and cloacal and vaginal swabs PCR, RT-PCR Subtype determination using Mab, Pathogenicity in SPF chicks ELISA, VN, IFA, AGID RT-PCR, rRT-PCR Subtyping (HI, NI), pathogenicity (IV in 4-8w old chicks), PCR for aminoacid sequence at the Hemagglutinin cleavage site for H5 and H7 ELISA, HI, NI, AGID Pathogen CH Metapneumovirus 31 Oncornavirus (ALV) Oncornavirus (REV) Preferred Isolation technique/Diagnostic test Orthomyxovirus (Al) 29 Inoc CE-AS, HA activity, AGID Parvovirus of waterfowl 42 Isol Muscovy DE-AS, EM Isol Muscovy DEF, EM, IF, IP, AC-ELISA, VN Picomavirus (AE) 36 Isol CE-YS, FA 37 Picomavirus (DHVni) 37 Picomavirus-like (TVH) 38 Isol CE-YS; Neg stain EM Isol By inoc of 1-7 day old poult with liver suspension or yolk from inf Embryos Polyomavirus (BFD) 26 Isol BEF, CEF, Giemsa Poxvirus 25 Isol CEK, CED, QT-35, LMH cells Isol CE-CAM, Pocks on CAM, TEM IP, IFA Reovirus 39 l.Isol CE-YS, AGID, FA Rotavirus (enteric) 34 Isol CEK, TEK, CEL, MA 104 EM, IEM Siadenovirus (HEV, MSDV) 20 Torovirus (enteric) 34 Direct EM, FA, IFA VN, AGP, ELISA AGID, VN, ELISA, Embryo susceptibility Isol SQ or IM 1-7 d old DVH type susceptible ducks; death with lesions; isol v from liver; No death in challenged ducks known to have passive or active immunity to DVH type Isol DE-AS, lesions; Hyperimmune serum inhibits pathogenic effects in embryos Isol Ckn Emb Isol DEL, DVH antisera inhibits CPE Isol IV or IM day old susceptible ducks; mortality Isol DE-CAM; CAM lesions; neutralization by antisera; FA DEL cells Picomavirus (DHV I) PCR and sequencing RT-PCR VN, ELISA PCR, ISH RFLP, PCR Immunoblotting, Sequencing; Host pathogenicity, VN AGED, VN, ELISA ELISA, VN and AGID Electropherotyping, FA, IEM, PGE Isol, by TKY inoc MDTC cells AGID for Ag, Ag capture ELISA,EHC, ISH FA, IP, ISH, Ac-ELISA (spleen) PCR AGID, ELISA ELISA, VN 246 Index Acholeplasma, 69, 72 Adeno-associated, 101, 104, 230 Adenovirus, 33, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 109, 136, 146, 153,170,171, 172, 204, 212, 223, 228, 241, 246, 248, 253, 260, 274, 278, 279, 280, 282 Aflatoxicosis, 94, 95, 96,209 Agar gel immunodiffusion test (Procedures),88, 108, 139, 162, Agar gel precipitin (Procedures), 109, 224, 229, 268 Agar overlay (Media), 196, 235 Agglutination (Procedures), 9, 11, 15, 20, 21, 20, 21, 24, 27, 29, 33, 39,45, 46, 51, 64, 67, 68, 70, 73, 74, 82, 85, 87, 89, 162, 187, 188, 228, 260, 261, 265, 273, 274, 283, 284 Airsacculitis, 12, 15, 19,22, 68, 71, 87, 89, 112 Amniotic Sac Inoculation, 244 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (Procedures), 70, 74, 282 Andrade’s, 39 Anemia dermatitis syndrome, 146, 148 Antibiotic solution (Media), 78 Antigen capture (Procedures), 1, 11, 108, 155, 162, 174, 175, 220, 274,279 Antigen capture ELISA (Procedures), 114 Antigen preparation (Procedures), 102, 263, 274 Antiserum (Procedures), 9, 20, 25, 39, 69, 79,100, 101, 102, 107, 108, 109, 126,132, 138, 147, 153, 154, 155, 159, 162, 167, 172,183,184, 190, 196, 197, 198, 199, 224, 228, 262, 274 API 20E (Procedures), 12 Arbitrarily primed PCR (Procedures), 282 Arbovirus, 218,219, 220, 221 Arbovirus infection, 219 Arizonosis, 11 Aspergillosis, i, 9, 44, 90, 92, 93, 96 Aspergillus, i, 64, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96,287 Avian encephalomyelitis, 44, 54, 203, 205,221,241, 246, 260, 263, 268, 274, 280 Avian influenza, i, 2, 40, 71,128, 133,150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 162, 168,173, 190, 209, 244, 253, 260, 262, 263, 265, 268, 274, 275, 278, 279, 280, 283 Avian leukosis, 64,193, 200, 201,202,238,241,254,274,278, 279, 280, 282 Avian pneumovirus, 26, 157, 165, 168, 169, 254, 275,279 Avian pox, 115, 138, 139, 140 Avian rhinotracheitis, 165 Avibacterium, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23,24, 26, 27 Avipoxvirus, 137, 138, 139, 248 Bacillus, 44, 52 Bacitracin (Media), 23 Balanced salt solution (Media), 111, 138, 208, 232, 233, 235, 255,283 Basal medium, Eagle’s (Media), 282 Beak and feather disease, 143, 144, 145, 248, 280, 284 BEM (Media), 282 BGN (Media), 6, 7, 8, 11, 282, 286 BGS (Media), 8,282 Big liver disease, 192 Bile esculin (Media), 50 Bimavirus, 224, 288 Bismuth sulfite (Media), Bluecomb, 175,177, 178, 179, 191, 280 Bordetella avium, 24, 21, 265,282 Bordetellosis, 18, 24 Borrelia, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37,286 Botulism, 52, 53, 54, 59, 60, 133 Bovamick’s (Media), 78 Brachyspira, 33, 35, 36, 37, 286 Brain heart infusion (Media), 23, 158 Brooder pneumonia, 90 Budgerigar fledgling disease, 143, 145 Buffered peptone water (Media), 282 Calicivirus, 182, 216, 217, 248 Campylobacter coli, 27, 30 Campylobacter jejuni, 27, 30 Campylobacteriosis, vii, 27 Canarypox, 139, 141, 248 Candida, 90, 92, 97, 287 Candidiasis, 92 Catalase (Procedures), 19, 21, 20, 24, 26, 39, 43, 44, 45, 46, 50, 52 Cefoperazone, Amphotericin, Teicoplanin agar, 28 Cell culture (Media), 43, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 85, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 107,109, 111, 113, 114, 117, 120, 126, 128, 131, 133, 137, 138,142, 143, 147, 149, 158, 167, 171, 172, 175, 180, 182, 187,189, 198, 205, 208, 211, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 231, 232,234, 235, 239, 246, 250, 257, 260, 264, 273, 288 Cell lines (Procedures), 78, 119, 123, 131, 148, 224, 232, 233, 238, 240, 246 Cell-associated virus, 239 Cellulitis, 12, 58, 59 Chicken anemia virus, 145, 146, 147, 148,248,282 Chicken embryo fibroblast (Procedures), 142 Chicken embryo kidney (Procedures), i, 112 Chlamydiosis, 13, 21, 33, 71, 76, 77,.79, 85, 86 Chlamydophila psittaci, 76, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86 Chorioallantoic Membrane Inoculation (Procedures), 243 Chronic respiratory disease, 26 Circovirus, 101, 144, 145, 148, 248, 253 Clostridium, 36, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 133, 221, 279 CMGS (Media), 53, 282, 286 Coagulase test (Procedures), 46 Colibacillosis, 9,12, 13,14,24, 33, 36,40,46,48, 51, 89, 109 Columbia (Media), vii, 23, 45, 156 Complement fixation (Procedures), 44, 52, 54, 76, 79, 82, 86, 132, 193, 222, 239, 246, 280 Conditioned medium (Media), 237 Cornmeal agar (Media), 92 Coronaviral enteritis, 175,178, 185, 191,280 Coronavirus, ix, 171, 183, 191, 217, 248, 288 Coryza, 1, 17, 18,21, 22,23, 25, 26,27,173,265 Crop mycosis, 92, 97 Cross-challenge tests (Procedures), 170, 173 Cryptosporidiosis, 21, 71 Dactylaria, 90, 93, 96, 287 Dactylariosis, 93, 96 Decontamination (Procedures), 62, 63, 64, 66 Delayed secondary enrichment (Procedures), 4,283 Dextrose starch agar, 16, 283 Dilutions (Procedures), 20, 35, 69, 70, 79, 81, 103, 104, 114,119, 128, 132, 143, 148, 152, 167, 172, 181, 188, 199, 204, 207, 208, 209, 215,220, 221, 224, 239, 255, 256, 257, 259, 261, 262, 263, 264 Dimethyl sulfoxide (Media), 118 Direct fluorescent antibody test (Procedures), 126 Dot blot hybridization (Procedures), 149 Drag swabs (Procedures), 4, 5, 6, 11 Duck hepatitis, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 229, 249, 283 Duck hepatitis B virus, 206 Duck plague, 17, 125, 126, 127,128, 129, 229, 248, 279 Duck septicemia, 19 Duck virus enteritis, 125,283 247 QUICK REFERENCE DIAGNOSTIC CHART: VIRAL DISEASES Molecular Diagnosis Serogrouping, serotyping, speciation, pathogenicity Isol CKN or TKY TOC, CE-YS, TE-YS, CEF, VERO, QT-35 IP, IF, Ag detection PCR VN using monoclonals, ID 35 Isol SPF CEFs resistant to subgroup E ALV and lack endogenous viral genes; Demonstrate ALV gs (p27) by ELISA PCR (Exogenous) Subgroup by VN or flow cytometry, Pathogenicity in SPF genetically susceptible chicks 35 Isol SPF CEFs and assay for virus by ELISA, IFA, IP, FC, AGID Direct ELISA or CF for gs (p30) in albumin and cloacal and vaginal swabs PCR, RT-PCR Subtype determination using Mab, Pathogenicity in SPF chicks Subtyping (HI, NI), pathogenicity (IV in 4-8w old chicks), PCR for aminoacid sequence at the Hemagglutinin cleavage site for H5 and H7 Pathogen CH Metapneumovirus 31 Oncornavirus (ALV) Oncornavirus (REV) Preferred Isolation techniqne/Diagnostic test Orthomyxovirus (Al) 29 Inoc CE-AS, HA activity, AGID RT-PCR, rRT-PCR Parvovirus of waterfowl 42 Isol Muscovy DE-AS, EM Isol Muscovy DEF, EM, IF, IP, AC-ELISA, VN PCR and sequencing Picomavirus (AE) 36 Isol CE-YS, FA Isol SQ or IM 1-7 d old DVH type susceptible ducks; death with lesions; isol v from liver; No death in challenged ducks known to have passive or active immunity to DVH type Isol DE-AS, lesions; Hyperimmune serum inhibits pathogenic effects in embryos Isol Ckn Emb Isol DEL, DVH antisera inhibits CPE Isol IV or IM day old susceptible ducks; mortality Isol DE-CAM; CAM lesions; neutralization by antisera; FA DEL cells Picomavirus (DHV I) 37 Picomavirus (DHVni) 37 Picomavirus-1 ike (TVH) 38 Isol CE-YS; Neg stain EM Isol By inoc of 1-7 day old poult with liver suspension or yolk from inf Embryos Polyomavirus (BFD) 26 Isol BEF, CEF, Giemsa Poxvirus 25 Isol CEK, CED, QT-35, LMH cells Isol CE-CAM, Pocks on CAM, TEM IP, IFA Reovirus 39 Isol CE-YS, AGID, FA Rotavirus (enteric) 34 Isol CEK, TEK, CEL, MAI 04 EM, IEM Siadenovirus (HEV, MSDV) 20 Isol, by TKY inoc MDTC cells AGID for Ag, Ag capture ELISA,IHC, ISH FA, IP, ISH, Ac-ELISA (spleen) Torovirus (enteric) 34 Direct EM, FA, IFA RT-PCR PCR, ISH RFLP, PCR Immunoblotting, Sequencing; Host pathogenicity, VN Electropherotyping, FA, IEM, PGE PCR 246 Index Immunodiffusion (Procedures), 8, 32, 33, 35, 36, 88, 102,106, 108, 111, 112, 137, 150, 153, 156, 159, 162, 167, 171, 214, 215, 228, 260, 263, 273, 274, 280, 282, 283 Immunoelectron microscopy (Procedures), 101,279 Immunofluorescence (Procedures), 8, 33, 42, 69, 75, 82, 98, 100, 101,102, 116, 117, 118, 122, 123, 126,128, 132, 142, 146, 147,148,156, 167, 182, 195, 197, 198, 199, 208, 218, 224, 227, 239, 278, 279, 280, 283 Immunohistochemical staining (Procedures), 77, 78, 100,109, 142,233, 273,279 Immunosuppression, 1, 45, 52,94, 95, 106, 117, 148, 192, 223, 225 Inclusion body hepatitis, 98, 101, 104,225, 253 Indirect fluorescent antibody test (Procedures), 36,102, 175, 177, 199,215 Indole test (Procedures), 12, 16 Infectious anemia, 1, 146,148,149, 201, 253 Infectious bronchitis, i, 1, 24, 71, 114, 165, 168, 170, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 181, 183, 184, 191, 225, 241, 246, 253, 254, 260, 263, 268, 274, 278, 279, 280, 281 Infectious bronchitis virus IBV, 1,168, 183, 274 Infectious bursal disease IBD, 1, 52, 58, 96, 148, 173, 200, 223, 225, 241, 246, 253, 254, 260, 268, 274, 278, 279, 280 Infectious bursal disease virus IBDV, 223, 224, 248, 280, 283 Infectious laryngotracheitis ILT, 1, 114, 115,116,122, 130, 135, 136, 137, 138,139,140, 173, 216, 265, 268, 275, 278, 279, 281 Infectious laryngotracheitis virus ILTV, 114,115, 173,283 Influenza (Al), 150 Intracerebral Pathogenicity Index (Procedures), 160 Laboratory safety, 2, 76 Lake Victoria Cormorant, 131 Leukosis, 33,107, 192, 200,201,202,241,265,280,282,284 Listeria, 40,42,43, 44, 50, 286 Listeriosis, 40,42,43,44 LMH, 112, 138, 181, 233, 237, 289 Lowenstein-Jensen (Media), 284 Lymphoid leukosis, 201 Lymphoproliferative disease, 108,198 Lysine iron,(Media) 8, 284 M199 (Media), 130,131,232, 235,237 M20 (Media), 233,238 MacConkey (Media) 7,11,12,13,16,17,18, 19,24,20,48, 50, 87, 88,284 Malabsorption syndrome, 179, 214, 217 Malignant edema, 58 Mannitol-salt (Media), 45 Marble spleen disease, 98,106,109, 248 Marek’s disease, 33, 44, 54, 64, 107, 117, 118, 122, 123, 124, 130, 131, 135, 136, 146, 148, 192, 197, 200, 201, 202, 205, 216,224,238, 239, 240, 246,248, 253, 254, 263,268, 275, 278, 284 McClung-Toabe egg yolk agar, 53, 56, 59 Micrococcus, 46 Microsporum, 90, 93 Middlebrook 7H9 (Media), 62, 63 Minimum essential medium (Media), 131, 182,184, 208, 215, 237 Molecular probes, 64,286 Monoclonal antibodies (Media), 42, 43, 64, 79, 85, 114,117, 118, 120, 122, 132, 135, 140,147, 148, 159, 164, 165, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 185, 192,194, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 225, 227, 229, 246, 278, 280 Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Media), 187, 283 Eagle’s minimum essential medium (Media) 283 Earle’s balanced salt (Media), 235 EDTA, 79, 118,119, 121,127, 139,208, 233, 234, 237, 249, 269, 276,283 Egg-drop syndrome (Procedures), 136 Electron microscopy, 98, 109, 165, 175, 183, 190, 254, 273, 283 Encephalitis, 4, 36,42, 93, 96, 218, 220, 221, 222, 235, 283, 285 Encephalomyelitis AE, 203, 204, 205, 221, 222, 248, 282 Enrichment (Procedures), 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 28, 30,42, 43, 53, 79, 235, 274,282,286 Enteric viruses, 101, 179, 180, 182, 190, 273 Enterobacter, 12, 13 Enterococcus, 48, 51, 64, 286 Enterovirus, 177, 182, 191, 205, 279 Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Procedures), 104, 106, 148, 175, 176,218 Epidemic tremor, 203 Erysipelas, 13, 38, 39, 40, 44,48, 51, 216 Erysipelothrix selective (Media), 38, 283 Escherichia coli, 1, 8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 24, 29, 46, 58, 60, 64, 71, 110, 133, 165, 173, 191,212, 282 Favus, 93, 287 Filtration (Procedures), 28, 30, 73, 78, 118, 131, 151, 233, 234, 235, 236, 250,274 Flaviviruses, 220 Fluorescein isothiocyanate (Media), 283 Fluorescent Antibody Test (Procedures), 121, 167 Food Safety, v, 27 Fowl cholera, 15, 16,17, 21, 22, 26,40,46, 54, 71, 87, 89 Fowl pox, 26, 137, 201, 246, 263, 268 Frey's (Media), 73 FTA cards(Media), 269 Fusarium, 90, 94, 95 Gallibacterium, 15, 17, 18, 22, 58, 87 Gangrenous dermatitis, 52, 58, 59, 146,225 Gel diffusion precipitin test, 22,109 Gentamicin(Media), 13,19, 77, 78, 87, 92,125,151, 193, 208, 234,237,243 Geometric mean titers (Procedures), 255, 258, 262,266 Glycerol (Media), 17 Goose hepatitis, 226,249 Goose parvovirus, 226, 227,228, 229, 230, 248, 278 Gosling plague, 226 Gumboro, 223 Hajna (Media), Hajna and Damon (Media), Hektoen enteric (Media), 6, Hemagglutination (Procedures), 16, 21, 20, 21, 22, 24,25, 27, 44, 68, 70, 73, 74, 98,100,101, 103, 126,129,133,137,139, 140, 144, 145, 150, 153, 159, 164, 166, 170, 171, 174, 179, 183, 184, 187, 191, 218, 220, 221, 241, 246, 251, 258, 260, 261,262,268,274,280,283 Hemagglutination Inhibition (Procedures), 172 Hemorrhagic enteritis, 1, 54,98,108, 109, 110, 179, 219,248, 260,265, 279 Hemorrhagic syndrome, 146 Herpesvirus, 101, 111, 113, 117, 118, 119,120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 131,135, 136, 139, 192, 229, 240, 246, 248, 280 Herpesvirus of turkeys, 123, 135, 240 High pressure liquid chromatography (Procedures) 96 Highlands J virus, 221,222, 248 Hybridization with nucleic acid probes (Procedures), 269 Hydropericardium syndrome, 98, 104, 278 Immunocytochemistry (Procedures), 280 248 Index Quail pox, 137 Quality control, 260, 262, 266 Rambach (Media), 8,286 Reovirus, 1, 104, 172, 177, 178, 191, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 223, 240, 241, 246, 248, 265, 274, 275, 284 Reticuloendotheliosis, 108, 122, 123, 139, 140, 192, 200, 201, 202,216, 238, 274, 278, 282 Retrovirus, 197 Rhinotracheitis, 2,21, 136, 157, 165, 168, 169, 221, 248, 282 Ringworm, 93 Rotavirus, 136, 148, 177,179, 187, 189, 191, 248, 251 Sabouraud (Media), i, 91, 93 Salmonella, 8, 9, 11 Salmonella pullorum, 260 Salmonellae, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 Salmonellosis, 4, 9, 13, 21, 36, 40, 44, 209, 265 Sarcoma, 192, 196, 198 Selenite (Media), Sentinel chicken, 220 Siadenovirus, 98, 106, 108,246,248, 289 Silica gel (Media), 48, 151 Sodium dodecyl sulfate (Media), 35, 74, 127,139, 184, 189 SPG buffer (Media), 77 Spirochetosis, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 282 Splenomegaly, 33,48,206 Staphylococcus, 45, 48, 216 Streptococcosis, 40, 44, 48, 51 Stunting syndrome, 179, 190, 191, 214, 217 Stunting syndrome agent, 284 Supplemental test medium without NAD (Media), 285 Swollen head syndrome, 12,26,157, 165, 169 Tellurite glycine (Media), 45 Tergitol (Media), 6, 7, 11, 285 Tetrathionate (Media), 6, 11 TM/SN, 23, 24, 285 Togaviruses, 133 Torovirus, 179, 190 Transformation (Focus) Assay, 196 Tri-buffered saline (Media), 284 Trichophyton, 93 Triple Sugar Iron (Media), Tris borate Buffer (Media), 284 Tuberculosis, 21,61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 287 Tumors, 117, 119, 120, 122, 124, 130, 192, 193, 196, 197,198, 200, 202,238 Turkey herpesvirus, 248 Turkey meningoencephalitis, 218 Turkey pox, 137 Turkey viral enteritis, 179 Turkey viral hepatitis, 211, 212, 285 Tween 80 Hydrolysis (Media), 63 Typhoid, 4,9, 11, 17,46, 265 Ulcerative enteritis, 52, 54, 58, 59 Ureaplasma, 72, 74 Vibrionic hepatitis, 27, 30 Viral arthritis, 46,214,216, 217,248,260,263 Viral enteritis, 129, 134, 229, 275 Virus transport medium (Media), 146, 165 Western duck sickness, 53 XLD supplemented with novobiocin, 285 XLT4, 6, 7, 8, 11,285,286 Xylose lysine desoxycholate (XLD) (Media), Yersinia, 17, 21 buffer at pH9.0 Muscovy duck parvovirus, 226, 229, 230, 248, 284 Mycobacterium, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 133, 284, 286 Mycoplasma, i, 1, 22, 46, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75,104, 168, 170, 173, 216, 234, 235, 241, 260, 261, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 274, 275, 280, 284, 286 Mycoplasmosis, 1, 13, 18, 21, 89, 114, 173, 260, 263, 265 Mynah pox, 140 Necrotic enteritis, 52, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 279 Neoplasms, 64 Neuraminidase, 39, 150, 152, 154, 156, 159, 161, 166, 168, 172, 260, 283 New duck disease, 19 Newcastle disease, 1, 3, 9, 24, 21, 40,44, 54, 71, 122, 128, 133, 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 164, 167, 170, 173, 174, 190, 205, 209, 221, 241, 244, 246, 248, 253, 254, 260, 268, 275, 279, 280, 284 Newcastle disease virus, 156, 167, 190 Nichrome loop (Media), 151 Non-producer Cell Activation (Procedures), 196 Notification, 19, 157 Ochratoxin, 90, 95 Oncornavirus, 198, 199, 200, 202 Ornithosis, 76, 85 Orthomyxovirus, 246 Orthomyxovirus, 289 Osteopetrosis, 192 Osteoporosis, 214, 217 Pacheco’s disease, 135, 136,248 Packer’s (Media), 38, 39 Papovavirus, 143 Paramyxovirus, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 164, 166, 205, 246, 253, 282 Paratyphoid, 4, 5, 8, Parrot fever, 76 Parvovirus, 216, 226, 229, 248, 289 Pasteurella multocida, 15, 16, 21, 22,44, 128, 212, 229, 265, 284 Penicillium, 90, 94, 95 peptone (Media), 6, 23, 28, 151, 215, 282 Phenotypic Mixing (Procedures), 196 Phosphate-buffered saline (Media), 79, 284 phosphotungstic acid (Media), 183, 189, 246, 251, 273 picomavirus, 203, 206, 207, 211 Picomavirus-like, 289 Pigeon pox, 135, 137 Plague, 17, 126, 127, 129, 150 Pneumovirus, 1, 21, 169 Polyomavirus, 142, 143, 145, 229 Potato dextrose (Media), 91 Poult enteritis, 175,177, 178, 179, 191 Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome PEMS, 179 Pox, 115, 132,137,138, 139 Poxvirus, 128, 137, 138, 139, 140, 246 Proteus, 7, 8, 24 Providencia, 7, Pseudomonas, 7, 133 Pseudotuberculosis, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22 Psittacine beak and feather disease PBFD, 143 Psittacosis, 76, 85, 86 Pullorum disease (Procedures), 2, Quail bronchitis, 98 Quail disease, 52, 54, 59 249 THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS Fifth Edition 2008 ISBN 978-0-9789163-2-·