CORROSION FATIGUE; MECHANICS, METALLURGY, ELECTROCHEMISTRY, AND ENGINEERING A symposium sponsored by ASTM Committees E-9 on Fatigue, E-24 on Fracture Testing, and G-1 on Corrosion of Metals, and Metal Properties Council St Louis, Missouri, 21-22 Oct 1981 ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 801 T W Crooker, Naval Research Laboratory, and B N Leis, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, editors ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) 04-801000-30 m 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa 19103 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Copyright © by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1983 Library of Congress Cataiog Card Number: 82-83519 NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication Printed in Baltimore Md (b) May 1983 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized B Floyd Brown 1920-1981 Dedication Dr Floyd Brown was involved in planning and organizing the 1981 Symposium on Corrosion Fatigue from its earliest inception He died on 16 August 1981 and those concerned with the symposium felt the loss of his wisdom and guidance Dr Brown received his education at the University of Kentucky, the Carnegie Institute of Technology, and Cambridge University Following an early academic career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and North Carolina State University, Dr Brown joined the Naval Research Laboratory in 1954 as head of the Physical Metallurgy Branch, a position he held until his retirement from federal service in 1972 From 1972 until his death, he was a senior research scientist at American University in Washington, D C Dr Brown was probably best known in ASTM circles for his personal research in stress-corrosion cracking He made some of the earliest and most important contributions to the marriage of fracture mechanics and corro- Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized sion science Early development of the stress-corrosion cracking threshold parameter, Ki^cc ^ds achieved in large measure by Dr Brown In association with coworkers, he pioneered knowledge of localized electrochemistry at crack tips in stress corrosion Although less well recognized for his contributions to corrosion fatigue, he played a guiding role in numerous early studies of corrosion-fatigue crack growth His final paper on corrosion fatigue appears in this volume Dr Brown published and lectured widely during his career, which brought him international recognition and numerous professional awards He was a member of ASTM Committee G-1 on Corrosion of Metals and the Committee on Publications He will be sadly missed by those who benefited from his insight and encouragement when venturing into puzzling fields of investigation involving mechanical failure complicated by corrosion Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Foreword This publication contains papers presented at the Symposium on Corrosion Fatigue: Mechanics, Metallurgy, Electrochemistry, and Engineering, held in St Louis, Missouri, on 21-22 October 1981 Sponsors of the event were ASTM Committees E-9 on Fatigue, E-24 on Fracture Testing, and G-1 on Corrosion of Metals, and the Metal Properties Council T W Crooker, Naval Research Laboratory, and B N Leis, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, served as symposium chairmen and have edited this publication Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Related ASTM Publications Residual Stress Effects in Fatigue, STP 776 (1982), 04-776000-30 Low-Cycle Fatigue and Life Prediction, STP 770 (1982), 04-770000-30 Atmospheric Corrosion of Metals, STP 767 (1982), 04-767000-27 Design of Fatigue and Fracture Resistant Structures, STP 761 (1932), 04-761000-30 Stress Corrosion Cracking—The Slow Strain-Rate Technique, STP 665 (1979), 04-665000-27 Intergranular Corrosion of Stainless Alloys, STP 656 (1978), 04-656000-27 Fracture Mechanics (13th Conference), STP 743 (1981), 04-743000-30 Fractography and Materials Science, STP 733 (1981), 04-733000-30 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers The quality of the papers that appear in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors but also the unheralded, though essential, work of the reviewers On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with appreciation their dedication to high professional standards and their sacrifice of time and effort ASTM Committee on Publications Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize ASTM Editorial Staff Janet R Schroeder Kathleen A Greene Rosemary Horstman Helen M Hoersch Helen P Mahy Allan S Kleinberg Virginia M Barishek Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Contents Introdnction MECHANICS, METALLURGY, AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY Fracture Mechanics and Corrosion Fatigue—R P WEI AND G SHIM Discussion 19 Corrosion-Fatigue Cracli Initiation Behavior of Four Structural Steels—s R NOVAK 26 Anomalous Fatigue Crack Growth Retardation in Steels for Offshore Applications—R VAN DER VELDEN, H L EWALDS, w A SCHULTZE, AND A PUNTER 64 Crack Growth by Stress-Assisted Dissolution and Threshold Characteristics in Corrosion Fatigue of a Steel—K ENDO, K KOMAI, AND T SHIKIDA 81 Experimental Observations of Environmental Contributions to Fatigue Crack Growth—c Q BOWLES AND J SCHUVE Discussion % 114 Influence of Environment and Specimen Thickness on Fatigue Crack Growth Data Correlatktn by Means of Elber-Type Equations— H L EWALDS, F C VAN DOORN, AND W G SLOOF 115 Corrosion-Fatigue Behavior of Ti-6AI-4Vfaia Sodhim Chloride Aqueous Solution—R EBARA, Y YAMADA, AND A GOTO 135 An Analysis of Random Pits in Corrosion Fatigue: A Statistical ThreeDimensional Evaluation of an Irregularly Corroded Surface— H KITAGAWA, K TSUJI, T HISADA, AND Y HASHIMOTO Copyright Downloaded/printed University by ASTM Int'l 147 (all rights by of Washington (University of W BROWN ON EFFECTS OF CATHODIC PROTECTION 515 123\ Austen, I M in Proceedings European Offshore Steels Research Seminar, The Welding Institute, Cambridge, England, 1980, p VI/P14-1 [24] Vosikovsky, O., Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, Vol 97, Series H, No 4, Oct 1975, p 298 [25] Vosikovsky, O., Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol 8, No 2, March 1980, p 68 [26] Scott, P M and Silvester, D R V., "The Influence of Seawatcr on Fatigue Crack Propagation Rates in Structural Steel," Interim Technical Report, U.K Offshore Steels Research Project 3/03, Reference OT-R-7732, Technical Reports Centre, Orptington, Kent, U.K., 1975 [27] Bardal, E., Sondenfor, J M., and Gartland, P O in Proceedings, European Offshore Steels Research Seminar, The Welding Institute, Cambridge, England, 1980, p VI/P16-1 \28] Bristol, P and Roeleveld, J A in Proceedings, European Offshore Steels Research Seminar, The Welding Institute, Cambridge, England, 1980, p VI/P18-1 [29] Johnson, R., Bretherton, I., Tomkins, B., Scott, P M., and Silvester, D R V in Proceedings, European Offshore Steels Research Seminar, The Welding Institute, Cambridge, England, 1980, p VI/P15-1 [30] Smith, E F., Jacko, R., and Duquette, D J in Proceedings Second International Congress on Hydrogen in Metals, 1977 ]3l] Smith, E F and Duquette, D J., "The Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of a High-Purity AlZn-Mg-Co Alloy," RPI Technical Report to ONR, Contract N00014-75-C-0466, Nov 1979, ADA077461 [32] Endo, K., Komai, K., and Watanabe, Y in Proceedings, 19th Japan Congress on Materials Research, Society of Materials Science, Kyoto, 1976, p 71 [33] Dresty, J E and Devercux, O F., Metallurgical Tran.iactions, Vol 4, 1973, p 2469 [34] Stohz, R E and Pelloux, R M., Corrosion, Vol 29, No 1, Jan 1973, p 13 [35] Plodder, S P and Hartt, W H in Proceedings, Fourth Annual Conference on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, Technical Information Center, Oak Ridge, Tenn., Section VII, 1977, p 41 [36] Bogar, F D and Crooker, T W., NRL Report 8153, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., Oct 1977 [37] Whittaker, J A., King, H., and Liddiard, E A G in Proceedings, Second International Congress on Metallic Corrosion, National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, 1%6, p 229 [38] Collins, P and Duquette, D J., Corrosion, Vol 34, April 1978, p 119 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Summaiy Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP801-EB/May 1983 Summary The papers in this symposium examine corrosion fatigue, a failure process which lies at the interface between mechanics, materials, and electrochemistry Papers are organized in this volume according to their emphasis at this interface Eight papers focus on a mechanics-based characterization of the corrosion-fatigue damage process, six papers explore the influence of environment on the mechanisms of crack initiation and propagation, and four papers focus on electrochemical considerations Finally, because the interdisciplinary nature of the corrosion fatigue process presents designers with unique problems, the final six papers consider engineering aspects The eight papers which focus on a mechanics-based characterization examine both crack initiation and propagation Wei and Shim explore the role of linear elastic fracture mechanics in integrating chemistry, mechanics, and materials science with a view to developing quantitative mechanistic understanding of corrosion fatigue They illustrate the value and need for an integrated multidisciplinary approach using results for environmentally assisted fatigue crack growth in both gaseous and aqueous media The study reported by Novak examines the corrosion-fatigue crack initiation behavior of four structural steels (A36, A588, A517, and V150) in 3.5% NaCl solution The results show little difference in their fatigue resistances and indicate an absence in the threshold for initiation over the range of conditions studied Van der Velden et al in their study of structural steel tested in seawater showed that crack growth could be retarded or stopped by the action of corrosion product wedging effects on closure Their results indicated that oxygen supply inside the crack was a major consideration Endo et al also found wedging played a major role in a high-strength steel tested in a 1% NaCl solution They advanced a linear superposition model for crack growth combining dissolution and fatigue contributions based on an effective stress intensity factor Bowles and Schijve examine the corrosion-fatigue process in two aluminum alloys tested in the presence of 10 ppm water vapor They postulate that the process involves adsorption of water vapor, dissociation to produce free hydrogen, and subsequent surface migration to the crack tip Ewalds et al also studied an aluminum alloy in the presence of water vapor, to the extent it is present in their laboratory environment, focusing on crack closure studies that permit evaluation of closure effects in other environments Their results indicate that closure behavior is independent of en519 CopyrightCopyrightby 1983 Downloaded/printed University of ASTM Int'l (all rights www.astm.org by Washington (University of b y A S I M International reserved); Washington) Mon pursuant Dec 21 to 12:1 License 520 CORROSION FATIGUE vironment except for a small deviation ascribed to corrosion product wedging effects Ebara et al examine the corrosion fatigue of Ti-6AI-4V in NaCl solution to study the utility of this alloy in turbine-blading applications They conclude that over the range of parameters studied neither Cl~ ion nor dissolved oxygen influence this material's fatigue behavior The final paper with a mechanics focal point explores a statistical characterization of the surface of unnotched corrosion-fatigue samples Based on this analysis, Kitagawa et al conclude that pit formation depends on both the level of the cyclic stress as well as the time to failure Six papers focus on metallurgical and fractographic aspects of a broad range of materials Yoder et al report on the crack growth behavior of various microstructures developed in two titanium alloys tested in a 3.5% NaCl solution In contrast to the study reported by Ebara et al, Yoder et al show an environmental reduction in resistance to fatigue cracking Davis and Czyryca examine the crack growth rate behavior of a range of cathodically protected HY-lOO weldments tested in seawater Their data show weldment growth rates were considerably less than that of the base material, a trend explained in terms of residual stresses and other factors related to welding Lets et al examine the corrosion-fatigue initiation behavior of iron tested in a caustic environment under various conditions of controlled potential They postulate a model of the initiation process and conclude that surface reactions and degradation coupled with stress corrosion cracking control corrosion fatigue for the conditions they examined Santner and Kumar examined ST and TL orientations of ingot metallurgy 7075 and powder metallurgy X7091 aluminum alloys tested in aerated 3V2% NaCl solution The 7075 alloy showed a strong increase in growth rate in environment whereas the 7091 alloy did not, a result which they explain in terms of crack closure Shoji et al examine the crack growth behavior in a range of microstructures developed in a variety of pressure vessel steels tested in a simulated BWR environment They report that the growth rate is significantly increased in that environment compared with air, and conclude that growth rate also depends on the yield strength of the material The final paper with a metallurgical focus also addresses the crack growth rate behavior of a pressure vessel steel Torronen and Kemppainen present the results of a fractographic study on a group of specimens tested in a round robin which considered A533B steel tested in simulated PWR environments They postulate a hydrogen-assisted propagation mechanism and apply this model to explain the observed growth rate behavior A group of four papers explored the corrosion-fatigue process with particular emphasis on electrochemical considerations Scott reviews the subject of chemistry effects in corrosion fatigue, focusing primarily on the behavior of steels tested in salt (sea) water Trends in data developed in this system are identified and interpreted in light of the rate-controlling process Tumbull Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproduction SUMMARY 521 examines the influence of oxygen concentration in the crack in terms of a model which admits diffusion and forced convection due to cyclic loading He concludes that forced convection significantly enhances mass transportation of oxygen compared with the diffusion-only situation Congleton et al studied corrosion-fatigue crack initiation in a range of metals tested in 3.5% NaCl They observe initiation at slipbands and grain boundaries in aluminums and at inclusions in steels, and conclude that the growth of short cracks may be controlled by dissolution The final paper with an electrochemical emphasis explores crack growth rates in HY-130 steel as influenced by a range of mechanical and electrochemical parameters In the conclusion of their work, Fujii and Smith suggest that hydrogen is mvolved in the crack growth mechanism Sbc papers address the problems of corrosion fatigue in a more practical framework Bamford, in discussing structural design against corrosion fatigue, points out the complex interdisciplinary nature of the process and emphasizes the need for good data covering the range of parameters of practical concern He concludes, through reference to corrosion fatigue ui PWR applications, that much care must be taken in both the generation and use of corrosion-fatigue data Prater and Coffin discuss crack initiation design rules, also with reference to corrosion fatigue in high-temperature water environments They interpret their results in the context of ASME crack growth rate curves Applications of weathering steel are discussed by Albrecht, with particular reference to loss of initiation resistance due to pitting and increased propagation rates due to atmospheric corrosion fatigue He concludes that current AASHTO design code curves overestimate in-service performance of such steels The effects of variable-amplitude service loading on corrosion-fatigue behavior are explored by Booth with reference to welded steel joints tested in seawater The results presented indicate a decrease in performance due to the presence of a mean stress, but fail to show perceptible differences in behavior under freely corroding, intermittently immersed, and cathodically protected conditions Nerolich et al examined a similar class of problem, except their emphasis is on the effects of weld geometry under constant-amplitude conditions Results of this study show the strongly deleterious effect of weld toe undercutting, with most other geometric parameters having only a modest effect The final paper in this volume—the last paper prepared by B Floyd Brown—presents a review of the sometimes confusing effects of cathodic protection It is implied that much of this confusion arises from the possibly different effects of a given potential on the crack initiation and crack propagation stages of the corrosion-fatigue process This problem aside, data are assembled and reviewed, and trends are established for several classes of material The papers in this volume serve to clearly demonstrate the complexity of the corrosion-fatigue process and the need for interdisciplinary research and Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize 522 CORROSION FATIGUE communication Additionally, they provide a significant contribution of new data covering a broad range of material environment systems For these reasons this volume will serve as a valuable source of reference for both scientists and engineers T W Crooker Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.; symposium co-chairman and coeditor B N Lets Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio; symposium co-chairman and coeditor Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP801-EB/May 1983 Index B AASHTO specifications, 445, 459, 460 Aluminum alloys, 65, 96, 97, 103, 111, 112, 114, 116, 118-122, 124, 125, 128, 129, 133, 340, 509, 512-513 Crack propagation rates, 230-254 In sodium chloride solution, 368370, 376, 378-386 Aluminum bronze, 513 Aqueous environment, 7, 11-17, 201, 207, 321, 327, 331-333, 337, 338, 345, 367, 390, 401 Arsenite, effects, 68-70, 74-76 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section III, 433, 434, 435, 436, 438 Section XI, 266, 418 Appendix A, 288, 293, 304, 309 ASTM Metals Handbook, 199 ASTM Practice E 466, 208 ASTM Practice E 467, 208-209 ASTM Practice E 468, 209 ASTM Practice E 606, 208, 424 ASTM Specification A 242, 446-447 ASTM Specification D 1141, 391, 476 ASTM Test E 8, 160 ASTM Test E l l , 160 ASTM Test E 399, 28, 160, 234, 235 ASTM Test E 647, 7, 160, 168, 170 176, 180, 182, 194, 231, 234, 415, 416 Bending conditions, 38, 39 Blunting, 68, 72, 77, 78, 322, 334, 342, 346, 347, 349, 350, 386 Boiling water reactor (BWR) {see Reactor, boiling water) Branching, 24, 64, 68, 71, 72, 77, 78, 347 Calcareous deposits, 511, 512 Cathodic potential, 398, 400, 401 Cathodic protection, 321, 326, 327, 334, 336, 337, 352, 388, 484, 486, 488, 493, 506 Effects, 508-514 Of weldments, 175-195 Chemistry, effects, 6, 8-9, 13, 17, 319-343 Coatings, cathodic, 323 Compliance, 82-84 Copper alloys, 327 Corrosion Crevice, 91, 93 Environmental, 6, 82, 130, 160, 216, 223, 323, 334, 368, 406, 407,468,469,471 Fatigue cracking, 49-56 {see also Crack growth, Crack initiation) Free, 395-397, 401, 486, 488, 499, 503, 505, 506 Pits, 61, 137, 142, 143, 146-159 (see also Pitting) 523 CopyrightCopyright by ASTM1983 Int'l b(all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 y A S l M International "www.astiTi.org Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 524 CORROSION FATIGUE Products, 17, 244-246, 254, 270, 350, 352 Product wedging, 65, 70-72, 74, 76-79, 87, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94, 124, 128-131, 133, 249 Rates for structural steels, 446448 Resistance, 55, 58, 321-323, 330, 447, 448, 512 Surface, 147-159 Corrosive agents, 447 Crack advance, 108, 109, 112 {see also Crack growth) Incremental, 222 Crack arrest, 71, 72, 76, 77, 248, 493, 503 Crack closure, 65, 73, 74, 78, 87, 90, 94, 116-118, 120, 121, 123, 124, 128-133, 230, 231, 360, 364,511,512 Oxide effect, 21 Plasticity-induced, 91 Stress, 231,241,244-246, 254 Crack depth, 360, 361, 376-378, 510 {see also Crack size) Crack detection, 34-35 Crack growth, 6-8, 27, 319, 322, 331-343, 345, 346, 370, 375376,451,455,467,471 Brittle mode, 298, 309 By stress-assisted dissolution, 8194 Characteristics Long-term, 91-94 Steel weldments, 175-195 Threshold, 88-90 Environmentally enhanced, 9-11, 13,96-112,160,287-317,440 Hydrogen-induced, 314, 315, 317 In titanium alloy, 159-173 Mechanism, 102 Monitoring, 424, 427 Rate, 9, 10, 20, 86, 94, 180, 188194, 265-266, 268-275, 278, 282-285, 292-293, 351, 381, 384, 385, 454, 455, 467, 468, 479, 480, 509, 512, 513 Acceleration, 257, 267, 269273, 275, 277, 280, 282, 284 Cyclic (CCGR), 287 Environmental effects on, 390401 For engineering applications, 405-422 In aluminum alloy, 230-254 Retardation, 64-79, 128, 130, 194 Resistance, 171, 190, 195 Steel microstructure and strength effects on, 257-286 Surface-reaction-controlled, 14 Sustained-load, 12, 13, 17 Crack initiation, 6, 27, 28, 31-62, 148, 319, 324, 325, 345, 368, 370, 372, 378, 384-386, 451, 455, 466 Design rules, 424-443 In iron-caustic system, 197-227 Of structural steels, 27-62 Site, 147 Crack length, 37, 66, 67, 73, 78, 79, 82-84,99, 101, 102, 105, 112, 114, 118, 179, 181, 199, 200, 227, 234, 240, 241, 393 Crack morphology, 421 Crack nucleation, 372, 375, 376, 379, 383, 384, 388 Crack opening, 87, 88, 90 Crack opening angle (COA), 265269 Crack-opening displacement (COD), 65, 79, 161, 171, 179, 181, 235, 240-241, 386, 393 Crack propagation {see Crack growth) Crack size, 357, 502, 503 {see also Crack depth) Crack surface pattern, 125-127 Crack tip opening displacement, 306, 336, 349 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized INDEX Crack toughness Environmental effects, 268, 278 Reduction, 280, 282 Crack walls, displacement, 353, 355, 356 Cracking Acceleration, 202 Defined, Electrochemical aspects, 74-77 Environmentally assisted (EAC), 6-11, 13, 17, 23-25, 96-112, 197-200, 202, 203, 223-225 Environment-sensitive, 285 Hydrogen-induced, 199, 277, 280, 282, 283, 286, 397, 399, 401, 509 Intergranular, 216, 222, 224, 226, 277, 282, 283 Mechanical aspects, 73-74 Out-of-plane, 167-173 Oxygen concentration in, 351-365 Resistance, 273, 275 Secondary, 209, 211, 216, 222, 224 Sustained (static) load (SLC), 22, 202, 230 Cracks Nonpropagating, 51-54, 62, 502, 503 Partial-thickness, 34, 35 Creep, 200, 223, 225 Crystals, slip morphology, 378-384 Cyclic loading, 27, 154-155, 199, 201, 203, 390-392, 473 Cyclic-strain hardening, 47 D Damage accumulation, 200, 485-489 D-c potential drop method, 118 Decohesion, 21, 209 Deformation behavior, 200, 202, 222, 226 Plastic, 209, 249, 323 Slip, 379 525 Degradation, 215 Environmental, 56, 57 Material, 27, 48, 61 Surface, 200-202, 216, 220, 222, 225-227 Design stresses, weathering steel, 445-461, 463-471 Diffusion, stress-enhanced, E Elasticity, 9, 199 Elastic-stress concentration, 60, 62 Elber-type equations, 116-118, 120, 121-125, 128, 129, 131, 133 Electrochemical potential, 188 Electrochemistry, 314, 320-322, 339, 342, 343, 351, 352, 364, 391, 393, 398, 409 Corrosion fatigue, 367-389 Embrittlement, 98, 99, 101, 106, 201 Hydrogen, 8, 10, 22-25, 68, 70, 71, 90, 160, 165, 166, 275, 280, 314, 315, 317, 322, 324, 336, 338, 340, 342, 346, 349, 397, 513 Process, Endurance, corrosion-fatigue, 323330 Energy dispersive X-ray analysis, 204 Engineering application, 405-422 Environment {see also Aqueous environment; Saltwater environment; Seawater environment; Sodium chloride environment) Aggressive, 9, 10, 230, 245, 273, 285, 443 {see also Environment, corrosive; Saltwater environment; Seawater environment) Ambient air, 163, 164 Atmospheric, 363, 461, 465, 469 {see also Weathering) Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 526 CORROSION FATIGUE Chloride solution, 351, 352, 358 359 Corrosive, 6, 82, 130, 160, 216, 223, 323, 334, 368, 406, 407, 468, 469, 471 {see also Environment, aggressive) Effects of, 14, 20, 21, 24, %-112, 116-133, 167, 190, 195, 201, 225, 231, 244-245, 319-320, 343, 390-401, 408, 409, 413, 416, 429 {see also Cracking, environmentally assisted; Environment, enhancement of cracking) Enhancement of cracking, 287317, 347, 348-350 {see also Cracking, environmentally assisted: Environment, effects) Gaseous, 16, 17 Hydrogen sulfide, 11, 277, 336 Marine {see Saltwater environment; Seawater environment) Nitrogen, gaseous, 230, 231, 233, 238, 239, 247, 251 Reactive, 322, 330 Sodium chloride, 135-146, 368, 369-389 Water, high-temperature, 257286, 424-443 Failure, fatigue, 320 Site of, 480-481 Structural, 27 Fatigue, 198-199, 200-202 {see also Crack initiation; Crack growth; Cracking) Damage rate, 199 Life, %, 511, 513 Prediction, 424, 435, 438, 439, 441 Reduction, 504 Resistance, 202, 222-223, 224, 226, 436, 437, 467 Degradation of, 201 Of metals, 367 Of welds, 491-493 Strength, 47, 55, 58, 59, 81, 323 (see also Endurance, corrosion-fatigue) Fatigue Test Handbook of Metals, 136 Ferrous alloys {see Iron alloys) Film, protective oxide, 320, 322, 327, 339, 342, 366, 401 Flaws, behavior, 407-421 Fractography, 124-128, 209-222, 225-227, 242-246, 248-254, 270-271, 285, 287-317 Fracture, 319 Cleavage-like, 293, 299, 302, 304, 305, 314, 317 Intergranular, 22, 270, 271, 285 Micromechanisms, 23-25 Transcrystalline, 137, 143, 146 Fracture initiation site, 217, 220, 221 Fracture mechanics, 6-17, 286 Analysis, 481 Elastic-plastic, 269 Linear, 7, 9, 17 Linear elastic, 27, 35, 37, 52, 325, 334,355 Methodology, 71 Technology, 6-8 Fracture surface, brittle, 300-303 Morphology, 314 Fracture toughness, 247, 274 Elastic-plastic, 273 Environmental effects, 286 Plane strain, 161 Reduction, 275 Frequency Cyclic, 320, 332, 333, 336, 340, 342, 343 Effects, 14-16, 76-77, 159-173, 430, 431 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized INDEX 527 H M Highway bridge applications, 459461, 465, 467, 468 Humidity, effects of, 97, 98 Hydrogen, 8, 10, 20, 21, 105 (see also Cracking, hydrogen-induced; Embrittlement, hydrogen) At crack-tip, 23 Bulk, 114 Concentration, 106-107, 110 Content, 397-401 Diffusion, 20, 22, 23, 106, 107, 110, 114 Discharge, 509 Evolution reaction, 320, 322, 327, 338, 339 Interactions, 24-25 Penetration, 74, 98, 99, 101, 315 Production, 110-112 Hydrogen sulfide (see Environment, hydrogen sulfide) Macrobranching, 306, 308, 309 Manganese sulfide content, 298, 314, 315, 317 (see also Inclusions, manganese sulfide) Material-environment combination, 53, 56, 64, 198, 199, 200, 201, 411,413,418 Mechanical variables, 408 Metals, high-purity, 96 Metallurgical structure, 61 Metallurgical variables, 409, 413 Metallurgy, 8-9 Microcracking, 49, 50, 304, 309, 312-313, 380 Microstructure, effects, 159-173, 367389 Migration, surface, 108, 109 I Inclusions, 302, 303, 306, 309, 372, 373, 386, 413 Manganese sulfide, 314, 315, 317, 413 International Cooperative Group on Cyclic Crack Growth Rates (ICCGR) group, 287, 288, 293, 411,412 Intrusion sites, 379, 380, 384 Iron alloys, 106, 320 Dissolution, 321 Iron-caustic system, crack initiation in, 197-227 Joints, welded, 324, 327, 334, 511 (see also Weldments; Welds) Defects, 325, 327 Fatigue, 473-489 N NaCl solution (see Environment, sodium chloride; Saltwater environment) Nuclear reactor environment [see Pressure vessel, nuclear reactor; Reactor) O Offshore applications, 64-79 Offshore structures, 491, 493, 506, 508, 512 Open-circuit potential conditions, 216, 217-226 Overprotection, 511, 512, 513-514 Oxidation, 345, 346 Oxide closure effect, 24 Oxide rupture rate, 346, 348, 349 Oxides, 280, 426 (see also Film, protective oxide) Oxygen, dissolved, 76, 280, 292, 293, 298, 301, 314, 316, 322, 352 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 528 CORROSION FATIGUE Concentration, 339 Effects, 136, 142, 143, 146 Oxygen concentration in cracks, 351-365, 366 Oxygen reduction, 353, 365 Patina, protective, 447 Pitting, 200-202, 215, 225-227, 320, 322, 327, 334, 368, 370, 371, 373, 375, 376, 380, 384-386, 508-510, 513 (see also Corrosion, pits) Deptli, 148, 154, 155, 372, 374, 384 Etch, 216, 379, 383 Resistance, 323 Rust, 448, 451, 461, 463, 465, 471 Plastic collapse (see Fracture) Plastic zone, 106-107, 117, 129, 336, 397 Reversed, 247, 248 Plasticity, 47, 199-201 At high stress, 37, 38 Polarization, 207, 208, 226 Cathodic, 277, 280, 314, 320, 321, 327 Pressure, effects, 424, 425 Pressure vessels, nuclear reactor {see also Reactor) Environment, 257 Safety, 257, 275 Steels, 339, 407, 411-413, 418 Pressurized water reactor (PWR) (see Reactor, pressurized water) R Reactor Boiling water (BWR), 257, 258, 265-267, 269, 270, 275, 278-280, 285, 286, 314, 316 Pressure vessel, crack propagation, 287-317 Pressurized water (PWR), 257, 277, 280, 314-316, 339, 340, 409, 411-416 Retardation mechanism, 68-72 Rusting, 321, 508 (see also Pitting) Safety factors, 420 Salts, deicing, 447, 471 Saltwater environment, 27, 31, 39, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 56, 57, 61, 81, 85-94, 161, 164, 166, 168-171, 235, 238-241, 246, 250-252 {see also Aqueous environment; Environment, sodium chloride; Seawater environment) Schijve equations, 120-125, 128, 129, 131-133 Seawater environment, 64-79, 119, 121-124, 126, 128-130, 160, 181-195, 326, 327, 331, 333336, 447, 454, 456, 465, 467, 468, 478, 479, 481-484, 486, 488, 491-506, 510-513 (see also Aqueous environment; Environment, sodium chloride; Saltwater environment) Slip bands, 200, 323, 378, 379, 382 Persistent, 198, 201, 202, 225, 330, 379, 380, 383-386 Slip decohesion process, 21 Sodium chloride solution (see Environment, sodium chloride) Spectral analysis, 151-153, 157-158 Steel Aqueous environment, effects on, 11-17, 23, 368-377, 384388, 390-401 Austenitic, 330, 339 Constructional, 368-377, 384-388 Corrosion fatigue strength, 11-17, 142 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized INDEX Crack growth retardation, 64-79 Ferritic, 302, 330, 332, 333, 336, 338, 339 Ferritic-pearlite, 51 High-strength, 11, 13, 16, 17, 20, 331, 332 Hydrogen embrittlement in, 324, 340 High-tension, 83 Linepipe, 511-512 Low-alloy, 257-286 Martensitic, 49, 61, 90 Microstructure effects, 257-286 Piping, 425-443 Strength, 257-286 Structural, 64, 65, 149, 332, 333 Corrosion fatigue strength, 150 Corrosion rates, 446-448 Crack initiation, 27-62 In chloride solution, 351, 352, 358, 359 Offshore, 473 Pitting, 508, 509, 511-512 Weathering design stresses, 445461, 463-471 Threshold characteristics, 81-94 Welded joint fatigue, 473-489 Welded structural, 491-506 Strain Backface (BFS), 66, 67, 70-71, 72-74, 79 Local rate, 199-201,227 Plastic, 198, 369 Strain cycle fatigue, 38 Strain-hardening index, 38, 61 Strain rate, crack-tip, 340-342, 347349,386,387,411 Strength Corrosion fatigue (see Fatigue, strength) Material, 37 Tensile yield, 247 Stress, 201, 202 Analysis, 35-38 529 Closure, 231, 241, 244, 245, 246, 254 Crack-opening, 116 Cyclic, 6, 37-39, 42, 57, 59, 62, 90, 94, 148, 153-154, 156, 323, 332 Design, 225 Effects, 391,479, 481-485 Elastic, 53 Elastic-plastic, 42 Range, 450, 451, 454-456, 458461, 463, 464, 466, 468, 470 Residual, 28, 40, 190, 191, 192, 194 Static, 384 Tensile, 118 Welded steel joints, 473-476, 485 Welding, 334 Stress-assisted dissolution, 81-94 Stress concentration Elastic, 492, 493, 506 Weld toe, 494-497, 498, 499, 501, 503-505 Stress-concentration factor, 35, 136, 137, 142, 143, 146, 427, 433, 434, 439, 442 Stress corrosion, 197, 340 Stress corrosion cracking (SCC), 10, 21, 27, 160, 161, 169, 199, 200, 202, 208, 211-215, 223- 227, 309, 331, 338, 351, 409 Growth resistance, 170 Hydrogen-related, 171-172 Mechanism, 114 Properties, 391-392, 394, 400 Resistance, 230 Time-dependent, 257 Transgranular, 302 Stress intensity, 22, 117, 128-131, 170-171, 240, 248, 249 Crack-tip, 179, 180, 182, 183, 188-191, 194,368 Cyclic, 230, 231, 236, 241, 242, 247, 254, 292 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 530 CORROSION FATIGUE Factor, 7, 65, 67, 86, 107, 211, 258, 265, 285, 331, 332, 355, 364, 391, 392, 394, 406, 413 Range, 430, 440, 509 Striations, 21, 124, 137, 146, 209, 215, 216 Brittle, 277, 293, 298, 299, 302, 304-306, 309, 311, 314, 317 Ductile, 209, 211, 270, 277, 285, 293, 298, 299, 302, 304, 306, 309-311 Formation, 98-102, 104, 105, 109, 110, 112 Spacing, 291, 306 Structural failures, 197, 408 Structural integrity, 405, 420 Structural irregularities, 491 Sulfide stress cracking, 199 Sulfur content effects, 293, 298, 301, 414, 415 Surface corrosion, irregular, 147-159 Surface degradation, environmental, 200, 201-202, 220, 222, 225227 Temperature, effects, 14, 15, 391, 409,424 Tests Constant-amplitude fatigue, 116, 118,133,235,487 Constant extension rate (CERT), 208, 226 Constant-frequency, 170, 173 Constant immersion, 235 Corrosion fatigue 136, 137, 139, 143, 147-150, 153, 160, 258, 264, 265, 275, 277, 284, 285, 369, 376, 385, 386 Crack growth, 83-86 Fatigue, 448-450, 452-453, 456, 479-480, 493 Fatigue crack growth, 180, 183 Fracture mechanics, 170, 172, 257,264 High-strain, low-cycle fatigue, 370 Rotating-bending, 136, 139, 141, 143 Single-specimen alternating frequency, 167, 169 Slow strain rate (SSRT), 211, 215, 226, 258, 264-269, 271, 273, 275, 277, 280-282, 284-286 Stress, 34 Tension, 370, 387 Ultrasonic high-frequency fatigue, 136, 139, 140, 143 Weld metal, 179 Thickness, effects, 116-133 Thickness-environment combination, 116-117 Time, effects, 154-155, 409 Titanium alloys, 327, 513 Applications, 135 Corrosion-fatigue behavior, 135146 Crack growth, 159-173 Environmental sensitivity, 160 Fatigue strength, 136, 137, 142, 143, 146 Naval applications, 159 Turbine blade, 135, 136, 143 U Undercutting, weld, 498-503, 506 W Water vapor effects, 11-14, 16, 20, 98, 99, 101, 104, 105, 110, 112 Weathering, design stresses for, 445461, 463-471 Weld defects, 459, 491, 493, 499, 501, 502 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized INDEX Weld profile, 491-506 Welded joints {see Joints, welded) Weldments, steel, 443, 466, 471, 491-506 Crack growth characteristics, 175195 Fatigue, 473-489 Improvement method, 326 531 Metallurgical variations, 192 Protection, 175-195 Welds, fillet, 448, 449, 459, 463 Yield strength, influence, 42, 272282, 285 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 12:12:01 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized