© ISO 2016 Solid biofuels — Determination of particle density of pellets and briquettes Biocombustibles solides — Détermination de la masse volumique unitaire des granulés et des briquettes INTERNATIO[.]
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18847 First edition 2016-09-01 Solid biofuels — Determination of particle density of pellets and briquettes Biocombustibles solides — Détermination de la masse volumique unitaire des granulés et des briquettes Reference number ISO 18847:2016(E) © ISO 2016 ISO 18847:2016(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT © ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved Unless otherwise specified, no part o f this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country o f the requester ISO copyright o ffice Ch de Blandonnet • CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyright@iso.org www.iso.org ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved ISO 18847:2016(E) Page Contents Foreword iv Introduction v Scope Normative references Terms and definitions Principle Reagents Apparatus Sample preparation 6.1 6.2 6.3 General apparatus requirements Apparatus for pellet testing Apparatus for briquette testing Procedure Calculation 10 11 8.1 8.2 Procedure for pellets Procedure for briquettes Precision and bias 10.1 General 0.2 Rep eatab ility 0.3 Rep ro ducib ility Test report Annex A (informative) Stereometric volume estimation Bibliography 12 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved iii ISO 18847:2016(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies) The work o f preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters o f electrotechnical standardization The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part In particular the different approval criteria needed for the di fferent types o f ISO documents should be noted This document was dra fted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part (see www.iso.org/directives) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some o f the elements o f this document may be the subject o f patent rights ISO shall not be held responsible for identi fying any or all such patent rights Details o f any patent rights identified during the development o f the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents) Any trade name used in this document is in formation given for the convenience o f users and does not constitute an endorsement For an explanation on the meaning o f ISO specific terms and expressions related to formity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved ISO 18847:2016(E) Introduction Particle density is a fuel parameter o f pellets and briquettes which is o ften considered when describing the degree o f compaction o f the raw material used Particle density can be highly specific for the respective type or species o f biomass and thus, it also characterizes the material’s general ability to be compacted High particle density is o ften associated with high resistance to abrasion or low susceptibility towards fracturing during handling and storage A high particle density also generally leads to reduced storage volume demands and to a lower filling level in combustion chamber at constant fuel mass flow Particle density can also a ffect the heat trans fer rate within the fuel and thus, it can have an impact on fuel ignition and on the dynamics o f gasification Apart from the buoyancy method which is described in this International Standard as re ference method, larger particles (briquettes) are sometimes easier tested by simple stereometric means For internal laboratory practices, such a procedure is also presented in Annex A For small particles (pellets), this procedure is not recommended © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved v INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18847:2016(E) Solid biofuels — Determination of particle density of pellets and briquettes Scope T h i s I nternationa l Sta nda rd s p e c i fie s the me tho d fuel s for de term i n i ng the p a r ticle den s ity o f compre s s e d s uch a s p el le ts or brique tte s Par ticle den s ity i s no t a n ab s olute va lue a nd cond ition s determination have to be standardized to enable comparative determinations to be made T he for its Normative references fol lowi ng i nd i s p en s able c u ments , i n whole or i n p ar t, are normatively re ference d i n th i s c u ment a nd are for its appl ic ation For date d re ference s , on ly the e d ition cite d appl ie s For u ndate d re ference s , the late s t e d ition o f the re ference d c u ment (i nclud i ng any amend ments) appl ie s ISO 14780 1) , ISO 16559, Solid biofuels — Terminology, definitions and descriptions ISO 18134-1, Solid biofuels — Sample preparation Solid biofuels — Determ in ation of m oisture content — Oven dry m eth od — Part : Total m oisture — Referen ce m eth od ISO 18134-2, Solid biofuels — Determ in ation of m oisture content — Oven dry m eth od — Part 2: Total moisture — Simplified method ISO 18135 2) , Solid biofuels — Samplin g Terms and definitions For the pu r p o s e o f th i s c u ment, the term s a nd defi n ition s given i n I S O 16 59 apply Principle Both mass and volume of an individual particle or a group of particles are determined The volume is me as u re d b y de term i n i ng the buoyanc y i n a l iqu id T h i s pro ce du re fol lows the phys ic a l pri nc iple that the buoya nc y i s e qua l to the mas s o f the d i s place d volu me o f a l iquid T he app a rent lo s s i n ma s s b e twe en a me as u rement i n a i r and a s ub s e quent me a s urement i n l iquid ma rks its buoyanc y T he volu me o f the te s t p or tion b o dy i s c a lc u late d vi a the den s ity o f the appl ie d l iquid NO TE Annex A) 5.1 T he p a r ticle den s ity o f b r ique tte s cou ld a lter n ativel y be e s ti m ate d by s tere ome tr ic me a n s (s e e Reagents Water with low content of ions , (e g d ri n ki ng wate r q ual i ty) i n a te m p e rature range o f ° C to ° C 1) To be published 2) To be published © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved ISO 18847:2016(E) 5.2 A detergent named O-[4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl]-deca(oxyethylen), Octylphenoldecaethylen-glycolether, Polyethylenglycol-mono-[p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]-ether NOTE The exclusive use o f this specific detergent with given characteristics allows to apply a fixed value for the density o f the liquid (mixture with water) and ensures constant properties as wetting agent The detergent is traded for example under the name Triton® X-100 The density at +20 °C is 1,07 g/ml Paraffin , with a melting point o f 52 °C to 54 °C 5.3 Apparatus 6.1 General apparatus requirements A thermometer capable o f reading to the nearest °C 6.2 6.2.1 Apparatus for pellet testing A balance , having su fficient accuracy to determine the mass to the nearest 0,001 g Due to the high sensitivity o f the balance, the test rig shall be placed into a wind protection cabinet to allow undisturbed and immediate reading o f the displayed values 6.2.2 A transparent glass beaker o f about 200 ml filling volume The rig consists of a bridge, which overstretches the weighing plate of the balance in order to prevent the balance from being loaded The bridge is capable o f carrying the glass beaker (6.2.2) Through a supporting frame with suspension rods, a weighing dish (“submergence dish”) is into the glass beaker (Figure 1), which is filled with liquid (5.1) The dish shall be able to accommodate at least four pellets at once Both the supporting frame and the submergence dish are directly loaded on the balance plate The submergence apparatus (the dish and the suspension) can be removed when loaded with 6.2.3 A density determination rig placed on a balance pellets Through the dish suspension, the submergence depth is always kept constant The bottom o f the submergence dish is per forated by openings, which are smaller in diameter than the diameter o f the pellets This per foration allows the liquid to fill the dish from underneath when it is submerged I f test portion material o f low density is tested (below 1,0 g/cm ), a modified suspension having an inverted submergence dish is required; this is to force the pellets underneath the liquid surface and prevent them from floating on top o f the liquid For the determination o f the mass in air, it is use ful to use a combined test rig where an additional upper weighing dish is fixed to the suspension ( Figure 1) © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved ISO 18847:2016(E) Key weighing plate of balance bridge perforated submergence dish (for weighing in water) dish (for weighing in air) glass beaker dish suspension supporting frame display o f balance NOTE Submergence dish for pellets with density below 1,0 g/m is not shown in this figure Figure — Buoyancy determination rig on a balance (method for pellets) 6.3 6.3.1 Apparatus for briquette testing A balance , having su fficient accuracy to determine the mass to the nearest 0,01 g I f briquettes o f more than 500 g each are tested, the accuracy o f the balance can be reduced to 0,1 g The balance shall have a connecting point for hanging a weight to its load cell 6.3.2 A transparent container, for liquid having a su fficient filling volume to accommodate the liquid and the submerged briquette A su fficient filling volume is usually achieved when the container’s cross section is about eight times larger than the cross section o f the briquette In this case, any e ffects by level changes o f the liquid caused by submersion o f the briquette are negligible Such error would be due to a larger part o f the holding steel string (see 6.3.3) being submerged 6.3.3 A non-absorbent thin steel string , which can be to the connecting point of the balance The end o f the string is equipped with a hook or a ring, which allows an easy appending o f the briquette © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved ISO 18847:2016(E) , where the balance can be placed on The tripod should have a plate with an opening which allows the string to pass through unhindered to the balance (Figure 2) while hanging 6.3.4 A tripod A steel loop or any other steel support device , to which the briquette can be fixed while freely hanging and which allows to be fixed to the lower connecting point (Figure 2) of the steel string 6.3.5 A removable weight, required i f test material o f low density is tested (below 1,0 g/cm ), which is positioned onto the briquette in a way which prevents the briquette from floating on top o f the liquid 6.3.6 Key carrying plate with opening balance steel string transparent container test sample (briquette) connecting ring or hook tripod Figure — Buoyancy determination rig using a hanging load to a balance (method for briquettes) 7.1 Sample preparation A laboratory sample shall be obtained in accordance with ISO 18135 and test samples shall be prepared in accordance with ISO 14780 A total test sample mass of 500 g (pellets with a diameter equal to or below 12 mm) or 000 g for pellets with a diameter above 12 mm or a minimum of 15 briquettes is required 7.2 7.3 From the test sample, a test portion of minimum 40 pellets or 10 briquettes is selected and stored in a sealed container to retain the moisture content as received © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved ISO 18847:2016(E) 7.4 For low density and coarse textured briquettes, a rapid disintegration a fter submergence in the liquid may happen, thus the reading can be di fficult to take I f this is the case, the briquettes can then be coated by submerging in liquid para ffin ( 5.3 ) , pre ferably at a temperature o f °C, be fore performing the test I f u s i ng co ati n g , b e awa re o f the add ition a l vo lu me wh ich re duce s the me a s u re d p a r ticle den s ity NO TE s l ightl y Procedure 8.1 Procedure for pellets 8.1.1 Fill the glas s b eaker with water to a filling level which ens ures that on the submergence dish can be achieved full s ub mers io n o f all p ellets 8.1.2 Add 1,5 g/l of the detergent (5.2 of the liquid is achieved Position the glass beaker with the liquid onto the bridge ) to the water in the glas s b eaker and s tir until NOTE ho mo geneity At 1,5 g/l of the above detergent, the critical micelle concentration in water (xCMC = 0,15 g/l) is e xce e de d b y ten ti me s I t i s advi s e d to u s e a m agne tic s ti r r i ng de vice 8.1.3 full for b e tter ho mo geneity Check the temperature of the liquid to ensure that the requirements in 5.1 are met 8.1.4 Determine the total mass of a group of at least four pellets in air and record the measurement to the nearest 0,001 g 8.1.5 Po s itio n the emp ty s ub mergence ap p aratus o nto the des ignated b racket o f the s up p o rting 8.1.6 Tare 8.1.7 Remove the submergence apparatus and place the same four pellets as measured in 8.1.4 onto The submergence apparatus shall not touch the bottom or the walls of the glass beaker th e maximum depth b al ance to z e ro wh i l e th e e m p ty s ub m e rge n ce dis h is below l i qui d s ur face the s ub mergence dis h and care fully p lace it b ack o nto the des ignated b racket o f the s up p o rting I f p el le ts o f low den s ity are te s te d ( b elow , g/cm frame at frame ) , they c an flo at on top o f the de tergent s olution I n this case, use the inverted submergence dish (6.2.3) to force the pellets underneath the liquid surface If f f of submerging all four pellets in a group p el le ts no t b ehave u n i orm ly, it c an b e ne ce s s a r y to p er orm the te s t on the i nd ividua l p el le ts i n s te ad 8.1.8 While the group of pellets is submerged in the liquid, read the total mass from the balance and reco rd it to the neares t , 0 g The reading o f the mas s in liquid s hall take p lace immediately a fter s ub mers io n o f the p ellets in o rder to p revent them fro m up taking any liquid o r fro m deco mp o s itio n The reading can us ually b e co nducted within the firs t three s eco nds to five s eco nds when the dis p layed value o n the b alance is relatively co ns tant NO TE I t i s u s e fu l to app l y a m a nu a l l y tr iggere d ele c tron ic d ata lo ggi ng order to fac i l itate 8.1.9 Remove from the b a l a nce to a comp uter, i n the re ad i n g p a r tic u l a rl y i f the d i s p l aye d va lue rem a i n s rel ativel y i ncon s ta nt the p ellets fro m the liquid immediately a fter reco rding in o rder to avo id liquid co ntaminatio n by dis s o lving p ellets 8.1.10 Repeat the procedure of 8.1.4 to 8.1.9 nine times to achieve ten replications in total Replace the detergent solution at minimum after ten replications © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved ISO 18847:2016(E) 8.1.11 Determine the total moisture content according to ISO 18134-1 or ISO 18134-2 using a test portion of the original test sample 8.2 Procedure for briquettes Fill the liquid container with water to a filling level which ensures that full submersion o f all 8.2.1 briquettes can be achieved Add 1,5 g/l of the detergent (5.2 ) to the water in the container and stir until full homogeneity o f the liquid is achieved 8.2.2 Check the temperature of the liquid to ensure that the requirements in 5.1 are met 8.2.3 Determine the total mass of a sample briquette in air and record the measurement to the nearest 0,01 g If briquettes each of more than 500 g are tested, record to the nearest 0,1 g 8.2.4 8.2.5 Fix the empty steel loop or any other briquette mounting armature to the connection ring o f the string and submerge this empty armature to maximum depth The armature shall not be in contact with either the walls or the bottom of the container 8.2.6 Tare the balance to zero while the empty mounting armature is below liquid surface 8.2.7 Remove the mounting armature from the container and fix the same sample briquette as measured in 8.2.4 to the mounting equipment Fix it to the connecting ring and carefully submerge the total load into the liquid 8.2.8 While the briquette is submerged in the liquid, read the total mass from the balance and record it to the nearest 0,01 g If briquettes with a total mass each of more than 500 g are tested, record to the nearest 0,1 g I f a sample o f a lower density than 1,0 g/cm3 is tested, an extra weight shall be fixed to the load to prevent it from floating on top o f the liquid In this case, the taring o f the balance to zero (8.2.6) has to include the same extra weight The load shall not be in contact with either the walls or the bottom of the container The reading of the mass in liquid shall take place as soon as possible after submersion o f the briquette in order to prevent it from taking up any liquid or from decay The reading is usually conducted within three seconds to five seconds after submerging, when the displayed value on the balance is constant 8.2.9 Remove the briquette from the liquid immediately after recording in order to avoid liquid contamination by dissolving briquette 8.2.10 Repeat the procedure of 8.2.4 to 8.2.9 nine times to achieve ten replications in total Replace the detergent solution at minimum after ten replications Determine the total moisture content according to ISO 18134-1 or ISO 18134-2 using a test portion of the original test sample 8.2.11 Calculation The density o f the liquid (water and reagent) when properly prepared is 0,995 g/cm3 Apply this value for the calculation below or use a density, which was determined individually 9.1 9.2 Calculate the particle density o f each group o f pellets or o f each briquette according to Formula (1): © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved ISO 18847:2016(E) ρM = where ρM ma (1) ρ ma − ml l is the density o f either the group o f pellets or the individual briquette at the given moisture content M, in g/cm3 ; m a is the mass of the test portion in air (including test portion moisture) as recorded in 8.1.4 or in 8.2.4, respectively, in g; m l is the mass of the test portion in liquid (including test portion moisture) as recorded in 8.1.8 or in 8.2.8 , respectively, in g; ρl is the density o f the applied liquid, as given in 9.1, in g/cm As a matter o f principle, the rise o f the liquid sur face in the liquid containment, which is caused by the displacement through the test portion (pellets) or test sample (briquettes), increases the buoyancy because a larger share of the suspension is now submerged, too However, this effect can be neglected 9.3 Calculate the arithmetic mean value o f the total number o f replications as defined in 8.1.10 (for pellets) or 8.2.10 (for briquettes) and report it as the mean particle density to the nearest 0,01 g/cm3 10 Precision and bias 10.1 General Table — Maximum acceptable differences between results obtained Pellets Briquettes Repeatability limit 5% 5% Reproducibility limits 7% 7% 10.2 Repeatability The results calculated in 9.3 (performed within a short period of time, but not simultaneously) in the same laboratory by the same operator using the same apparatus on two representative test portions taken from the same test sample, shall not di ffer by more than the values given in Table [2] 10.3 Reproducibility The results calculated in 9.3, performed in each of two different laboratories on representative test portions taken from the same test sample shall not di ffer by more than the values given in Table [2] 11 Test report The test report shall include at least the following information: a) identification o f the laboratory per forming the test and the date o f the test; b) identification o f the product (or sample) tested; c) reference to this International Standard, i.e ISO 18847; d) results o f the particle density as mean value in accordance with 9.3; © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved ISO 18847:2016(E) fe atu re s e) any u nu s ua l f) any deviation from ob s er ve d duri ng the de term i nation, wh ich c an a ffe c t the re s u lt; th i s I nternationa l Sta nda rd or op eration s rega rde d as op tiona l © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved ISO 18847:2016(E) Annex A (informative) Stereometric volume estimation A.1 Suggested volume estimation procedure for regularly shaped cylindrical briquettes which have been cut to achieve regular shape Key L D length e external diameter Figure A.1 — Measurement points at briquettes without central hole Calliper m easurem ents: — Length ( ff — External diameter ( e): six measurements per briquette (twice at both ends and in the middle at ½ ) L) : two me a s u rements p er brique tte, e ach with ° o D s e t; L T he s ugge s te d nu mb er o f repl ic ation s i s a m i n i mu m o f five Calculation : Vb = Dem × π × Lm (A.1) where b V Lm D em is the volume of the briquette, in cm3 ; is the mean length of the two measurements for , in cm; is the mean value of the six measurements for e, in cm © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved L D ISO 18847:2016(E) Key L D D length e external diameter i internal diameter Figure A.2 — Measurement points at briquettes with central hole Calliper m easurem ents: — Length ( ): two measurements per briquette, each with 90° o ffset; — External diameter ( e): six measurements per briquette (twice at both ends and in the middle at ½ ); — Internal diameter ( i): four measurements per briquette, twice at both ends L D L D Calculation : V b (A.2) = Ve − Vi where Vb = D em × π × Lm (A.3) = D im × π × Lm (A.4) and Vb where b V e V i V 10 is the volume of the briquette, in cm3 ; is the external volume of the particle, in cm3 ; is the volume of the hole, in cm3 ; © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved ISO 18847:2016(E) is the mean length of the two measurements for , in cm; is the mean value of six measurements for e, in cm; is the mean value of four measurements for i, in cm Lm L D em D im D D A.2 Suggested alternative volume estimation procedure for briquettes (also suitable for irregularly shaped briquettes) — Weigh a paper sheet with a precision of 0,1 mg ( s in g) and measure its dimensions in cm at a precision of 0,01 cm Calculate the surface s — Place the briquette standing upright on the base in the middle of the sheet — Use a sharp pencil (0,5 mm) to draw the circumferential line around the base of the briquette The use of a special line marking equipment is advisable here M A — Cut out the area precisely on the line using a pair o f scissors — Weigh the cut out piece of paper ( p in g) with an accuracy o f 0,1 mg — Apply calliper measurement (twice) for the length o f the briquette (Lb) in cm (two measurements) and i f applicable the diameter o f any central hole (D i in cm) (four measurements: two at both ends o f the briquette, each with an o ffset o f 90°) M The suggested minimum number o f replications is five Calculation : The sur face o f the briquette’s base is (without hole) as given by Formula (A.5): Ab where A b A s p M = As × M p Ms (A.5) is the base surface, in cm2 ; is the surface of the original uncut paper sheet, in cm ; is the mass of the cut piece of paper, in g; is the mass of the original uncut paper sheet, in g s In case o f any central hole in the briquette, reduce the sur face o f the base accordingly M The briquette volume is as given by Formula (A.6): Vb = Ab × Lb (A.6) where b V A L b b is the volume of the briquette, in cm3 ; is the surface of the briquette, in cm ; is the length of the briquette, in cm © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 11 ISO 18847:2016(E) Bibliography [1] B öhm T., & H artm ann [2] 03-4, pp 683-686 R abier F., T emmerm an M., B öhm T., H artm ann H., Daugbjerg Jensen P., R athbauer J., C arrasco J., F ern ández M (2006): Particle density determination of pellets and briquettes H Measuring particle density o f wood pellets In: van Swaaii, W.P.M.; Fjällströ m, T.; Helm, P.; Grassi, A (Hrsg.): 2nd World Con ference and Technology Exhibition on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection, Rome, 10-14 May 2004, ISBN 88-89407- Biomass and Bioenergy 30 (2006), pp 954-963, ISSN 0961-9534 12 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved ISO 18847:2016(E) I C S ; Price based on 12 pages © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved