Iec 61000 2 13 2005

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IEC 61000-2-13 First edition 2005-03 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 2-13: Environment – High-power electromagnetic (HPEM) environments – Radiated and conducted Reference number IEC 61000-2-13:2005(E) LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU BASIC EMC PUBLICATION Publication numbering As from January 1997 all IEC publications are issued with a designation in the 60000 series For example, IEC 34-1 is now referred to as IEC 60034-1 Consolidated editions The IEC is now publishing consolidated versions of its publications For example, edition numbers 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2 refer, respectively, to the base publication, the base publication incorporating amendment and the base publication incorporating amendments and Further information on IEC publications • IEC Web Site (www.iec.ch) • Catalogue of IEC publications The on-line catalogue on the IEC web site (www.iec.ch/searchpub) enables you to search by a variety of criteria including text searches, technical committees and date of publication On-line information is also available on recently issued publications, withdrawn and replaced publications, as well as corrigenda • IEC Just Published This summary of recently issued publications (www.iec.ch/online_news/ justpub) is also available by email Please contact the Customer Service Centre (see below) for further information • Customer Service Centre If you have any questions regarding this publication or need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service Centre: Email: custserv@iec.ch Tel: +41 22 919 02 11 Fax: +41 22 919 03 00 LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC, thus ensuring that the content reflects current technology Information relating to this publication, including its validity, is available in the IEC Catalogue of publications (see below) in addition to new editions, amendments and corrigenda Information on the subjects under consideration and work in progress undertaken by the technical committee which has prepared this publication, as well as the list of publications issued, is also available from the following: INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IEC 61000-2-13 First edition 2005-03 LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU BASIC EMC PUBLICATION Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 2-13: Environment – High-power electromagnetic (HPEM) environments – Radiated and conducted  IEC 2005  Copyright - all rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varembé, PO Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmail@iec.ch Web: www.iec.ch Com mission Electrotechnique Internationale International Electrotechnical Com m ission Международная Электротехническая Комиссия PRICE CODE W For price, see current catalogue –2– 61000-2-13  IEC:2005(E) CONTENTS FOREWORD .4 INTRODUCTION Scope Normative references .8 Terms and definitions .8 General 11 Description of radiated environments 13 Description of conducted HPEM environments 23 Annex B (informative) Examples of low, medium and high-tech generators of HPEM 28 Annex C (informative) Examples of typical HPEM waveforms (conducted and radiated) .31 Annex D (informative) Determination of the bandwidth of typical HPEM waveforms .35 Bibliography .39 Figure – Several types of HPEM environments compared with the IEC HEMP waveform 12 Figure – A damped sinusoidal waveform for hypoband and mesoband HPEM environments 18 Figure – The spectral magnitude of the time waveform in Figure 19 Figure – Hyperband HPEM environment waveforms for variations in range in metres 21 Figure – Hyperband spectral magnitude of HPEM environments from Figure 21 Figure – Effective coupling length for a m metallic cable 22 Figure – Building used for HPEM conducted propagation experiments 24 Figure – Examples of briefcase generators for producing conducted environments: CW generator (left) and impulse generator (right) [15] 26 Figure B.1 – Line schematic of a reflector type of an impulse radiating antenna (IRA) 30 Figure C.1 – Half-sinusoid at f o = GHz .31 Figure C.2 – Full sinusoid at f = GHz 32 Figure C.3 – 20 cycles of sinusoid at f = GHz (N = 20) 32 Figure C.4 – Difference of exponential waveform 33 Figure C.5 – Gaussian waveform 33 Figure C.6 – Sinusoidal waveform with a Gaussian-amplitude modulation 34 Figure D.1 – A waveform spectrum with a large dc content (e.g the early-time HEMP from IEC 61000–2-9) 36 Figure D.2 – A waveform with a multipeaked spectral magnitude in units of 1/Hz 36 Figure D.3 – Spectral magnitude of a damped sinusoidal waveform with a low Q and a bandratio value computed using the dB frequency points 37 Figure D.4 – Spectral magnitude of a damped sinusoidal waveform with a high Q and a bandratio value computed using the dB frequency points 38 LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU Annex A (informative) Four types of intentional electromagnetic environment interactions 27 61000-2-13  IEC:2005(E) –3– Table – Definitions for bandwidth classification 14 Table – Range of radiated electric field at various frequencies and power levels .15 Table – Typical HPEM standard environments in the hypoband (or narrowband) and mesoband regimes .20 Table B.1 – Radiated fields from a microwave oven magnetron fitted with different antennas 28 Table B.2 – Radiated peak electric fields from a commercial HPEM generator 29 Table B.3 – Examples of reflector types of impulse radiating antennas .30 LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU 61000-2-13  IEC:2005(E) –4– INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) – Part 2-13: Environment – High-power electromagnetic (HPEM) environments – Radiated and conducted FOREWORD 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter 5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights International Standard IEC 61000-2-13 has been prepared by subcommittee 77C: High power transient phenomena, of IEC technical committee 77: Electromagnetic compatibility It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107 The text of this standard is based on the following documents: FDIS Report on voting 77C/153/FDIS 77C/155/RVD Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees) The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”) Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work International, governmental and nongovernmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations 61000-2-13  IEC:2005(E) –5– The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication At this date, the publication will be • • • • reconfirmed; withdrawn; replaced by a revised edition, or amended A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU –6– 61000-2-13  IEC:2005(E) INTRODUCTION IEC 61000 is published in separate parts according to the following structure: Part 1: General General considerations (introduction, fundamental principles) Definitions, terminology Part 2: Environment Description of the environment Classification of the environment Part 3: Limits Emission limits Immunity limits (in so far as they not fall under the responsibility of the product committees) Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques Measurement techniques Testing techniques Part 5: Installation and mitigation guidelines Installation guidelines Mitigation methods and devices Part 6: Generic standards Part 9: Miscellaneous Each part is further subdivided into several parts, published either as International Standards or as technical specifications or technical reports, some of which have already been published as sections Others will be published with the part number followed by a dash and a second number identifying the subdivision (example: 61000-6-1) LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU Compatibility levels 61000-2-13  IEC:2005(E) –7– ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) – Part 2-13: Environment – High-power electromagnetic (HPEM) environments – Radiated and conducted Scope For the purposes of this standard, high-power conditions are achieved when the peak electric field exceeds 100 V/m, corresponding to a plane-wave free-space power density of 26,5 W/m This criterion is intended to define the application of this standard to EM radiated and conducted environments that are substantially higher than those considered for "normal" EMC applications, which are covered by the standards produced by IEC SC 77B The HPEM environment can be: • radiated or conducted; • a single pulse envelope with many cycles of a single frequency (an intense narrowband signal that may have some frequency agility and the pulse envelope may be modulated); • a burst containing many pulses, with each pulse envelope containing many cycles of a single frequency; • an ultrawideband transient pulse (spectral content from tens of MHz to several GHz); • a burst of many ultrawideband transient pulses The HPEM signal could be from sources such as radar or other transmitters in the vicinity of an installation or from an intentional generator system targeting a civilian facility Radiated signals can also induce conducted voltages and currents through the coupling process In addition, conducted HPEM environments may also be directly injected into the wiring of an installation There is a critical distinction between the HEMP (high-altitude electromagnetic pulse) environment and the HPEM environment, in terms of the range or the distance of the affected electrical or electronic components from the source In the context of HEMP, the range is immaterial, as the HEMP environment propagates downward from space to the earth's surface and is therefore relatively uniform over distances of 000 km On the other hand, in the HPEM context the environment and its effects decrease strongly with range In addition, the HEMP waveshape is a series of time domain pulses while the HPEM environment may have a wide variety of waveshapes Consequently, the standardization process for HPEM environments is more difficult The recommended approach is to investigate the various types of HPEM environments that have been produced to date and are likely to be feasible in the near future, and then to develop suitable HPEM standard waveforms from such a study Such HPEM environment standard waveforms can be amended in due course, depending on emerging technologies that make it possible to produce them LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU This part of IEC 61000 defines a set of typical radiated and conducted HPEM environment waveforms that may be encountered in civil facilities Such threat environments can produce damaging effects on electrical and electronic equipment in the civilian sector, as described in IEC 61000-1-5 It is necessary to define the radiated and conducted environments, in order to develop protection methods 61000-2-13  IEC:2005(E) –8– Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document For dated references, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies IEC 60050-161, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 161: Electromagnetic compatibility IEC 61000-1-5, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 1-5: General – High power electromagnetic (HPEM) effects on civil systems IEC 61000-2-10, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 2-10: Environment – Description of HEMP environment – Conducted disturbance IEC 61000-2-11, Electromagnetic compatibility Classification of HEMP environments (EMC) – Part 2-11: Environment – IEC 61000-4-3, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-3: Testing and measurement techniques – Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test IEC 61000-4-4, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-4: Testing and measurement techniques – Section 4: Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test IEC 61000-4-5, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques – Section 5: Surge immunity test IEC 61000-4-6, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-6: Testing and measurement techniques – Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields IEC 61000-4-12, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques – Section 12: Oscillatory waves immunity test Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050-161 as well as the following apply 3.1 attenuation reduction in magnitude (as a result of absorption and scattering) of an electric or magnetic field or a current or voltage; usually expressed in decibels 3.2 bandratio br ratio of the high and low frequencies between which there is 90 % of the energy; if the spectrum has a large dc content, the lower limit is nominally defined as Hz LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU IEC 61000-2-9, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 2: Environment – Section 9: Description of HEMP environment – Radiated disturbance 61000-2-13  IEC:2005(E) – 30 – y x Observation point IRA with diameter D r + θ z − Pulser IEC 482/05 Figure B.1 – Line schematic of a reflector type of an impulse radiating antenna (IRA) Table B.3 – Examples of reflector types of impulse radiating antennas No Name Pulser Antenna Prototype IRA 100ps/20ns 3,66 m dia USA 200 Hz burst (F/D)=0,33 ± 60 kV Upgraded prototype IRA USA ± ~ 75 kV 85 ps/20 ns ~ 400 Hz 2,8 kV Swiss IRA 100 ps/4 ns 800 Hz Netherlands IRA kV 100 ps/4 ns 800 Hz kV German IRA 100 ps/4 ns 800 Hz 1,83 m dia (F/D)=0,33 1,8 m dia (F/D)=0,28 Near field Far field 23 kV/m 4,2 kV/m at at r=2m r = 304 m 41,6 kV/m 27,6 kV/m at at r = 16,6 m r = 25 m 1,4 kV/m 220 V/m at at r=5m r = 41 m rE Bandratio, br Band 280 kV 100 Hyper 690 kV 50 Hyper 10 kV 50 Hyper 34 kV 25 Hyper 34 kV 25 Hyper kV/m 0,9 m dia (F/D)=0,37 at Not r=1m available kV/m 0,9 m dia (F/D)=0,37 at Not r =1 m available As per the definition in Equation (5), all of the high-tech systems are hyperband HPEM generators, since their bandratios are >10 However, it is observed that they can also be turned into sub-hyperband generators by reducing the antenna diameter (increases the lower cutoff frequency) or by degrading the rise time of the voltage pulse into the antenna (lowers the upper cutoff frequency) LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU F 61000-2-13  IEC:2005(E) – 31 – Annex C (informative) Examples of typical HPEM waveforms (conducted and radiated) In this annex, we document some typical HPEM environment waveforms in time and frequency domains The temporal and spectral quantities in this annex are related by the following Fourier transform pairs g(t) = 2π ∞ ~ ∫ ~ G (ω ) e jω t dω G (ω ) = ∞ ∫ g(t) e − jω t dt (C-1) −∞ −∞ g(0) = 2π ∞ ~ ∫ ~ G (ω ) dω G (0) = ∞ ∫ g(t) dt (C-2) −∞ −∞ It is observed that g(t) can be a voltage or current waveform in the case of conducted HPEM environment, or it can be an electric or magnetic field in the case of a radiated HPEM environment It is also noted that some of the waveforms listed in this appendix cannot be considered radiated environments if they have a non-zero area under the time domain curve, which would result in a non-zero dc component in the frequency domain In general we will consider examples of dimensionless quantity a(t) as defined by, g(t) = g o a(t) (C-3) ~ and A (ω ) will represent the Fourier transform of a(t) In terms of units and dimensions, as an example, if g(t) represents a conducted voltage waveform, g(t) and g o will have the units of ~ ~ voltage, G (ω ) will have the units of V/Hz and A (ω ) will have the units of (1/Hz) For convenience most spectral magnitude plots that follow are presented in terms of frequency in hertz, so the spectral magnitude is written as A(f) −9 1,0 10 −10 10 |Ẵ(f)| (1/Hz) a t 0,5 0,0 −12 10 −0,5 −1,0 −11 10 −13 Time ns 10 10 −3 10 −2 10 IEC 483/05 a(t) = sin( ωo (t-T)) u(t-T) for ≤ t ≤ (3T/2) − 10 10 Frequency GHz 1 10 IEC 484/05 ~ 2ω cos(ωT / 4) o A(f ) = (ω − ω ) o ωo = π fo ; fo = GHz ; T = ns Figure C.1a – Transient waveform Figure C.1b – Spectral magnitude Figure C.1 – Half-sinusoid at f o = GHz LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU It follows that the time waveform values at t = and the dc Fourier components are given by, 61000-2-13  IEC:2005(E) – 32 – −9 1,0 10 −10 |Ẵ(f)| (1/Hz) a t 0,5 0,0 −0,5 −1,0 10 −11 10 −12 Time ns 10 10 10 −3 −2 10 IEC 485/05 −1 10 Frequency GHz IEC 486/05 Figure C.2b – Spectral magnitude −8 1,0 10 0,5 10 −9 |Ẵ(f)| (1/Hz) a t Figure C.2 – Full sinusoid at f = GHz 0,0 −0,5 −1,0 −10 10 −11 10 −12 10 20 30 Time ns 40 50 10 −3 10 −2 10 IEC 487/05 a(t) = sin( ωo (t-T)) u(t-T) for < t < T(N+1) ~ A(f ) = − 10 10 Frequency GHz 1 10 IEC 488/05 2ω sin(NωT / 2) o (ω − ω ) o ωo = π fo ; fo = GHz ; T = ns Figure C.3a – Transient waveform Figure C.3b – Spectral magnitude Figure C.3 – 20 cycles of sinusoid at f = GHz (N = 20) LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU ωo = π fo ; fo = 1GHz ; T = ns Figure C.2a – Transient waveform 10 2ω sin(ωT / 2) o 2 (ω − ω ) o ~ A(f ) = a(t) = sin( ωo(t-T)) u(t-T) for < t < (2T) 10 61000-2-13  IEC:2005(E) – 33 – 1,0 −7 10 0,8 −8 10 |Ẵ(f)| (1/Hz) 0,4 0,2 0,0 −9 10 −10 10 0 20 40 60 Time ns 80 −11 10 100 10 10 IEC 489/05 10 Frequency Hz | A(f ) | = 10 10 IEC 490/05 1,31( β − α ) (α + jω ) ( β + jω) α = 4,0 x 107 radians/s ; β = 6,0 x 108 radians/s Figure C.4a – Transient waveform Figure C.4b – Spectral magnitude Figure C.4 – Difference of exponential waveform 0,5 0,8 0,4 |Ẵ(f)| (1/Hz) 1,0 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 −1,0 −0,8 −0,6 −0,4 −0,2 0,0 0,2 0,4 Time ns a(t) = e  2( t−t s )  −   α  0,6 0,8 1,0 0,0 −20 −16 −12 −8 IEC 491/05 with t s = ; α = 0,5 ns Figure C.5a – Transient waveform ~ A(f ) = −4 Frequency Hz π α2 12 16  2 −f α  exp   16  Figure C.5b – Spectral magnitude Figure C.5 – Gaussian waveform 20 IEC 492/05 LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU ~  − βt  a(t) = 1,31 e −αt − e  u(t)   a t a t 0,6 61000-2-13  IEC:2005(E) – 34 – 1,0 10 10 |Ẵ(f)| (1/Hz) a t 0,5 0,0 −0,5 −1 10 −2 10 −1,0 10 20 Time tn 40 −3 10 0,1 1,0 Frequency fn IEC 493/05  2(t−t )  s −   α  with t n = (t / to ) = tfo ; Figure C.6a – Transient waveform ~ A(f ) = (ts / to ) = 20 ; α =10 π α2 10 IEC 494/05  2 −α (ω − ωo )  exp  16   f n = (f / fo ) Figure C.6b – Spectral magnitude Figure C.6 – Sinusoidal waveform with a Gaussian-amplitude modulation LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU a(t) = cos(2πfo (t − ts )) e 30 61000-2-13  IEC:2005(E) – 35 – Annex D (informative) Determination of the bandwidth of typical HPEM waveforms It is recalled that using the bandratio br and the percent bandwidth pbw, we have defined the four bandwidth classification as follows: bandratio = br = fh fl (D.1) pbw ] 200 br = pbw ] [1 − 200 (D.2) [1 + (br − 1) pbw = 200 (br + 1) hypoband = narrowband Æ pbw < % or br < 1,01 mesoband Æ % < pbw < 100 % or 1,01 < br < sub-hyperband Ỉ 100 % < pbw < 163,64 % or < br < 10 hyperband Æ 163,64 % < pbw < 200 % or br > 10 In this annex, we define a way of determining the bandratio br for typical HPEM waveforms [18] and contrast it with the more common definition of dB points, which are the frequencies where the spectral amplitude drops by dB The criterion for the finding of fl and f h should be based on the energy content in a certain spectral interval, as follows Find ∆f (fh, fl ) = fh − fl such that ∆f (fh, fl ) = fh − fl becomes minimal and fh ~ ∫ V (jω ) dω fl ∞ ~ ∫ V (jω ) = 0.9 (D.3) dω This definition ensures that 90 % of the overall energy is contained in the interval [f l , f h ] In the following clauses, some examples are considered D.1 Signals with a significant dc part in the spectrum For the example shown in Figure D.1, a spectral magnitude with a large dc part, one can use the following procedure Use Hz as the lower frequency limit f l and find the upper frequency limit f h that contains 90 % of the energy Then calculate the bandratio decades brd from Hz brd to f h Hz and calculate the bandratio br via br = 10 LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU bandratio decades = brd = log 10 (br) 61000-2-13  IEC:2005(E) – 36 – −2 −3 10 90 % energy −4 10 −5 10 −6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Frequency Hz 10 10 10 10 IEC 495/05 Figure D.1 – A waveform spectrum with a large dc content (e.g the early-time HEMP from IEC 61000–2-9) D.2 Signals with a multipeaked spectrum The majority of the energy in Figure D.2 is not contained in the dB frequency interval [f , f ] The bandwidth of “multipeaked” signals is much better determined using the 90 % energy definition, which is found from integrating the frequency waveform to find the values f low and f high |A(f)| Amax dB flow f1 f2 f3 fhigh IEC 496/05 Figure D.2 – A waveform with a multipeaked spectral magnitude in units of 1/Hz LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU Spectral magazine ((V/m)/Hz) 10 61000-2-13  IEC:2005(E) D.3 – 37 – Damped sinusoidal signals with a low Q Low Q damped sinusoids are considered as a possible threat signal due to the broad bandwidth with a well-defined centre frequency In this case the usual dB definition for bandwidth leads to an interval [f l , f h ] which contains just 56 % of the overall signal energy The overall energy content can be calculated using the theorem of Parseval for a spectrum ~ () ( ) A jω and a time domain signal V t ): ∞ t dt = ∫ V () −∞ ∞ ˜ ∫ V j ω dω 2π ( ) (D.4) Using this theorem, the energy, U, in a certain frequency interval [f a , f b ] can be calculated via: fb ~ ∫ V (jω) dω , (D.5) fa where Z is the impedance relating V and I for this example For the damped sine signal spectrum, one can determine the following energy contents: – energy in [0, ∞ ]: 100 % – energy in [f l , f h ]: 56 % – energy in [0, f l ]: 26,5 % – energy in [f h , ∞ ]: 17,5 % These values indicate that while only 56 % of the energy is contained within the dB frequencies, 82,5 % of the energy is contained between Hz and the upper dB point This means that for analytic damped sinusoids, there is not much difference between the different methods for calculating the bandwidth In Figure D.3 below, the upper dB frequency is 1,26 GHz and the 90 % energy upper frequency is 1,38 GHz, indicating a very small difference −9 10 Spectral magazine ((V/m)/Hz) Q = 1,5 and br = −10 10 −11 10 −12 10 10 10 10 Frequency Hz fl 10 10 fh 10 IEC 497/05 Figure D.3 – Spectral magnitude of a damped sinusoidal waveform with a low Q and a bandratio value computed using the dB frequency points LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU U [fa − fb ]= πZ 61000-2-13  IEC:2005(E) – 38 – D.4 Damped sinusoidal signals with a high Q Figure D.4 shows that the energy definition is also consistent with the dB method to compute the bandwidth for a very narrow peak in the frequency domain It is clear that while 56 % of the energy is contained between the dB points for this analytic damped sinusoid, only a slightly larger bandwidth would be computed to encompass 90 % of the energy due to the rapid decrease in the spectral magnitude on each side of the centre frequency −8 10 Q = 51,3 and br = 1,0098 fl fh Spectral magazine ((V/m)/Hz) −10 10 −11 10 −12 10 10 10 10 Frequency Hz 10 10 10 IEC 498/05 Figure D.4 – Spectral magnitude of a damped sinusoidal waveform with a high Q and a bandratio value computed using the dB frequency points LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU −9 10 61000-2-13  IEC:2005(E) – 39 – Bibliography OSD/DARPA, Ultra-Wideband Radar Review Panel, Assessment of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Technology, Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA), Arlington, VA, 1990 [2] Baum, C E., Modification of TEM-Fed Reflector for Increased Efficiency, Sensor and Simulation Note 458, July, 2001, p8 [3] Taylor, C D and GIRI, D V., High-Power Microwave Systems and Effects, Taylor and Francis, 1994 [4] Benford, J., Microwave Sciences, Inc., Lafayette, CA, Private Communication [5] Baum C E., Switched Oscillators, Circuit and Electromagnetic System Design Note 45, 10 September 2000 [6] Baum, C.E., Antennas for Switched Oscillators, Sensor and Simulation Note 455, 28 March 2001 [7] Baum, C E., Radiation of Impulse-Like Transient Fields, Sensor and Simulation Note 321, 25 November 1989 [8] Giri, D V., Lackner, H., Smith, I.D., Morton, D W., Baum, C E., Marek, J R., Prather, W D and Scholfield, D W., Design, Fabrication and Testing of a Paraboloidal Reflector Antenna and Pulser System for Impulse-Like Waveforms, IEEE Trans Plasma Sciences, Volume 25, p 318-326 [9] Mikheev, O V et al., New Method for Calculating Pulse Radiation from an Antenna with a Reflector, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, February 1997, Volume 39, Number 1, p 48-54 [10] Baum, C E., Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, NM, Personal Communication, March 2001 [11] Baum, C E., Maximization of Electromagnetic Response at a Distance, IEEE Trans on Electromagnetic Compatibility, August 1992, pp 148-153 Also published as Sensor and Simulation Note 312, October 1988 [12] Bohl, J., High Power Microwave Hazard Facing Smart Ammunitions, System Design and Assessment Note 35, 14 December 1995 [13] Lovetri, J and Wilburs, A., Microwave Disturbance of a Personal Computer: Experimental and FDTD Simulations, Proceedings of International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Zurich, 1999 [14] Fortov, V., Loborev, V., Parfenov, Yu., Sizranov, V., Yankovskii, B., and Radasky, W., Estimation of Pulse Electromagnetic Disturbances Penetrating into Computers Through Building Power and Earthing Circuits, Metatech Corporation, Meta-R-176, December 2000 [15] Fortov, V., Parfenov, Yu., Zdoukhov, L., Borisov, R., Petrov, S., Siniy, L and Radasky, W., Experimental Data on Upsets or Failures of Electronic Systems to Electric Impulses Penetrating into Building Power and Earthing Nets, Metatech Corporation, Meta-R-187, December 2001 LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU [1] – 40 – 61000-2-13  IEC:2005(E) [16] Radasky, W., Messier, M., Wik, M., Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) – Test Data and Implications, 14 th International Zurich Symposium and Technical Exhibition on EMC, February 2001 [17] Bäckström, M., HPM Testing of a Car: A representative Example of the Susceptibility of Civil Systems, Workshop W4, 13 th International Zurich Symposium and Technical Exhibition on EMC, February 1999, pp 189-190 [18] Nitsch, D., Visiting Scientist at NRL, Washington DC, Personal Communication, March 2002 [19] Uman, M., The Lightning Discharge , Academic Press, 1987, p 118 [21] Bäckström, M., Nordstrom, B., Lövstrand, K G., Is HPM a Threat Against the Civil Society?, URSI XXVIIth General Assembly, Maastricht, the Netherlands, August 17-24, 2002 [22] IEC 61000-5-3:1997, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 5-3: Installation and mitigation guidelines – HEMP protection concepts [23] IEC 61000-5-6:2002, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 5-6: Installation and mitigation guidelines – Mitigation of external EM influences _ LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU [20] Silfverskiöld, J., Bäckström, M., Lorén J., Microwave Field-to-Wire Coupling Measurements in Anechoic and Reverberation Chambers, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Feb 2002, Vol 44, No Standards Survey The IEC would like to offer you the best quality standards possible To make sure that we continue to meet your needs, your feedback is essential Would you please take a minute to answer the questions overleaf and fax them to us at +41 22 919 03 00 or mail them to the address below Thank you! 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