BRITISH STANDARD AUTOMOBILE SERIES CONFIRMED NOVEMBER 1992 BS AU 200 1a 1984 Incorporating Amendment No 1 Spray reducing devices for heavy goods vehicles — Part 1 Specification for design of containme[.]
BRITISH STANDARD AUTOMOBILE SERIES BS AU 200-1 a:1 984 Incorp orating CO NFIRMED NO VE MBER 992 Spray reducing devices for heavy goods vehicles — Part : Specification for design of containment devices UD C 62 1 3- 82 3- 763 Reprodu ced by I H S u n d er l i cen se wi th BSI - U n trol l ed Copy Am endm ent No BS AU 200-1 a:1 984 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Automobile Standards Committee (AUE/- ) to Technical Committee AUE/1 upon which the following bodies were represented: Department of Transport Freight Transport Association Limited Institute of Road Transport Engineers (Incorporated) London Transport Executive National Bus Company National Freight Corporation (NFC) Ltd Road Haulage Association Ltd Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders Limited The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard, through subcommittees and panels: British Aggregate Construction Materials Industries British Rubber Manufacturers’ Association Department of the Environment (Transport and Road Research Laboratory) Institute of Petroleum Motor Industries Research Association Ministry of Defence University of Southampton Vehicle Builders’ and Repairers’ Association Coopted members This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Automobile Standards Committee, was published under the authority of the Board of BSI and comes into effect on 31 August 984 © BSI 02- 2000 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference AUE/1 Draft for comment 83/76731 DC ISBN 80 3907 Reprodu ced by I H S u n d er l i cen se wi th BSI - U n trol l ed Copy Amendments issued since publication Amd No Date of issue Comments 5448 August 986 Indicated by a sideline in the margin BS AU 200-1 a:1 984 Contents Page C ommittees res p ons ib le Foreword Ins ide front cover ii S ection General S cop e D efinitions C omp liance D es ign features C ondition of vehicle S ection C ontainment and s p ray sup p ress ion devices forming conventional typ es of wheel guarding Wheel guards O uter valances Wheel flap s S ection C ontainment and s p ray s up p res sion devices for some non- s teerab le wheels O uter valances 10 Wheel flap s S ection C ontainment s ys tems forming an alternative to the valances and s up p res sion devices in s ection 11 Wheel guards 12 O uter valances 13 Wheel flap s Ap p endix A Guidelines on aerodynamics 10 Figure — Width of wheel guard and p osition of outer valance Figure — Wheel guards , wheel flap s and outer valances for s ingle axles and multip le axles where the dis tance b etween tyres is greater than 300 mm Figure — Wheel guards , wheel flap s and outer valances for multip le axles where the distance b etween tyres is 0 mm or smaller Figure — C onfiguration of valances Figure — Wheel guards , wheel flap s and outer valances us ing air/water s ep arators for multip le axles where the distance b etween tyres is 0 mm or less Figure — Wheel guards , wheel flap s and outer valances us ing air/water s ep arators for s ingle axles and multip le axles where the dis tance b etween tyres is greater than 00 mm Pub lication referred to © BS I - 00 Reprodu ced by I H S u n d er l i cen se wi th BSI - U n trol l ed Copy Ins ide b ack cover i BS AU 200-1 a:1 984 Foreword This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Automobile Standards Committee at the request of the Department of Transport to specify requirements for devices to control spray from heavy goods vehicles The problem of spray is so complex and exacerbated by many factors, that even the fitting of full comprehensive spray reducing devices is unlikely to totally eliminate spray However, it has been shown that vision from an overtaking vehicle can be significantly improved when spray reduction devices are fitted to heavy goods vehicles In addition the rearward vision from these vehicles is similarly improved, so that the overtaking vehicle is more visible to the driver Spray is generated by the interaction between vehicle tyres and a wet road surface The density of the spray cloud produced will vary from point to point within the cloud but in general it is dependent on factors such as the depth of surface water, vehicle size and design, speed and the direction and velocity of the wind It is also affected by road surface design and special pervious road surfaces can help reduce spray However, these are not viable for general road use at the time of publishing this standard which in any case only covers improvements in vehicle design Research has shown that spray only becomes obj ectionable and significant above 50 mile/h (80 km/h) and that light vehicles travelling at speeds below 70 mile/h (1 km/h) not normally generate sufficient spray to add to this problem The problem is caused by spray being generated at such a height and density that visibility is seriously impaired for other road users and the rear vision of the driver of the spray- producing vehicle can also be reduced Under the worst driving conditions the windscreen wipers cannot in general maintain a clear windscreen so aggravating the problem The wheel size and combination of axles of larger goods vehicles, together with their poor aerodynamic performance, make them the most significant spray generators, particularly when travelling at over 50 mile/h (80 km/h) Most work on spray reduction has therefore been directed at this group of vehicles Tests have shown that three aspects of vehicle design can have a significant effect in the reduction of spray and these are as follows: a) containment around the wheels, i e correctly designed wheel guards, valances and wheel flaps; b) fitting suppression devices which help prevent surface water thrown up by the tyres forming spray; c) paying due regard to the aerodynamic characteristics of vehicles Each of these aspects is addressed separately in this standard but it should be recognized that a system using a combination of all three methods is much more likely to be effective than any single type of device Whilst this British Standard applies specifically to heavy goods vehicles and their trailers its principles may be used for other vehicles when similar problems occur BS AU 200- 2a specifies the performance requirements of suppression material and devices, and air/water separating material and devices A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages to 0, an inside back cover and a back cover This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover ii Reprodu ced by I H S u n d er l i cen se wi th BSI - U n trol l ed Copy © BSI 02- 2000 BS AU 200-1 a:1 984 Section General 2.3 valance Scope that part of the containment device in or This Part of BS AU 00 specifies requirements for approaching the longitudinal vertical plane of the devices which are fitted to motor vehicles and vehicle trailers for the purpose of controlling spray which is 2.4 generated b etween the vehicle tyres and a wet road wheel flap surface that part of the containment device attached to the Requirements for containment and suppression underside of the vehicle or the wheel guard to form devices in the form of “conventional” types of wheel an extension towards the road surface, behind the guards with valances and wheel flaps for motor wheel, in or approaching the plane normal to the vehicles having a maximum gross mass exceeding t, articulated tractor units having a train mass exceeding t and trailers having a maximum gross mass exceeding t are specified in section Requirements for containment and suppression devices which may b e fitted as alternatives to the devices dealt with in section when conventional longitudinal planes of the vehicle 2.5 suppression device a device or material designed to ab sorb or dissipate the energy of water thrown from the tyre in order to reduce the degree to which the water shatters into fine droplets on hitting a surface types of wheel guards are not used, but the wheels NO TE are always covered by the floor of the vehicle b ody, 2.6 are specified in section Section applies only to air/water separator non- steerab le rear wheels on single and multiple axles of motor vehicles having a maximum gross mass exceeding t and to trailers having a maximum gross mass exceeding t Alternative requirements for valances and wheel flaps for use on the containment devices dealt with It may form part of the containment device a device forming part of the valance and/or wheel flap which permits air to flow through whilst reducing the emission of spray 2.7 lifting axle in section for the types of vehicle referred to in an axle which may be raised from the road surface that section are specified in section in the normal course of vehicle operation NO TE 2.8 Appendix A contains general comment relating to aerodynamic styling NO TE tread breadth The title of the pub lication referred to in this standard is given on the inside b ack cover the breadth of that part of the tyre which contacts Definitions at 90 ° to the peripheral line of the tread the road under normal conditions of use measured For the purposes of this Part of BS AU 00, the following definitions apply Compliance 2.1 Spray reducing devices shall b e in accordance with containment device the following a device intended to contain the water which is shed by the vehicle tyre and to return it to the road surface at a low velocity 2.2 wheel guard (mudguard) a) Spray reducing devices for motor vehicles having a maximum gross mass exceeding t, for articulated tractor units having a train mass exceeding t and for trailers having a maximum gross mass exceeding t, except for the case detailed in b) , shall comply with either that part of the containment device which is section or section designed to restrict or prevent surface water, which b ) Spray reducing devices for non- steerab le rear is shed by the vehicle’s tyres, from b eing proj ected wheels fitted to motor vehicles having a away from the vehicle maximum gross mass exceeding t and to NO TE The wheel guard may be part of the b ody structure trailers having a maximum gross mass NO TE Wheel guards should reduce the danger and also exceeding t and where the wheels are provide protection as far as possib le to other road users from stones, mud, ice and snow thrown up by the tyres normally covered b y the floor of the vehicle body shall comply with section or section or section © BSI 02 - 000 Reprodu ced by I H S u n d er l i cen se wi th BSI - U n trol l ed Copy BS AU 200-1 a:1 984 Design features 4.1 General Containment devices shall be designed not to damage tyres NOTE It is essential that containment devices permit adequate air flow around tyres and brake hub assemblies to avoid overheating 4.2 Lifting axles Where a vehicle is fitted with a lifting axle or axles the containment device shall cover: a) all wheels when the lifting axle is lowered; and b) the wheels remaining in contact with the road when the lifting axle is raised 4.3 Pivoting axles Where an entire axle is centrally pivoted, so that it can move in a horizontal arc, the containment device shall comply with the requirements for non- steerable wheels if mounted on the pivoting section If it is not mounted on the pivoting section, it shall comply with the requirements for steerable wheels 4.4 Position of outer valance For steerable wheels, the distance between a longitudinal plane touching the outer edge of a tyre and the inside edge, or the inside edge of any lip, of the outer valance shall not exceed 00 mm For non- steerable wheels, the distance between a longitudinal plane touching the outer edge of a tyre NO TE Dimensions position of outer valance and the inside edge of the outer valance shall not exceed 75 mm unless the radius of the lower edge of the outer valance specified in 7.1 and 2.2 does not exceed R, in which case it shall not exceed 00 mm (see Figure ) NOTE It is recommended that inner valances should be provided whenever practicable Condition of vehicle For the purposes of the requirements of this standard, the vehicle shall be in the following condition b and t are measured at hub height, Figure — Width of wheel guard and Section Containment and spray suppression devices forming conventional types of wheel guarding Wheel guards 6.1 The wheel guard shall be positioned to cover the area directly above, to the front and to the rear of the tyre(s) as follows a) For single axles and multiple axles where the distance between tyres on adj acent axles is a) The vehicle shall be without load, with greater than 300 mm, the front edge (Figure bodywork and in running order (including point C) shall extend forward to reach a line such Ú= coolant, oils, fuel, tools, spare wheel and a driver) that For the tractor unit of an articulated vehicle, the maximum for non- steerable wheels above the trailer shall be attached, for vehicles fitted with horizontal and passing through the wheel centre demountable body systems, an empty body shall be attached In all cases, the wheels shall be in the straight ahead position b) In the case of semi- trailers for articulated vehicles, the load platform shall be horizontal 30 ° maximum for steerable wheels or 20 ° The rear edge (Figure point A) shall extend downwards so that it is not more than 00 mm above a horizontal line through the wheel centre b) In the case of multiple axles where the distance d between the tyres ( ) on adj acent axles is not c) Tyres shall be in nominally new condition For more than 300 mm, the wheel guard shall be in the purpose of determining the breadth, the accordance with Figure labelling (marking) , decorations, protective NOTE This applies for two or more axles bands or ribs on tyre walls shall not be included The tyre breadth shall be measured at the height of the wheel centre Reprodu ced by I H S u n d er l i cen se wi th BSI - U n trol l ed Copy © BSI 02- 2000 BS AU 0 -1 a: 984 Figure — Whe el guards, whee l flap s and oute r valances for single axle s and multiple axle s whe re the distance b e twe e n tyre s is gre ate r than 0 mm c) The overall width, q (see Figure ), of the wheel guard shall be at least sufficient to cover the total b, or the total breadth of two tyres, t, in the case of twin wheels, taking into account tyre breadth, Top (directly over top of tyre) R R the extremes of tyre/wheel combinations given by v v = 25 R is the radius of the tyre fitted to the vehicle; is the radial distance of the lower edge of the outer valance the vehicle manufacturer R where Where wheel guards consist of several In the case of multiple axles where the distance components, there shall be no gaps between or between the tyres on adj acent axles is not more within individual parts when assembled that will than 300 mm, the outer valances in the spaces permit the exit of spray when the vehicle is in between axles shall follow the contour as specified in motion 7.1 and extend downwards so that either they are not more than 50 mm above the horizontal line through the wheel centres or the horizontal distance O uter valances 7.1 For single axles and multiple axles where the distance between tyres on adj acent axles is greater than 300 mm, the lower edge of the outer valance between their lower extremities is not more than 60 mm (see Figure 3) NOTE The optimum condition is that there should not be a radial gap between the lower edge of the outer valance and the R, or less However, it is shall not exceed the following dimensions and radii circumference of the tyre, i e a value of from the centre of the wheel (see Figure 2) accepted that this ideal is not always practicable bearing in mind S tee rab le whe e ls Front (leading) edge (30 ° point) Rear (trailing) edge (1 00 mm point) Top (directly over top of tyre) Non-ste e rab le whee ls Front (leading) edge (20 ° point) Rear (trailing) edge (1 00 mm point) © BSI 02- 2000 Reprodu ced by I H S u n d er l i cen se wi th BSI - U n trol l ed Copy the allowances necessary for suspension and steering movement R R R R R v v v v v R = 5R = 5R = 1.5 R = 25 R = 25 plus the closeness of some tyres to the edge of vehicles built to the legally permitted width limit 7.3 The depth of the outer valance shall be not less than 45 mm to the rear of the vertical centre line of the wheel NOTE The depth of valances may be progressively reduced forward of the wheel centre BS AU 0 -1 a: 984 Figure — Whe el guards, whe el flap s and oute r valance s for multip le axle s whe re the distance b etwee n tyres is 0 mm or smaller 7.4 There shall be no openings in outer valances or between outer valances and wheel guards that allow spray to be emitted The wheel flap shall be not more than 300 mm from the rearmost edge of the tyre except that for multiple axles where the distance between the tyres on adj acent axles is less than 250 mm, a wheel flap shall be fitted only on the rear wheel(s) Wheel flaps There shall be no gaps between the lower rear edge of the wheel guard and wheel flaps that will permit the exit of spray A wheel flap shall be of sufficient width to cover the total tyre breadth, b or t as applicable (see Figure ), taking into account the extremes of tyre/wheel combinations given by the vehicle manufacturer, except where the wheel flap is contained within the wheel guard when it shall cover the breadth of the tyre tread The maximum height of the bottom edge shall not exceed a height of either: a) 200 mm; or b) 300 mm for the rearmost axle on trailers used on roll on/roll off ferries or on any axle where the radial distance of the lower edge of the outer valancing, R , does not exceed the dimensions of (see Figure 3) A wheel flap shall be fitted behind each wheel where the distance between the tyres on adj acent axles is equal to or greater than 250 mm The rearward deflection of the wheel flap shall not exceed 00 mm when subj ected to a force of N per 00 mm of flap width, applied across the width by, for example, a load spreading bar, at a height of 50 mm above the bottom of the wheel flap when it is supported in its operating configuration The forward facing part of the wheel flap shall be fitted with a suppression material or device that complies with BS AU 200- 2a In addition, the forward facing part of the wheel guard located below a line 00 mm above the centre line of the wheel shall be fitted with a suppression material or device complying with BS AU 200- 2a to cover the breadth of the tyre tread v the radius of the tyres fitted to the wheels on that axle (see Figure 2) Reprodu ced by I H S u n d er l i cen se wi th BSI - U n trol l ed Copy © BSI 02- 2000 BS AU 200-1 a:1 984 Section Containment and spray 9.3 Where wheel flaps are not fitted behind each suppression devices for some wheel (see clause ), the outer valance shall be non-steerable wheels NOTE Reference should be made to clause item b) for a complete description of the wheels covered by this section Outer valances 9.1 For single axles and multiple axles where the continuous from the outer edge of the wheel flap to the vertical line at the foremost point of the tyre, point C [see Figure 4(b)] on the leading axle 9.4 The whole inner face of the outer valance, the depth of which shall be not less than 00 mm, shall be fitted with a suppression material that complies with BS AU 200- 2a distance between tyres on adj acent axles is greater than or equal to 250 mm, the outer valance shall cover the area extending from the underside of the body to a line formed by the tangent at the top of the tyre(s) and between the outer edge of the wheel flap, with which it shall form a seal, and the vertical plane formed by the tangent at the front of the tyre [see Figure 4(a)] In the case of multiple axles, an outer valance shall be fitted over each wheel Wheel flaps Wheel flaps shall extend to the underside of the vehicle structure The whole of the forward facing part of the wheel flap shall be fitted with a suppression material or device that complies with BS AU 200- 2a There shall be no gaps that will permit the exit of spray and the wheel flaps shall also comply with 8.2 , 8.3 , 8.4 and 8.5 9.2 There shall be no gaps between the outer valance and the underside of the body that will permit the exit of spray © BSI 02- 2000 Reprodu ced by I H S u n d er l i cen se wi th BSI - U n trol l ed Copy BS AU 200-1 a:1 984 Figure — Configuration of valances Section Containment systems 1 In the case of multiple axles where the distance forming an alternative to the valances between tyres on adj acent axles is not more and suppression devices in section than 300 mm, the wheel guard shall b e in accordance with Figure 1 Wheel guards NO TE 1 Wheel guards shall comply with 6.1 c) and 6.2 Outer valances 1 Wheel guards for single axles and multiple axles where the distance between tyres on adj acent axles is greater than 300 mm shall comply This applies for two or more axles 2.1 Valances shall have air/water separating material on their lower edges with 6.1 a) Reprodu ced by I H S u n d er l i cen se wi th BSI - U n trol l ed Copy © BSI 02 - 000 BS AU 0 -1 a: 984 2.2 For single axles and multiple axles where the 2.3 In the case of multiple axles where the distance distance between tyres on adj acent axles is greater between the tyres on adj acent axles is not more than 300 mm, the lower edge of the air/water than 300 mm, the outer valances in the spaces separating material on the outer valance shall not between axles shall follow the contour as specified exceed the following dimensions and radii from the in centre of the wheel (see Figure 6) more than 00 mm above the horizontal line Ste e rab le whee ls Front (leading) edge (30 ° point) Rear (trailing) edge (1 00 mm point) Top (directly over top of tyre) Non-ste erab le whe e ls Front (leading) edge (20 ° point) Rear (trailing) edge (1 00 mm point) Top (directly over top of tyre) and extend downwards so that they are not through the wheel centres R R R v v v R = 05 R = 05 R = 05 2.4 The depth of the outer valance shall be not less than 45 mm to the rear of the vertical centre line of the wheel NOTE The depth of valances may be progressively reduced forward of the wheel centre R R R v v v R = 00 R = 00 R = 00 where R R 12.2 2.5 There shall be no openings in outer valances or between outer valances and wheel guards that allow spray to be emitted 2.6 The air/water separating material shall comply with BS AU 200- 2a is the radius of the tyre fitted to the vehicle; v is the radial distance of the lower edge of the outer valance Figure — Whe el guards, whe e l flaps and outer valance s using air/wate r sep arators for multiple axles where the distance b e twe e n tyre s is 0 mm or less © BSI 02- 2000 Reprodu ced by I H S u n d er l i cen se wi th BSI - U n trol l ed Copy BS AU 0 -1 a: 984 Figure — Whee l guards, whee l flaps and outer valances using air/water se p arators for single axle s and multip le axle s whe re the distance b etwee n tyre s is gre ate r than 0 mm Reprodu ced by I H S u n d er l i cen se wi th BSI - U n trol l ed Copy © BSI 02 - 000 BS AU 200-1 a:1 984 Wheel flaps 3.1 Wheel flaps shall be either: 3.4 The rearward deflection of the wheel flap, excluding the lower part comprising the air/water separator, shall not exceed 00 mm when subj ected a) suppression devices complying with clause to a force of N per 00 mm of flap width, applied [see Figure 6(b) ] ; or immediately above the air/water separator, when it b) flexible flaps complying with 8.1 , 8.2 and 3.2 is supported in its operating configuration to 3.4 NOTE to section 3.2 The lower part shall consist of an air/water separator complying with BS AU 200- 2a, the length For an illustrative example of one method of complying with the requirements specified for air/water separating material see UK patent application number GB 074 09 A copies of which can be obtained from the Patent of which shall be at least 00 mm The maximum Office, 25 Southampton Buildings, London WC2A AY The height of the bottom edge of the air/water separator patent will from the date of grant be irrevocably endorsed shall not exceed 200 mm 3.3 The wheel flap shall be not more than 200 mm “licences of right” under Section 46 of the Patents Act 977 which states: “3) Where such an entry is made in respect of a patent — from the rearmost edge of the tyre except that for a) any person shall, at any time after the entry is made, be multiple axles where the distance between the tyres entitled as of right to a licence under the patent on such on adj acent axles is less than 250 mm, a wheel flap shall be fitted only on the rear wheel(s) A wheel flap shall be fitted behind each wheel where the distance terms as may be settled by agreement or, in default of agreement, by the Comptroller on the application of the proprietor of the patent or the person requiring the licence” between the tyres on adj acent axles is equal to or Licence details may be obtained from the registered proprietor of greater than 250 mm the patent © BSI 02- 2000 Reprodu ced by I H S u n d er l i cen se wi th BSI - U n trol l ed Copy BS AU 200-1 a:1 984 Appendix A Guidelines on b) Covered sideguards or sideskirts aerodynamics c) Splitter panel (vertical panel between cab and trailer) on articulated vehicles with box trailers Since aerodynamics does not lend itself to standardization, these guidelines are confined to suggested aerodynamic devices The following d) Body or trailer mounted air deflector on the front surface of a box or trailer body features may help keep spray produced as low as possible so reducing the density of spray at a driver’s eye height a) Cab mounted air deflector on articulated vehicles and box vehicles where the bodywork is higher than the cab roof 10 Reprodu ced by I H S u n d er l i cen se wi th BSI - U n trol l ed Copy © BSI 02- 2000 BS AU 200-1 a:1 984 Publication referred to BS AU 00, Sp ray reducing dev ices for heavy goods v ehicles BS AU 00 - a, Sp ecificatio n fo r p erfo rm ance of s up p ression m aterial and devices, and air/w ater s ep arating m aterial and devices © BS I - 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