Bsi bs en 12493 2013 + a1 2014

BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 Incorporating corrigendum July 2015 BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 BSI Standards Publication LPG equipment and accessories — Welded steel pressure vessels for LPG road tankers — Design and manufacture BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 12493:2013+A1:2014, incorporating corrigendum July 2015 It supersedes BS EN 12493:2013 which is withdrawn The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags Tags indicating changes to CEN text carry the number of the CEN amendment For example, text altered by CEN amendment A1 is indicated by  The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PVE/19, LPG containers and their associated fittings A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users are responsible for its correct application © The British Standards Institution 2015 Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015 ISBN 978 580 90928 ICS 23.020.30 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2013 Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected 31 August 2014 Implementation of CEN amendment A1:2014 31 July 2015 Implementation of CEN corrigendum July 2015: Formula D.11 modified EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 12493:2013+A1 NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM July 2014 Incorporating corrigendum July 2015 Supersedes EN 12493:2013 Supersedes EN 12493:2013 ICS 23.020.30 English Version LPG equipment and accessories - Welded steel pressure vessels for LPG road tankers - Design and manufacture Équipements pour GPL et leurs accessoires - Réservoirs sous pression en acier soudés des camions-citernes pour GPL - Conception et construction Flüssiggas-Geräte und Ausrüstungsteile - Geschweißte Druckbehälter aus Stahl für Straßentankwagen für Flüssiggas (LPG) - Auslegung und Herstellung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 15 August 2013 and includes Amendment approved by CEN on 22 May 2014 CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German) A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels © 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members Ref No EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 E BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 (E) Contents Page Foreword Introduction Scope Normative references Terms and definitions 10 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Materials 10 Environmental 10 Suitability 11 Pressure retaining parts 11 Non-pressure retaining parts 11 Welding consumables 11 Non-metallic materials (gaskets) 11 Inspection documents for materials 11 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Pressure vessel design 12 Design conditions 12 Minimum thickness 12 Surge plates 12 Doubler plates 13 Stresses due to motion 13 Self-supporting pressure vessels 13 Vacuum conditions 14 Pressure vessel mountings 14 Internal pipework 14 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Openings 14 General 14 Reinforcement of openings 14 Threaded connections 15 Manhole 15 7.1 7.2 Non-pressure retaining parts 15 Attachment welds 15 Position of attachment welds 15 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.5.1 8.5.2 8.5.3 8.5.4 8.5.5 8.6 8.6.1 8.6.2 8.6.3 8.6.4 Workmanship and construction 15 General 15 Environment 15 Control of materials 16 Acceptable weld details 16 Heat treatment and forming 17 Cold forming 17 Hot forming 17 Testing of formed parts 17 Visual examination and control of dimensions 18 Marking 18 Welding 18 General 18 Longitudinal welds 18 Welding procedure specification (WPS) 18 Qualification of WPS 18 BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 (E) 8.6.5 8.6.6 8.6.7 8.6.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.9.1 8.9.2 8.9.3 Qualification of welders and welding operators 19 Preparation of edges 19 Attachments and fastenings 19 Preheat 19 Post-weld heat treatment 19 Manufacturing tolerances 20 Repairs to pressure envelope and direct attachment welds 20 General requirements 20 Repair of surface imperfections in the parent metal 20 Repair of weld imperfections 20 Construction and workmanship of internal pipework 21 10 10.1 10.2 10.2.1 10.2.2 10.2.3 10.2.4 10.2.5 10.3 10.3.1 10.3.2 10.3.3 10.4 10.4.1 10.4.2 10.4.3 10.4.4 10.4.5 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Manufacturing tests and examinations 21 General 21 Mechanical testing 21 Production test plates 21 Longitudinal welds 21 Circumferential welds 21 Mechanical tests 21 Test requirements 21 Non-destructive testing 22 General 22 Internal imperfections 23 Surface imperfections 23 Non-destructive testing for welds 23 Radiographic testing 23 Marking and identification of radiographs 23 Ultrasonic testing 23 Magnetic particle testing 23 Penetrant testing 24 Qualification of non-destructive testing personnel 24 Visual examination of welds 24 Acceptance criteria 24 Stress limitation and safety precautions at the hydraulic test 24 11 11.1 11.2 External corrosion protection and finishing 24 External protection 24 Finishing operations 24 12 Marking 24 13 13.1 13.2 13.3 Records and documentation 25 Documentation obtained by the manufacturer 25 Records prepared by the manufacturer 25 Retention and supply of documents 25 Annex A (normative) Guidance on selection of material grades 26 Annex B (normative) Reference temperatures for design 27 B.1 Introduction 27 B.2 General 27 B.3 Developed pressure 27 B.4 Filling 27 Annex C (informative) Alternative reference temperatures for design 28 C.1 Introduction 28 C.2 General 28 BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 (E) C.3 Developed pressure 28 C.4 Filling 28 Annex D (normative) Design 29 D.1 Design stresses 29 D.2 Design pressure 29 D.3 Design formulae 29 D.3.1 Cylindrical shell calculation 29 D.3.2 Dished ends 30 D.3.2.1 Minimum thickness 30 D.3.2.2 Torispherical end calculation 30 D.3.2.3 Ellipsoidal end calculation 31 D.3.2.4 Hemispherical ends 32 D.3.2.5 Formulae for calculating β 32 D.3.3 Conical shell calculations 33 D.3.3.1 General requirements 33 D.3.3.2 Thickness of conical shell 33 D.3.3.3 Junction between large end of a cone and a cylinder without a knuckle 34 D.3.3.4 Junction between the small end of a cone and a cylinder 35 D.4 Nozzle reinforcement 37 D.5 Nozzle reinforcement by pads or flanges 39 D.6 Nozzle reinforcement by branches 39 Annex E (informative) Example of joints 44 Annex F (normative) Allowable tolerances 48 F.1 Pressure vessels 48 F.1.1 External diameter 48 F.1.2 Out of roundness 48 F.1.3 Deviation of straightness 48 F.1.4 Irregularities in profile 49 F.2 Dished end tolerance 49 F.2.1 Thickness of material 49 F.2.2 Profile 49 F.3 Assembly tolerances 51 F.3.1 Middle line alignment 51 F.3.2 Surface alignment 51 F.4 Attachments, nozzles and fittings 51 F.5 Overall length 51 Annex G (normative) Heat treatment 52 G.1 Method of post-weld heat treatment 52 BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 (E) G.2 Temperature control 52 G.3 Temperature limit 52 G.4 Temperature measurement 52 Annex H (informative) Typical method for measurement of shell peaking 53 H.1 Profile gauge 53 H.2 Peaking survey 53 Annex I (normative) Welding imperfections and test specimens 56 I.1 Imperfections 56 I.2 Test specimens 58 Annex J (informative) Choice of non-destructive test methods for welds 60 J.1 Internal imperfections 60 J.2 Surface imperfections 60 Annex K (normative) Hydraulic pressure test 61 K.1 Temporary fittings 61 K.2 Pressure gauges 61 K.3 Pressurizing agent 61 K.4 Avoidance of shock 61 K.5 Applied pressure 61 Annex L (informative) Environmental checklist 62 Bibliography 63 BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 (E) Foreword This document (EN 12493:2013+A1:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 286 “Liquefied petroleum gas equipment and accessories”, the secretariat of which is held by NSAI This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2015, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2015 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights This document supersedes !EN 12493:2013" This document includes Amendment approved by CEN on 22 May 2014 The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags !" This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association This European Standard has been submitted for reference into the technical annexes of the ADR [10] NOTE These regulations take precedence over any clause of this European Standard It is emphasised that RID/ADR/ADN are being revised regularly at intervals of two years which may lead to temporary non-compliances with the clauses of this European Standard The following main changes have been introduced during the revision of EN 12493:2008+A1:2012: — revision of the shell thickness calculations to avoid any confusion with ADR design pressures; — revision of the hydraulic test pressure to avoid any confusion with ADR hydraulic test pressures and to reduce the maximum tensile stress (at the time of the hydraulic test); — the addition of minimum thickness calculations; — clarification of the surge plate requirements; — references to Annex C (normative) changed to informative According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 (E) Introduction This European Standard calls for the use of substances and procedures that may be injurious to health and/or the environment if adequate precautions are not taken It refers only to technical suitability: it does not absolve the user from their legal obligations at any stage Protection of the environment is a key political issue in Europe and elsewhere around the world Protection of the environment in this document is understood in a very broad sense The phrase is used, for example, in relation to the total life-cycle aspects of a product on the environment, including expenditure of energy, and during all phases of its existence, from mining of raw materials, to fabrication, packaging, distribution, use, scrapping, recycling of materials, etc Annex L comprises an environmental checklist which highlights the clauses of this European Standard that address environmental aspects It is recommended that manufacturers develop an environmental management policy For guidance, see EN ISO 14000 series (see [6], [7] and [8]) Provisions need to be restricted to a general guidance Limit values are specified in national laws It has been assumed in the drafting of this European Standard that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people All pressures are gauged unless otherwise stated NOTE This European Standard requires measurement of material properties, dimensions and pressures All such measurements are subject to a degree of uncertainty due to tolerances in measuring equipment, etc It might be beneficial to refer to the leaflet “measurement uncertainty leaflet" SP INFO 2000 27 [13] BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 (E) Scope This European Standard specifies minimum requirements for materials, design, construction and workmanship procedures, and tests for welded LPG road tanker pressure vessels and their welded attachments manufactured from carbon, carbon/manganese and micro alloy steels There is no upper size limit as this is determined by the gross vehicle weight limitation This European Standard does not cover pressure vessels for pressure vessel containers NOTE In the context of this standard the term "road tanker" is understood to mean “fixed tanks” and “demountable tanks” as defined in ADR NOTE The equipment for the pressure vessels and the inspection and testing after assembly is covered by EN 12252 and EN 14334, respectively NOTE The design type of the road tanker is subject to approval by the competent authority, as required by ADR Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application For dated references, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies EN 287-1, Qualification test of welders — Fusion welding — Part 1: Steels EN 444, Non-destructive testing — General principles for radiographic examination of metallic materials by Xand gamma-rays EN 462-1, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 1: Image quality indicators (wire type) — Determination of image quality value EN 837-2, Pressure gauges — Part 2: Selection and installation recommendations for pressure gauges EN 10025-2, Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for non-alloy structural steels EN 10028-2, Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes — Part 2: Non-alloy and alloy steels with specified elevated temperature properties EN 10028-3, Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes — Part 3: Weldable fine grain steels, normalized EN 10204:2004, Metallic materials — Types of inspection documents EN 12252, LPG equipment and accessories — Equipping of LPG road tankers EN 13445-2, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 2: Materials EN 13445-3, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 3: Design EN 14717, Welding and allied processes - Environmental check list EN ISO 148-1, (ISO 148-1) Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 1: Test method EN ISO 3452-1, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 1: General principles (ISO 3452-1) BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 (E) Annex G (normative) Heat treatment G.1 Method of post-weld heat treatment For post-weld heat treatment the pressure vessel shall be heated as a whole in an enclosed furnace up to 550 °C to 600 °C and held at a steady temperature for 30 G.2 Temperature control During heating and cooling periods, variation in temperature throughout the pressure vessel or component shall not exceed 150 °C within 500 mm and the temperature gradient shall be gradual Above 500 °C the variation shall not exceed 100 °C During the heating and holding periods, the furnace atmosphere shall be controlled to avoid excessive oxidization of the surface of the pressure vessel or component G.3 Temperature limit The temperature of the furnace when the pressure vessel is placed in or taken out shall not exceed 400 °C The rate for heating or cooling the furnace temperature shall not exceed 220 °C/h G.4 Temperature measurement The specified temperature shall be the actual temperature of any part of the pressure vessel or heated zone and shall be determined by thermocouples in effective contact with the pressure vessel A sufficient number of temperatures shall be recorded continuously and automatically Several thermocouples shall be applied to ensure that the whole pressure vessel or treated zone is within the range specified Additional pyrometers shall be utilised to check that undesirable thermal gradients not occur The heat treatment record shall be available Thermocouples shall be calibrated at regular intervals 52 BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 (E) Annex H (informative) Typical method for measurement of shell peaking H.1 Profile gauge To measure peaking a profile gauge (see Figure H.1) shall be made for each size of pressure vessel The minimum inner arc length of the gauge shall be 0,175Do (20° of arc), where Do is the external diameter of the pressure vessel This diameter shall be checked by measurement of the pressure vessel For some pressure vessels the calculated arc length may not extend beyond the flats Because of this, the minimum arc length of the gauge should be sufficient to clear the flats The width of the weld cut should be 28 mm but this may be longer to ensure that the cut out is clear of the weld (see Figure H.1) H.2 Peaking survey The approximate zone of maximum peaking shall be determined by taking readings at intervals of approximately 250 mm along the longitudinal welds When the maximum zone has been found, the maximum peaking P shall be determined by accurate measurement of P1 and P2 (see Figure H.1) Care shall be taken to ensure that the gauge makes contact with the shell at the points indicated in the note to Figure H.1 It may be beneficial to make a taper gauge as shown in Figure H.2, for checking P1 and P2 Approximate dimensions of the flats shall be measured at the point of maximum peaking and recorded If there is a significant high spot between points A and B or between points D and C in Figure H.1 b) then this method may overestimate the peaking A plaster cast shall be made to verify the amount of peaking Points A and D shall be clear of any flats 53 BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 (E) Dimensions in millimetres Key inner edge of gauge to match the nominal outside diameter (Do) of shell (to be checked) a) 20° gauge details b) c) Measurement of outward peaking - maximum peaking, P = P1 + P2 Measurement of inward peaking For Figure H.1 b) the gauge should touch the shell at point A and as near to point B as possible When the gauge touches point D it should be as near as possible to point C Figure H.1 — Measurement of shell peaking 54 BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 (E) Figure H.2 — Taper gauge 55 BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 (E) Annex I (normative) Welding imperfections and test specimens I.1 Imperfections Acceptance levels for internal and surface weld imperfections shall conform to Table I.1 and Table I.2 respectively, and the maximum reinforcement for welds shall conform to Table I.3 The following symbols are used in Table I.1, Table I.2 and Table I.3: a nominal fillet weld throat thickness; b width of weld reinforcement; d diameter of pore; h height of imperfection; w width of imperfection; l length of imperfection; t wall or plate thickness Table I.1 — Acceptance levels for internal imperfections detected by NDT methods Imperfection EN ISO 6520-1:2007 EN ISO 6520-2:2013 reference Limit for detectable imperfection Cracks and lamellar tears 100 Not permitted Porosity 2011 d = 0,3t, maximum mm Uniformly distributed porosity 2012 For any individual gas pore, see 2011 Not permitted if the total projected surface porosity exceeds % of the considered projected surface of weld Localised (clustered) porosity 2013 For any individual gas pore, see 2011 Not permitted if the total projected surface porosity exceeds % of the considered projected surface of the weld, which a is the greatest of the following areas : — area 1: an envelope surrounding all the pores; — area 2: a circle with a diameter corresponding to the weld width Linear porosity 2014 Same as for uniformly distributed pores, see 2012, but the distance between two pores shall be greater than twice the diameter of the larger pore, and not less than mm, to ensure there is no lack of fusion Elongated cavity 2015 l = 0,3t, maximum mm; and w = mm 56 BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 (E) Not permitted if occurring at a stop or restart Wormhole 2016 Same as for elongated cavity, see 2015 202.00 l = 0,3t, maximum mm; and w = mm Not permitted if occurring at a stop or restart Slag and flux inclusions and oxide inclusions (parallel to the weld axis) 301 302 303 Not permitted if occurring at a stop or restart Slag and flux inclusions (random, not parallel to weld axis) 3012 3013 3022 3023 Individual length, maximum 0,3t Tungsten inclusions 3041 Same as porosity, see 2011 Copper inclusions 3042 Not permitted Lack of fusion (side, root or interrun) 401 Not permitted Incomplete penetration 402 Not permitted Shrinkage cavity a area = maximum length of weld affected times local width of weld Table I.2 — Acceptance levels of surface imperfections in welds found by visual examination and/or NDT methods Imperfection Limit for detectable imperfection EN ISO 6520-1:200 EN ISO 6520-2:201 reference Cracks and lamellar tears 100 Not permitted Slag inclusions (all) Flux inclusions (all) Oxide inclusions (all) Metallic inclusions (all) 301 302 303 304 Not permitted if occurring at the surface (shall be removed e.g by grinding) Lack of fusion (side, root or inter-run) 401 Not permitted Lack of penetration 402 Not permitted Imperfect shape 500 These imperfections are normally accepted or rejected by visual examination and the same acceptance criteria shall be applied These imperfections can occur on surfaces with no access for visual examination (e.g internal tubes) In these cases other techniques should be considered as a basis for acceptance Undercut 5011 5012 t ≥ 16 mm: h = 0,5 mm long imperfections mm = t < 16 mm: h = 0,3 mm for long imperfections; h = 0,5 mm for short imperfections 57 BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 (E) t < mm: h = 0,3 mm for short imperfections Local protrusion 5041 Occasional local protrusion exceeding h (see 504) is permitted with a maximum that shall be related to the operating conditions Shrinkage groove 5013 Long imperfections: not permitted Short imperfections: h = mm Root concavity 515 A smooth transition is required Excessive penetration 504 h = mm + 0,6b, maximum mm Excessive convexity 503 h = mm + 0,15b, smooth transition required Excess weld metal 502 h = mm + 0,15b, smooth transition required Excessive asymmetry of fillet weld 512 h = mm + 0,15a Irregular surface 514 509 511 513 517 Reinforcement shall be of continuous and regular shape with complete filling of groove Overlap 506 Not permitted Surface misalignment 507 See Annex F Spatter 602 Normally, shall be removed from all pressure parts and from both load carrying/attachment welds Isolated, non-systematic spatter may be permitted on components made from steel St (see Table A.1) Arc strike Spatter Tungsten spatter Torn surface Grinding mark Chipping mark 610 602 6021 603 604 605 Grind smooth, accept subject to thickness and crack detection test Under flushing 606 Not permitted, any local under flushing shall be related to the design characteristics (calculated thickness = minimum thickness for base material) Thickness shall be measured by ultrasonic method in case of doubt NOTE Short imperfections: one or more imperfections of length not greater than 25 mm in any 100 mm length of weld, or a maximum of 25 % of the weld length for a weld shorter than 100 mm Long imperfections: one or more imperfections of total length greater than 25 mm in any 100 mm length of the weld, or a minimum of 25 % for a weld shorter than 100 mm Table I.3 — Maximum reinforcement thickness for finished butt welds in plates Thicker plate thickness mm Maximum reinforcement thickness mm b = 12 2,5 b > 12 I.2 Test specimens Table I.4 gives the number of test specimens that shall be produced and tested from each test plate 58 BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 (E) Table I.4 — Test specimens Steel group a St St Parent metal thickness e Face bend test Root bend test Macroexaminatio n ≤ 12 1 12 — — ≤ 12 1 12 — — — Impact test: weld deposit b 3 b Impact test: heat affected zone b 3 b Longitudinal weld tensile test Transverse tensile test — — — — — — c Non-destructive testing may be applied on the test plate prior to cutting the test specimens so that they are selected from sound areas a The grouping system is based on chemical analysis and material properties in relation to manufacture The groupings are as defined in EN 13445-2 and shall apply regardless of product form (i.e plate, forging, piping etc.) Groupings for typical steels are shown in Annex A The groupings shall be assessed on the guaranteed properties used in the design The steel groupings are the groupings normally used in construction of road tanker pressure vessels Materials that not conform to steel groups and shall be tested in accordance with EN 13445-2 for low temperature b Not required for thicknesses less than mm c If difficulty is experienced in obtaining an all weld metal test, a full chemical analysis of the weld metal may be carried out 59 BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 (E) Annex J (informative) Choice of non-destructive test methods for welds J.1 Internal imperfections Radiographic and ultrasonic methods both have advantages and disadvantages in flaw detection, identification and sizing Radiography is particularly suitable for detection and identification of “volume” imperfections such as cavities and solid inclusions and incomplete penetration where a gap exists Ultrasonic flaw detection is very suitable for detection and sizing of planar defects such as cracks, lack of fusion and “tight” incomplete penetration in ferritic steels The two techniques should be regarded as complementary, and the most suitable method for the particular application and material should be chosen in each case Joint geometry may have an overriding influence on choice of method If ultrasonic testing is used to determine the length of imperfections such as slag inclusions, sensitive techniques can result in indications of length greatly in excess of indications that would be obtained by radiography If ultrasonic testing is chosen, care shall be taken to limit the sensitivity to avoid detection of indications within the limits for acceptable imperfections (see Annex I) Other suitable methods may also be used J.2 Surface imperfections Magnetic particle and penetrant testing indicate surface imperfections but not indicate the depth of surface imperfections These tests should be used to ensure that no unacceptable surface imperfections are present Other suitable methods may also be used 60 BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 (E) Annex K (normative) Hydraulic pressure test K.1 Temporary fittings Temporary pipes and connections and blanking devices shall be designed to withstand the standard test pressure Jointing materials for flanged joints shall be the same as used in service NOTE RID/ADR require that the use of a gas for the hydraulic pressure test is agreed with the competent authority K.2 Pressure gauges Pressure gauges shall be selected in accordance with EN 837-2 Pressure gauges shall have an accuracy at least equal to % of the reading The test pressure of the pressure vessel shall give a reading on the gauge between 50 % and 90 % of full scale deflection Alternative methods of pressure measurement (e.g by transducer) may be used if they achieve equivalent accuracy K.3 Pressurizing agent Water shall normally be used as the pressurizing agent Ensure that the pressure vessel is positioned so that entrapped air is vented To avoid risk of freezing, the temperature of the water during the test should be not less than °C K.4 Avoidance of shock Pressure vessels undergoing pressure testing shall not be subjected to any form of impact or pulsation loading K.5 Applied pressure Gradually increase the pressure in the pressure vessel to the test pressure which shall be maintained for not less than 30 There shall be no signs of leakage or yield and no pressure drop when the pressure vessel is isolated On completion of the test, gradually release the pressure There shall be sufficient venting to ensure that no vacuum is created during draining After the test the pressure vessel shall exhibit no sign of permanent distortion 61 BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 (E) Annex L (informative) Environmental checklist All stages Stages of the life cycle Transportation 5.1 Deposition 5.1 Incineration without energy recovery 11.2 Use of additional products Reuse / Material and Energy Recovery 4.1 End-of-Life Maintenance and repair Packaging 4.1 Use Use Premanufactured materials and components Production Environmental Aspect Production Raw materials and energy Acquisition Inputs Materials Water Energy 8.2 5.1 8.9 10.8 4.1 4.1 8.2 11.2 8.6.2 8.6.8.1 8.7 Land 5.1 5.1 Outputs Emissions to air 8.2 5.1 Discharges to water Discharges to soil Waste 8.2 11.2 8.6.2 8.6.8.1 8.7 Noise, vibration, radiation, heat losses 8.2 8.2 8.9 5.1 Other relevant aspects Risk to the environment from accidents or unintended use Customer information Comments: 62 Intro 5.3 13 13 BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 EN 12493:2013+A1:2014 (E) Bibliography [1] EN 286-1, Simple unfired pressure vessels designed to contain air or nitrogen — Part 1: Pressure vessels for general purposes [2] EN 1011-2, Welding — Recommendations for welding of metallic materials — Part 2: Arc welding of ferritic steels [3] EN 1708-1:2010, Welding — Basic welded joint details in steel — Part 1: Pressurized components [4] EN 13109, LPG equipment and accessories —LPG tanks and drums — Disposal [5] EN 14334, Inspection and testing of LPG road tankers [6] EN ISO 14021, Environmental labels and declarations — Self-declared environmental claims (Type II environmental labelling) (ISO 14021) [7] EN ISO 14024, Environmental labels and declarations — Type I environmental labelling — Principles and procedures (ISO 14024) [8] EN ISO 14025, Environmental labels and declarations — Type III environmental declarations — Principles and procedures (ISO 14025) [9] ISO 9162, Petroleum products — Fuels (class F) — Liquefied petroleum gases — Specifications [10] European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), Geneva, 30 September 1957, as amended [11] Directive 2008/68/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 September 2008 on the inland transport of dangerous goods [12] Directive 2010/35/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on transportable pressure equipment, Brussels, 16 June 2010, as amended [13] Measurement uncertainty leaflet (SP INFO 2000 27 uncertainty pdf), Magnus Holmgren et al, published by Swedish National Testing and Research Institute 63 This page deliberately set 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