STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ALTERNATIVE FUELS A symposium sponsored by ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and ASTM Committee D-3 on Gaseous Fuels Phoenix, Ariz., 9-10 Dec 1981 ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 809 J S Clark, NASA-Lewis Research Center, and S M DeCorso, Westinghouse Electric Corp editors ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) 04-809000-13 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa 19103 # Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 20:44:02 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Copyright © by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1983 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 82-73767 NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication Printed in Baltimore, Md (b) September 1983 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 20:44:02 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authori Foreword This publication, Stationary Gas Turbine Alternative Fuels, contains papers presented at the symposium on Alternative Fuels and Future Fuels Specifications for Stationary Gas Turbine Applications, which was held in Phoenix, Ariz., on 9-10 Dec 1981 The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and ASTM Committee D-3 on Gaseous Fuels The symposium cochairmen were John S Clark, NASA-Lewis Research Center, and S Mario DeCorso, Westinghouse Electric Corp., both of whom also served as editors of this publication Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 20:44:02 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize Related ASTM Publications Distillate Fuel Stability and Cleanliness, STP 751 (1981), 04-751000-12 Analysis of Waters Associated with Alternative Fuel Production, STP 720 (1981), 04-720000-16 Significance of ASTM Tests for Petroleum Products, STP 7C (1977), 04-007030-12 ASTM and Other Specifications for Petroleum Products and Lubricants, 3rd Edition (1981), 03-402381-12 Miscellaneous ASTM Standards for Petroleum Products, 15th Edition (1981), 03-402081-12 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 20:44:02 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers The quality of the papers that appear in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors but also the unheralded, though essential, work of the reviewers On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with appreciation their dedication to high professional standards and their sacrifice of time and effort ASTM Committee on Publications Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 20:44:02 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions ASTM Editorial Staff Janet R Schroeder Kathleen A Greene Rosemary Horstman Helen M Hoersch Helen P Mahy Allan S Kleinberg Virginia M Barishek Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 20:44:02 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions auth Contents Introduction FUTURE FUEL TRENDS Smrey of Gas Turbine Synthetic Dquid Fuels—ROBERT C AMERO, S MARIO DECORSO, AND RICHARD L THOMAS Literature Survey of the Properties of Synthetic Fuels Derived from Coal—FRANCISCO J FLORES 22 Gas Turbine Fuel Processing Costs and On-Site Cleanup Options— JOHN W DUNNING, JR 38 COMBUSTION AND FUEL CHARACTERISTICS Fuel Property Effects on the Performance of a Small Industrial Gas Turbine Engine—WILLIAM CAAN, JOHN M HAASIS, AND RANDALL C WILLIAMS 63 Performance of SRC-II Fuels in Gas Turbine Combustors— ERNEST H T O N G AND ARTHUR M MELLOR 79 Effect of Fuel Properties on ^nition and Combusion Limits in Gas Turbine Combustms—JOHN ODGERS AND DETLEF KRETSCHMER 98 Future Distillate Fuel Trends in Canada and Some Preliminary Gas Turbine Test Results an Tar Sand Products—ROBERT B vmvTE, ROBERT G GRIMSEY, AND C A WILLIAM GLEW 115 Properties of Synthetic Fuels Evaluated for Combustion Turbines— CARL W STREED, P RICHARD MULIK, MICHAEL J AMBROSE, AND ARTHUR COHN 130 Effect of Sodium and Potassium on the Hot Corrosion of Gas Turbines—ROGER W HASKELL, HARVEY VONE DOERING, AND DANIEL F G R Z Y B O W S K I Copyright Downloaded/printed University 156 by by of CoRori(m of Fuel HandUng System Materials by Coal-Derived liquid Fuels—HARVEY VONE D O E R I N G , ROGER W HASKELL, AND TIMOTHY MICHELFELDER 180 Discussion 185 Syndietic Fuels for Statimiaiy Gas Turiiines: A Cafifmnia Pfer^wctire— STEVEN J ANDERSON, MICHAEL D JACKSON, AND KENNETH D SMITH 186 Distillate Fuels from Nonpetrolenm Sources—EDMUND W WHITE 212 ALTERNATIVE GASEOUS FUELS Coal Gasification for Stationary Gas Turbine Applications— ANIL GOYAL, DONALD K FLEMING, AND WILFORD G BAIR 233 A Projection of Coal Gas Properties Considered from the Viewpoint of a Coal Gas Combined-Cycle Plant—JOHN H MARLOW, JAMES PAVEL, AND EDWARD VIDT 255 Properties of Low-Btn Coal Gas and Its Combustion Products— HARVEY VONE DOERING, SHIRO G KIMURA, AND DANIEL P SMITH 270 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Sulfur Measurement in Uquid and Gaseous Altematire Fuels— CHARLES L KIMBELL 291 Characterization of Ash Residues from a Refuse-Derived Fuel/Oil Combustion Study—FLOYD HASSELRIIS AND CARL R ROBBINS 300 Heating Values of Natural Gas and Its Components: Conversion of Values to Measurement Bases and Calculation of Mixtures— GEORGE T ARMSTRONG AND THOMAS L JOBE, JR 314 Measurement Techniques for Fuel Stability Characterization— ARTHUR L CUMMINGS, PATRICK PEI, AND STEPHEN M HSU 335 SUMMARY Summary 353 Index 359 Copyright Downloaded/printed University by by of STP809-EB/Sep 1983 Introduction The traditional fuels for stationary gas turbines have been largely petroleumbased liquids and natural gas, and ASTM has long been involved in this aspect of fuel specifications In 1964, a symposium on Gas Turbine Fuels was held by ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants, Technical Division E on Burner, Diesel, and Gas Turbine Fuel Oils The ASTM Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils (D 2880), covering petroleum-based liquids, was issued in 1970, and a revised Specification D 2880 was issued in 1976 The properties of natural gas fuels are treated by ASTM Committee D-3 on Gaseous Fuels As a result of the oil embargo in 1973 and world events since that time, we have come to realize that the supplies of traditional petroleum and natural gas fuels are limited, and that it is necessary to plan for the use of alternative fuels The speed with which alternative fuels will come into use is a subject of debate, but not the proposition that alternative fuel use must eventually come into being Since a great deal of time and effort is necessary in order to arrive at a considered evaluation of the properties of and specifications for alternative fuels, this symposium was especially timely Also, many processes for producing alternative fuels are in the early development phases, and the processes and final product slates will evolve as end uses (and hence specifications) are defined The development of these processes and the end-use specifications must, therefore, proceed in parallel The purpose of the symposium was to assess the state of the art of alternative liquid and gaseous fuels and to provide a technical data base of the properties of alternative fuels for stationary gas turbines as a starting point for future alternative fuels specifications development The topics addressed in this symposium show that the alternative fuels choices are many and varied As expected, however, many of the papers point out the fact that fuel property data not exist for many of the possible fuels, and much more work is required before intelligent trade-offs can be made It is appropriate that specifications for these future fuel choices be started now and proceed with "all deliberate speed" to provide the technical information needed so that the right fuel choices for the future can be made The ASTM committees and task groups working on this task, and the sponsorship of this symposium in particular, are key parts of the work that must be done to plan and prepare for the eventual use of alternative fuels S Mario DeCorso Westinghouse Electric Corp., Concordville, Pa 19331; symposium cochainnan and editor Copyright by Downloaded/printed Copyright*' 1983 b y University of ASTM A S I M by International Washington Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat www.astm.org (University of Washington) pursuant Jan 346 STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ALTERNATIVE FUELS TABLE 4—Characterization offuel fractions isolated by liquid chromatography Saturate Fraction Fuel Aromatic Fraction Refractive Index Alkane, IR at 720 cm~', absorbance/cm 1.4307 1.4244 1.4400 1.4414 49 84 37 54 JP-5 JP-4 Jet A DFM Refractive Index Aromatic, IR at 1600 cm"', absorbance/cm Polar Fraction, Hydrogen/ Carbon Mole Ratio 1.4977 1.5063 1.5105 1.5063 50 54 66 61 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.7 stability was demonstrated by onset temperature and gum formation analysis of the fractions DSC scanning-mode thermograms of three fuels and their fractions, shown in Figs 6, 7, and 8, suggest dramatic differences among the fractions in oxidation resistance and in general oxidative behavior The gum-forming tendencies of fractions differ also, as illustrated by Fig Condi t i ons 25 a a 1— 200 300 t(00 TEMPERATURE °C FIG 6—DSC scanning-mode thermogram of shale-oil DFMfuel and fractions thereof Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 20:44:02 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions auth CUMMINGS ET AL ON FUEL STABILITY MEASUREMENT 347 Condi ti ons 40 °C/min Oj g 520 psia 0.7 mg t DQ DT —I— 200 300 mo TE[1PERATURE " C FIG 7—DSC scanning-mode thermogram of shale-oil-derived JP-5 fuel and fractions thereof For JP-5, the aromatic fraction forms much more gum than does the saturate fraction This relationship cannot be generalized to all fuels, however The gum-forming tendencies of aromatic fractions vary widely, depending on the fuel source, as shown in Fig 10 DFM aromatics form much more gum than JP-5 aromatics, but Jet A aromatics form much less A simple calculation, based on the volume percentage and gum-forming tendencies of aromatics in each fuel and the gum formation tendency of each whole fuel, suggests that aromatic components compose about 85% of DFM gum, 60% of JP-5 gum, and only 16% of Jet A gum Numerical results of oxidation onset and gum formation tests are presented in Table Significant differences among fractions and fuels are shown These compositional differences may, in part, account for the differences seen in the oxidation test results Conclusions Two high-pressure DSC procedures have been developed to measure the oxidation stability of fuels The onset temperature test is a rapid, repeatable Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 20:44:02 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions autho 348 STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ALTERNATIVE FUELS 25 200 '(00 300 TEMPERATURE, °C FIG 8—DSC scanning-mode thermogram of petroleum-oil-derived Jet A fuel and fractions thereof ARoMAric / / 100 \ \ 200 300 100 TEflPERATURE, "C FIG 9—Gum-forming tendencies of different fractions from JP-5 fuel Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 20:44:02 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authori CUMMINGS ET AL ON FUEL STABILITY MEASUREMENT 349 • 100 300 200 40n TEMPERATURE, °C FIG 10—Gum-forming tendencies of aromatic fractions offuels derived from different sources TABLE 5—Effects of hydrocarbon type on fuel stability as measured by DSC Aromatic Saturate Fuel Onset Temperature, °C JP-5 261 (242)° Jet A DFM Gum, % Onset Temperature, °C Gum, % Polar, Onset Temperature, °C 287 (248)° 28 278 (185)° 253 301 280 (209)° 227 206 43 279 "The shoulder onset temperature indicates the onset of an exotherm at a temperature significantly below the onset of the exothermic peak microsample test that tests fuel resistance to oxidation and, at the same time, provides a thermogram fingerprint of a fuel The gum formation test provides a quantitative measure of the tendency of a fuel to form high-molecular-weight oxidation products on a steel surface Both tests require only micolitre quantities of sample and show qualitative agreement with commonly used stability tests Coupling the DSC stability Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 20:44:02 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions auth 350 STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ALTERNATIVE FUELS tests with chromatographic fractionation of fuels offers a powerful approach for increasing understanding of oxidation phenomena and of the effects of compositional differences or changes on fuel stability References [1] Desikan, P and Venkatesh, A V., Petroleum and Hydrocarbons, Vol 1, 1967, pp 450-460 [2] Walsh, R P and Mortimer, J V., speech presented at the ASTM Sjmposium on the Use of Analytical Data, Dallas, Tex., December 1970, American Society for Testing and Materials [3] Martell, C R., "Investigation of ASTM D 2887 Test Method for Use with Aircraft Turbine Engine Fuels," Technical Report No AFAPL-TR-74-122, Air Force Aero-Propulsion Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, March 1975 [4] Dimitroff, E., Gray, J T., Jr., Meckel, N T., and QuUlan, R D., Jr., "Crystal-Liquid Fuel Phase Intersolubility and Pumpability," Paper No 7, Seventh World Petroleum Congress, Mexico City, April 1967 [5] Solash, J., Hazlett, R N., Hall, J M., and Nowack, C J., Fuel, Vol 57, September 1978, pp 521-528 [6] Bowden, J N and Brinkman, D W., Hydrocarbon Processing, Vol 59, July 1980, pp 77-82 [7] Nixon, A.,Autoxidation and Antioxidants, W O Lundberg, Ed., Interscience, New York, 1962, p 695 [8] Ritchie, L, Journal of the Institute of Petroleum, Vol 51, 1965, pp 296-307 [9] LePera, M., and Sonnenburg, J., Hydrocarbon Processing, Vol 52, September 1973, pp 111-115 [10] Wesolowski, M., Thermochimica Acta, Vol 46, 1981, pp 21-45 [//] Noel, F., Thermochimica Acta, Vol 4, 1972, pp 377-392 [12] Daniels, T., Thermal Analysis, Kogan Page Ltd., London, 1973 [13] Dukek, W i Journal of the Institute of Petroleum, Vol 50, 1964, pp 273-2% Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 20:44:02 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Summaxy Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 20:44:02 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP809-EB/Sep 1983 Summary The papers in this book are divided into four sections The first section, on future fuel trends, examines our current knowledge of alternative fuel properties and discusses possible scenarios for alternative fuel use The second section presents several experimental combustion studies performed with various combustors and various alternative liquid fuels, and discusses some of the known problems anticipated with the use of these alternative fuels The third section addresses the state of the art of alternative gaseous fuels, and the fourth section presents papers dealing with fuel property measurement methods Fatoie Fael Trends The paper presented by Amero, DeCorso, and Thomas presents the findings of a survey conducted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Committee B133 on Gas Turbine Fuel Procurement Standards A questionnaire was prepared and sent out to synthetic fuel producers, equipment manufacturers, turbine users, consultants, government agencies, and research organizations Fifty-five responses were received It was clear from the responses that process developers, gas turbine manufacturers, and turbine users were actively involved in planning for future synthetic liquid fuels at the time of the survey While the quality of these fuels is not clear, methanol and distillate fuel from coal, oil shale, and tar sands are being developed and will play major roles in the future as fuels for gas turbines The economic, technical, and regulatory constraints on the use of these fuels are not clear, however, and further study will be required The paper by Flores describes the literature on synthetic fuels published before October 1980 The major coal liquefaction and gasification processes are described Upgrading processes for coal-derived liquids are discussed and available fuel property data are summarized The study was performed by the Lewis Research Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for the Office of Fossil Energy of the U.S Department of Energy (DOE) The importance of fuel properties as they relate to turbine performance and operation is discussed Data are presented for the following coal liquefaction processes: H-Coal, SRC, EDS, Synthoil, COED, CCL, and liquid-phase zinc chloride Very limited data were available for low-Btu and intermediate-Btu gases, which would be produced by air-blown or oxygenblown gasifiers, respectively 353 Copyright by Downloaded/printed Copyright*' 1983 b y University of ASTM A S T M by International Washington Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat www.astm.org (University of Washington) pursuant Jan 354 STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ALTERNATIVE FUELS The paper by Dunning summarizes the results of a DOE-funded, NASAmanaged fuel processing/quality study Two parallel contract studies were performed Gulf Research and Development Co., a fuel producer, and Ralph M Parsons Co., an architectural and engineering company, performed the studies Two important conclusions were made from the studies The use of (lower-cost) low-quality fuel in a gas turbine can result in substantial savings to the turbine operator even if higher technology (and hence higher cost) hardware, such as staged combustors or on-line fuel treating equipment, is requh^d on-site And, any parameter of quality that can be altered at either the refinery (by hydrotreating) or the gas turbine site (using advanced technology hardware) was less expensively treated at the gas turbine site Many quality parameters were no longer a problem when even minimum refinery processing was required to protect the refinery catalysts or for other reasons Combustion and Fuel Characteristics The second section presents nine papers related to alternative fuel combustion and fuel characteristics The paper by Caan, Haasis, and Williams compares the performance of various distillate fuels, including SRC-II middle distillate, in a small (534-kW) Garrett Corp Model IM831-800 industrial gas turbine engine The effects of a wide variety of fuel types on the exhaust emissions, smoke, particulates, and combustor wall temperatures are presented The fuel hydrogen content ranged from 9.1 to 16.1% by weight Decreasing the hydrogen content increased the smoke and combustor temperature The combustion efficiency was relatively unaffected for a wide range of fuel properties The conversion of fuel-bound nitrogen to NO^^ depended on the fuel nitrogen content and engine load The paper by Tong and Mellor describes work performed at Purdue University using SRC-II fuels in gas turbine combustors Soot concentration, flame radiation intensity, minimum ignition energy, and lean blowoff measurements were made using SRC-II middle distillate (coal-derived) fuel Jet A, and a 50:50 volume percent blend of Jet A and SRC-II The soot concentrations and flame radiation intensities were higher for SRC-II and the blend Characteristic time models correlated the lean blowoff and minimum ignition energy; chemical fuel properties appear to have a minor effect on the flame stabilization and minimum ignition energy Similarly, a paper by Odgers and Kretschmer of Laval University reviews reported ignition and stability phenomena Some methods for the prediction of effects of changes in fuel properties on minimum ignition energy, blow-out velocity, and weak extinction limit are given Calculations indicate that the introduction of alternative fuels will create major problems for nonpremixed systems unless measures are taken to prevent an increase in drop size It may also be necessary to use more powerful ignition sources, such as a torch igniter, to insure ignition at all operating conditions For gaseous fuels in pre- Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 20:44:02 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize SUMMARY 355 mixed, prevaporized combustors, the stability and weak extinction limit appear to correlate with the laminar flame speed rather than with any simple property of the fuel; much work is required to achieve successful prediction Whyte, Grimsey, and Glew present some preliminary gas turbine test results on tar sand products and discuss possible future distillate fuel trends in Canada Distillate fuel quality appears to be decreasing as a result of the falling demand for gasoline and heating oils and the increasing demand for aviation jet fuel and diesel fuel The increasing aromaticity of the crude supply and the increasing volumes of heavy crudes being processed will result in distillate fuels with lower flash point, higher viscosity, broader distillation range, and lower cetane number, smoke point, and hydrogen content Performance comparisons were made when burning tar sand crude fractions and a conventional diesel distillate in a Solar Saturn gas turbine The fuel consumption increased by about 2% at full load when the tar sands blends were run, and the exhaust smoke increased Combustor liner temperatures increased by about 30 deg Celsius at full power These performance changes are attributed to the higher aromatic content of the tar sand products Streed, Mulik, Ambrose, and Cohn, describe an Electric Power Research Institute project, carried out at the Westinghouse Research and Development Center and the Mobil Research and Development Corp., that evaluated synthetic fuel properties for combustion turbines Twelve coal-derived liquid fuels, three shale-derived liquid fuels, and sue petroleum-derived liquid fuels were evaluated The authors conclude that several current ASTM turbine fuel specifications will have to be modified to accommodate coal-derived and shale-derived fuels Physical properties differ between synthetic fuels and current petroleum fuels, and problems are expected with the specific gravity, viscosity, distillation ranges, carbon residue, and thermal stability The chemical compositions also differ It may be necessary to specify the hydrogen content (or aromatic carbon content) and nitrogen content Measurement methods for the fuel properties may also need modification Haskell, Doering, and Grzybowski studied the effect of sodium and potassium on the hot corrosion of gas turbine materials in a small burner rig Sodium and potassium are expected to be the contaminants of most concern in synthetic fuels Twenty-one state-of-the-art turbine materials were studied Doering, Haskell, and Michelfelder present results of a gas turbine test program in which creosote oil was used to simulate a coal-derived liquid In a limited test program using creosote oil and several coal liquid synthetic fuels, copper was found to be susceptible to corrosive attack, and brass and zinc were somewhat less susceptible Iron was only slightly attacked In a discussion of this paper Strange also reports corrosion results when using SRC-II coal-derived fuels In his tests, zinc and lead were readily attacked, while copper exhibited modest attack The reason for these differing results is not clear The limited testing by both researchers exemplifies the need for more work in this area Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 20:44:02 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 356 STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ALTERNATIVE FUELS Anderson, Jackson, and Smith discuss the use of coal and coal-based fuels in stationary gas turbines in California They identify a broad range of coalderived fuels that provide acceptable engine performance and life and that meet stringent California emission requirements Beneficiated coals contain significant quantities of ash and corrosion-producing trace metals; the use of these coals in gas turbines would cause unacceptable turbine hot section erosion and corrosion problems Synthetic liquid and gaseous fuels from coal exhibit handling and combustion characteristics similar to those of petroleum fuels, however, and only minor hardware modifications will be required to control NOj emissions in fuels with high nitrogen content Methanol was selected as the preferred synthetic fuel because of its low emissions and low cost and because only minor equipment changes will be required to bum methanol White presents the results of a U.S Navy investigation of alternative distillate fuels from oil shale, coal, and tar sands Chemical and physical properties of 15 various synthetic fuels are presented and discussed Several property differences are noted, which are not controlled by the ASTM Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils (D 2280), includmg the aromatics content, nitrogen content, heat of combustion, smoke points, storage stability, and hydrogen content The author concludes that fuels that meet current ASTM specifications can be made, but for satisfactory operation of these fuels in gas turbines, the specifications will have to be augmented to account for these important property differences Alternative Gaseous Fuels The paper by Goyal, Fleming, and Bair of the Institute of Gas Technology reviews the state of the art of various types of coal gasification processes that are commercially available or m the development stage The properties of the gaseous fuels produced by different gasifiers are discussed Gas cleanup systems are also discussed The paper by Marlow, Pavel, and Vidt of the Westinghouse Electric Corp discusses gasification technology based on their experience at the Waltz Mill, Pa., pilot plant Coal gas properties are presented, based on the coal type, gasifier type, and cleanup system employed, and gas turbine requirements are discussed with emphasis on particulates and trace metal contamination of the low- or medium-Btu gases Combined-cycle system integration considerations are also discussed Doering, Kimura, and Smith from the General Electric Co present operating results for an air-blown fked-bed gasifier operating in conjunction with a low-temperature acid-gas removal system and integrated with a full-flow pressurized-gas combustion system These major subsystems combine to provide a scale model of an integrated combined-cycle power plant Emissions were measured and reported The authors concluded that the properties of low-Btu gas produced in an advanced gasifier are compatible with the requirements of Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 20:44:02 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize SUMMARY 357 a gas turbine Also, the carry-over of corrosive contaminants is within gas turbine industry accepted levels, and the emissions are acceptable for utility power generation applications Analytical Techniques In the paper by Kitnbell, a method is described for analysis of the sulfur content in fuels All sutfurs are converted to hydrogen sulfide, and an H2S analyzer is used, operating on the principle of colorimetric change of a lead acetate sensing surface The results of testing raw shale oil and Jet A turbine fuel correlated well with X-ray analysis Hasselriis and Robbins have submitted a paper that describes the characterization of ash residues from refuse-derived fuels Refuse-derived fuels and oil were burned, and the resulting inorganic residues were characterized by a variety of methods, including physical property measurements and atomic absorption analyses Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence analysis, and X-ray powder diffractometry were used to observe the chemical and crystalline phase development of the fuel residues Armstrong and Jobe present a method to calculate the heating values of natural gas and its components, based on the standard enthalpies of combustion of the pure hydrocarbons Ci to C^ A technique is also presented for estimating the uncertainties of the calculated results Finally, a paper by Cummings, Pei, and Hsu describes a measurement technique to characterize the oxidation stability of liquid fuels by using a high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry technique Using the procedure, the stability characteristics of various fuel fractions were examined The results suggest that overall stability is affected by the amount of various molecular types present in different fuels The results of these tests compare favorably with those of commonly used fuel stability tests, but offer advantages in terms of precision, sample size, and number of parameters measured John S Clark National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, 44135; symposium cochairman and editor Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 20:44:02 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP809-EB/Sep 1983 Index Coal liquids, 212 Co-firing, 300 Cohn, Arthur, 130-155 Combined cycles, 255, 270 Combustion, 63, 79, 98, 130, 212, 270, 300 Combustors, 79, 98 Composition, 130, 212 Contaminants, 156 Copper, 180 Corrosion, 156, 180 Costs, fuel, 38 Creosote, 180 Critical Research and Advanced Technology Support (CRT) project, 22 Cummings, Arthur L., 335-350 Alcohol fuels, Alternative fuels, 5, 22, 38, 63, 79, 98, 115, 130, 156, 180, 186, 233, 255, 270, 291, 300, 314, 335 Ambrose, Michael J., 130-155 Amero, Robert C , 5-21 Analyzers, 291 Anderson, Steven J., 186-211 Armstrong, George T., 314-334 Aromaticity, Aromatics, 63, 130 Ash residues, 300 Atomic absorption, 300 Aviation fuels, 63 B D Bair,WilfordG., 233-254 Benfield acid gas removal, 270 Blowoff, 79, 98 Boiler fuel, 38 Burner rig, 156 DeCorso, S Mario, 1, 5-21 Demulsibility, Desulfurization, 233 Diesel fuels, 63 Differential scanning calorimetry, 335 Distillate fuel, 115, 130, 212 Doering, Harvey vonE., 156-179, 180-185, 270-287 Dunning, John W., 38-59 Caan, William, 63-78 California fuels regulations, 186 Calorific value, 314 Calorimetry, 335 Canada, fuel trends, 115 Chemical properties, 130, 212, 314 Clark, John S., 353-357 Cleanup systems, 233, 255, 270 Coal, 22, 186, 233, 255, 270 Coal-derived fuels, 130, 156, 180, 186, 212 E Elemental analysis, 130 Emissions, 63, 115, 186, 267, 283 Enthalpy of combustion, 314 Entrained flow gasifier, 233 359 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 20:44:02 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed Copyright 1983 bby y A S I M International www.astm.org University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 360 STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ALTERNATIVE FUELS Experimental referee broad-specification (ERBS) fuel, 38, 63 Exxon donor solvent (EDS) fuel process, 130 Hsu, Stephen M., 335-350 Hydrocarbons, 63, 314 Hydrogenation, 291 Hydrogen sulfide, 291 Flame speeds, 79, 98 Fleming, Donald K., 233-254 Flores, Francisco J., 22-37 Fluidized bed gasifiers, 233, 255 Fouling, 300 Fractionation, 335 Fuel Handling systems, 180 Properties, 63, 79, 98 Pumps, 180 Types, 22, 63, 79, 98, 130, 186, 212 Fuel-bound nitrogen, 63, 130 Fuel processing/quality study, 38 Ideal gas, 314 Ignition, 79, 98 Industrial gas turbine, 63 Institute of Gas Technology (IGT), 233 Integrated gasification, 255, 270 Iron, 180 Gas cleanup, 233, 255, 270 Gaseous fuels, 186, 233, 255 Gaseous fuel mixtures, 314 Gasification, 233, 255, 270 Gasifiers, 233 Gas turbines, 5, 22, 38, 63, 98, 115, 130, 156, 186, 212, 233, 255, 270 Glew, C A William, 115-129 Goyal, Anil, 233-254 Grimsey, Robert G., 115-129 Grzybowski, Daniel F., 156-179 H Haasis, John M., 63-78 Haskell, Roger W., 156-179, 180185 Hasselriis, Floyd, 300-313 H-Coal, 38, 130 Heating value, 314 Jackson, Michael D., 186-211 Jobe, Thomas L., Jr., 314-334 K Kimbell, Charles L., 291-299 Kimura, Shiro G., 270-287 Kretschmer, Detlef, 98-114 Liquid chromatography, 335 Liquid synthetic fuels, Low-Btu gas, 233, 255, 270 Low-NOjc Heavy Fuel Combustor Concept Program, 38 M Marlow, John H., 255-269 Materials, fuel handling systems, 180 Medium-Btu gas, 233, 255 Mellor, Arthur M., 79-97 Methanol, 186 Michelfelder, Timothy, 180-185 Modelling, 79, 98 Mulik, P Richard, 130-155 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 20:44:02 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions auth INDEX N Navy, United States, 212 Nonpetroleutn fuels, NO^,63, 186,267 Odgers, John, 98-114 Particulates, 63, 233, 268 Pavel, James, 255-269 Pei, Patrick, 335-350 Perfornlance, 79 Petroleum fuels, 38, 130 Physical properties, 79, 98, 115,130, 212, 255, 300 Potassium, 156, 255 Processing, fuels, 38, 186 R Radiation, 79 Real gases, 314 Refuse-derived fuels, 300 Residual fuels, 38, 63 Robbins, Carl R., 300-313 Selection criteria, 233, 255 Shale-derived fuels, 130, 212 Slag, 300 Smith, Daniel P., 270-287 Smith, Kenneth D., 186-211 Smoke, 63, 115 Sodium, 156, 255 Soot, 79 361 Sour gas, 291 Specifications, 130, 255 Solvent-refined coal II (SRC-II) process, 38, 63, 79, 130, 180, 212 Stability, 98, 212, 335 Streed, CarlW., 130-155 Sulfur, 291 Syncrude, 38 Synthetic fuels, 5, 22, 38, 63, 115, 130, 180, 186, 335 Tar sands, 115, 212 Thermal analysis, 335 Thomas, Richard L., 5-21 Tong, Ernest H., 79-97 Trace elements, 130, 156, 291 Turbine requirements, 255 Vidt, Edward, 255-287 Voluntary consensus, W Wall temperatures, 63 Waltz Mill pilot plant, 255 White, Edmund W., 212-230 Whyte, Robert B., 115-129 Williams, Randall C , 63-78 X X-ray techniques, 300 Z Zinc, 180 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 20:44:02 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize