THERMAL INSULATION, MATERIALS, AND SYSTEMS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION IN THE '80s A conference sponsored by ASTM Committee C-16 on Thermal Insulation and DOE-ORNL Clearwater Beach, Fla., 8-11 Dec 1981 ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 789 F A Govan, Ziel-Blossom & Associates, D M Greason, Dow Chemical USA, and J D McAllister, American Electric Power Service Corporation, editors ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) 04-789000-10 m 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa 19103 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 21:04:40 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Copyright © by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1983 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 82-70616 NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication Printed in Baltimore, Md (a) Jaiiuar>' 1983 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 21:04:40 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions Foreword The Conference on Thermal Insulation, Materials, and Systems for Energy Conservation in the '80s was held 8-11 December 1981 in Clearwater Beach, Florida ASTM Committee C-16 on Thermal Insulation sponsored the conference in cooperation with the Department of Energy and Oak Ridge National Laboratory A list of the Conference Steering Committee and the Session Chairmen will be found in the Introduction F A Govan, Ziel-Blossom & Associates, was Conference Chairman; J D McAllister, American Electric Power Service Corporation, Conference Co-Chairman; D M Greason, Dow Chemical USA, Conference Vice Chairman—Technical Program; and T S Lundy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Conference Vice Chairman—Arrangements Messrs Govan, Greason, and McAllister have edited this publication Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 21:04:40 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Related ASTM Publications Thermal Insulation Performance, STP 718 (1980), 04-718000-10 Thermal Transmission Measurements of Insulation, STP 660 (1979), 04-660000-10 Thermal Insulations in the Petrochemical Industry, STP 581 (1975), 04-581000-10 Heat Transmission Measurements in Thermal Insulations, STP 544 (1974), 04-544000-10 Part 18 of the ASTM Book of Standards—Thermal Insulation; Building Seals and Sealants; Fire Standards; Building Constructions; Environmental Acoustics, 01-018082-10 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 21:04:40 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers This publication is made possible by the authors and, also, the unheralded efforts of the reviewers This body of technical experts whose dedication, sacrifice of time and effort, and collective wisdom in reviewing the papers must be acknowledged The quality level of ASTM publications is a direct function of their respected opinions On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with appreciation their contribution ASTM Committee Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant on to Publications 21:04:40 License EST 2016 Agreement No further ASTM Editorial Staff Janet R Schroeder Kathleen A Greene Rosemary Horstman Helen M Hoersch Helen P Mahy Allan S Kleinberg Virginia M Barishek Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 21:04:40 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Contents Introduction Welcoming Remarlts F A GOVAN MAXINE SAVITZ 7 J G O'GRADY 10 FEDERAL AND STATE ENERGY PROGRAMS The National Program Plan for the Thermal Performance of Boilding Envelope Systems and Materials— p R ACHENBACH AND E C FREEMAN, JR 19 Innovative Building Insulation Systems: Code Acceptance, Standards, and Laboratory Accreditation Practices in Massachusetts—L C TARTAGLIONE AND D C MACARTNEY 35 Implementation and Enforcement of Residential Energy Conservation Standards—The California Experience—ROBERT FEINBAUM AND EARL RUBY 52 Home Insulation; The User's View—V^LLETT KEMPTON, PETER G L A D H A R T , AND DENNIS KEEFE 69 Session Summary: Federal and State Energy Programs— E C FREEMAN, JR 81 INSULATION SAFETY AND HEALTH ISSUES Tackling Safety and Health Issues in the Use of Thermal Insulation—p M LANCER Efficient Application of Boron Fire Retardant to Cellulosic Loose-Fill Insulation—T H WEGNER AND C A HOLMES Aspects of Corrosion Testing of Thermal-Insulating Materials— K G S H E P P A R D A N D R WEIL 85 100 114 Health Aspects of Man-Made Vitreous Fiber Insulations— C L SHECKLER 133 Indoor Air Pollution, Energy Conservation, and the Use of Building Materials—DAVID LORD 138 Session Summary: Insulation Safety and Health Issues— J M BARNHART Copyright Downloaded/printed University 146 by by of ECONOMIC EVALUATION Total Energy Costs of Building Constraction and Operation— Y C WONG AND H I SAUER, JR 149 Study Periods and Energy Price Escalation Rates—Important Factors in the Economic Evaluation of Insulation Systems—R J ALBRECHT 161 Life-Cycle Cost Economic Optimization of Insulation, Infiltration, and Solar Aperture in Energy-Efficient Houses— D A ROBINSON 176 Engineering and Economic Evaluation of a Commercial Roof/Insulation Retrofit—B E WOLLER Session Summary: Economic Evaluation—R L BAUMGARDNER 189 202 THERMAL TESTING APPARATUS Development of a Testing Procedure for a Guarded Hot Box Facility—R D OHLANDI, J W HOWANSKI, G D DERDERLAN, AND L S SHU 205 Design and Calibration of a Rotatable Thermal Test Facility— W p GOSS AND AHMET OLPAK 215 Flanking Loss Calibration for a Calibrated Hot Box— A G LAVINE, J L RUCKER, AND K E WILKES 234 Design of Round-Robin Tests with Guarded/Calibrated Hot Boxes, Guarded Hot Plates, and Heat Flow Meters— F I POViTLL AND E L BALES 248 Design and Construction of a Full-Thickness Guarded Hot Plate Test System—D A MESSMER Comments on Calibration and Design of a Heat Flow Meter— M BOMBERG AND K R SOLVASON 265 277 Effect of Mounting on the Performance of Surface Heat Flow Meters Used to Evaluate Building Heat Losses— R E WRIGHT, JR., A G KANTSIOS, AND W C HENLEY Session Summary: Thermal Testing Apparatus—c M PELANNE 293 318 FIELD AND LABORATORY TESTING OF BUILDING COMPONENTS Thermographic Inspection of Cavity-Wall Insulation Retrofits— R A GROT AND YUI-MAY L CHANG 321 Residential Sidewall Insulation Case Histories, Including Experiences and Problems in the Field Application of Loose Fill—L J INFANTE, P F ALLER, AND R E FAY Simplified Thermal Parameters: A Model of the Dynamic Performance of Walls—M H SHERMAN, J W ADAMS, AND R c SONDEREGGER Copyright Downloaded/printed University 337 355 by by of Thermal Resistances of Insulated Brick Veneer Walls with Reflective and Nonreflective Air Spaces—A G CONTRERAS AND A I PALFEY 373 Thermal Performance of Insulated Metal Building Roof Deck Constructions—R G MILLER AND M SHERMAN 384 Thermal Testing of Roof Systems—D C LARSON AND R D CORNELIUSSEN 400 Glass Fiber as a Draining Insulation System for the Exterior of Basement Walk—p c DEACON Thermal Performance of Various Insulations in Below-Earth-Grade Perimeter Application—G OVSTAAS, S SMITH, w STRZEPEK, AND G TITLEY 413 435 Comparison of Annual Heating Loads for Various Basement Wall Insulation Strategies by Using Transient and Steady-State M o d e l s — p H SHIPP AND T B BRODERICK 455 Session Summary: Field and Laboratory Testing of Building Components—E L BALES 474 CONVECTION AND Am INFILTRATION EFFECTS Thermal Transmittance and Conductance of Roof Constructions Incorporating Fibrous Insulation—B E TAYLOR AND A I PHILLIPS 479 Investigation of Attic Insulation Effectiveness by Using Actual Energy Consumption Data—T F SCANLAN, C K BAYNE, A N D D R JOHNSON 502 New and Retrofit Insulation of Single-Member Cathedral Ceiling, A-Frame, and Flat Residential Roofs—HENRI DE MARNE Effect of Air Movement on Thermal Resistance of Loose-Fill Thermal Insulations—D W YARBROUGH AND I A TOOR 516 529 Effectiveness of Wall Insulation—G D SCHUYLER AND K R S O L V A S O N 542 Energy Conservation with Air Infiltration Barriers—G N HENNING Session Summaiy: Convection and Air Infiltration Effects— F J POWELL 551 559 MOISTURE EFFECTS Influence of Moisture on Heat Transfer Throng FibrousInsulating Materials—c LANGLAIS, M HYRIEN, AND s KLARSFELD 563 Heat and Moisture Transfer in a Glass Fiber Roof-Insulating Material—w c THOMAS, G P BAL, AND R J ONEGA Copyright by Downloaded/printed University of ASTM Int'l 582 (all rights by Washington (University of Wash 880 THERMAL INSULATION, MATERIALS, AND SYSTEMS ment—that is, initiating and subsidizing energy conservation programs in the private sector rather than the government—will result in a major change in direction of the insulation industry Funding of new projects will again stem primarily from private industry rather than the federal government Selection of projects will probably be highly specific and based on profit motive rather than being aimed at broadly based general programs These specific projects will be preconceived as cost-effective and directed towards filling an immediate need rather than being part of a long-term, comprehensive, nation-wide program The conference papers on various health and safety parameters of some types of insulation reflect the continuing concern of the industry, which has been stimulated in recent years by a strong consumer movement and government reaction to that consumer pressure Tax-subsidized, residential insulation retrofit programs have increased homeowners' awareness of insulation This increased awareness, coupled with the history of asbestos-containing insulations, has made consumers question, in greater depth, the health and safety aspects of insulation installed in their homes and public buildings The work reported on the application of boron-based fire retardants to cellulosic insulations is the marketplace response to fire safety questions raised by consumer groups and competitive product manufacturers Also a marketplace response is a review by Sheckler of the health aspects of man-made vitreous fibers, a concern resulting from their superficial similarity to asbestos fibers Conclusions to date appear to confirm that carcinogenic risk from glass and mineral wool fibers is either nonexistent or extremely low Questions have been asked about the influence of indoor air pollution on human morbidity There are indications that, in some cases, reducing convective heat transfer by minimizing fresh air infiltration results in unhealthy levels of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, radon, and, in some instances, formaldehyde The problems have not been fully quantified, but if future developments indicate the need, air-cleaning equipment and air-to-air heat exchangers can reduce the hazard The three-to-eight-fold increase in the cost of energy in this decade has given rise to all manner of economic evaluation methods for energy-consuming systems Four papers on this topic were presented at the conference Wong and Sauer looked at the energy dost of various building materials, combined those materials into several different building-design systems, and then compared the systems on a total material energy-operating energy cost basis The energy costs for the prototype building varied by a factor of six to one, with frame construction being the most energy economic of the systems evaluated Albrecht reported on the sensitivity of the cost-effectiveness of an investment in insulation to the time period studied and the escalation rate applied to the cost of energy It is quite apparent that, as with all such economic Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 21:04:40 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions author SUMMARY 881 analyses, the bottom line is decisively affected by the initial values chosen Albrecht has defined that impact A method of evaluating life cycle costs to optimize insulation levels, air infiltration roles, and solar aperture effects of glazing of residential structures in Wisconsin and New Mexico was presented by Robinson The method appears to agree with guidelines developed elsewhere for energy-efficient design of houses Finally, Woller discussed the performance results of retrofitting insulation on an existing roof and the economic evaluation techniques used to decide which of several retrofit procedures was most favorable Increasing use of thermography in conjunction with field studies of energy consumption for heating and cooling continues to highlight the impact of faulty insulation installation on energy loss The papers presented here further define both the strengths and limitations of the thermographic analysis methods used As awareness of the methods increases, there will be increasing pressure applied to the msulation contractor for improved erection performance and to the design engineer or architect for post-erection inspection and performance qualification Work has continued in performance testing of various building components and systems both in the field and on a laboratory basis Laboratory test equipment has gotten larger, more sophisticated, and more versatile over the years Field-performance evaluation techniques are still limited by the high degree of variability in environmental factors and the limited, and thus perhaps nonrepresentative, test areas used for evaluation Even in field testing, however, improvements have been made It has been long recognized that the presence of moisture in insulation results in reduced insulation performance, and the presentations at this conference further define the performance reduction Of great interest is the report by Tobiasson et al that in some compact roof insulation systems, even cross-ventilation will not dry out wet insulation This is contrary to the general belief that if adequate ventilation is provided any condensate occurring in roof insulation during cold periods will be revaporized and driven off in the summer time Tye and Desjarlais reported that the physical and thermal changes that occur in insulation materials in service can result in actual thermal performance less than that anticipated by the designer Those materials that undergo phase change usually exhibit linear or volumetric shrinkage which opens up cracks at the joints between insulation pieces Changes can also occur in thermal conductance as a result of phase changes These factors should be recognized by the designer and allowances made for the reduction in performance that will result The changes that occur in the insulation system during use were further addressed by Saatdjian et al, who presented some definitive data on binder burnout of fibrous type insulations Kusuda and Ellis discussed the boiling damage that underground insulation systems can experience Rogus re- Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 21:04:40 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions 882 THERMAL INSULATION, MATERIALS, AND SYSTEMS ported on work done by the Navy directed towards reducing shipboard heat stress levels Design calculations of heat transfer through insulation systems of several types were looked at by Sullivan, who addressed piping-systems performance tests of mass-type insulations as compared with straight mathematical treatment, to develop a computer program that will predict the effects on the system of varying materials, pipe sizes, supports, and operating temperatures Allmon et al investigated a reflective-type insulation system in a similar manner in order to verify a mathematical analysis The correlation was good Marks, in a comprehensive paper, reviewed the materials available and the use conditions to be considered in effective application of insulation system protective coverings and coatings The report by Charter on computerized, finite-difference thermal analysis of a preformed insulating panel system illustrates that the use of computerized thermal analysis for design evaluation has come of age and promises to be a most useful tool for researchers, designers, and engineers Its use as a primary method of evaluating existing system designs and proposed improvements to those designs, or of generating new system designs, is limited only by the ingenuity of the user In summary, we have insulation materials available, the performances of which are reasonably predictable under known field end-use conditions, and we have computerized methods of performance prediction when those materials are combined in an insulation system We have quantitative methods (hot boxes) to evaluate insulation systems in the laboratory, and qualitative methods (thennography) to check such systems when field installed The area now worthy of concentrated attention appears to be maximization of cost effective "as-installed" performance; that is to say, improvement of system design by computer analysis, development of quantitative field performance evaluation methods, and reduction of installer/erector-caused system deficiencies Consumer/user reaction to rising energy prices will force improved performance by these and other approaches JF A Govan Vice President of Professional Services, Ziel-Blossom & Associates, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio; conference chairman and editor D M Greason Research Leader, Foam Products TS&D, Dow Chemical USA, Granville, Ohio; conference vice chairman - Technical Program and editor J D McAllister Senior Insulation Engineer, American Electric Power Service Corporation, New York, N.Y.; conference co-chairman and editor Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 21:04:40 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions auth STP789-EB/Jan 1983 Index Aesthetic considerations, 517 A-frames, 517-528 Aging, 25, 30 Rigid urethane foam insulation, 689-701 Air barriers, 550, 551-558 Air-cleaning devices, 142, 144 Air conditioning, 199, 345 Air flow, convective, 845, 847, 850, 852, 854-855 Air gaps, effects, 782-787 Air infiltration, 22-26, 29, 141, 143, 144, 177-187, 551-558 Elimination, 240 Air leakage, 23, 26, 32, 220, 322, 323, 325, 326, 328-330, 334, 336, 357, 655, 659 Air movement, 482-483, 493, 494500,867 Effect on thermal resistance, 529540 Air pollution {see also Air quality) California requirements, 62 Indoor, 138-144 Air quality, indoor, 22, 23, 26, 28 Air spaces, thermal resistance, 373383 Aluminosilicate fiber, 736, 737, 738, 742 Aluminum Foil, 824, 826, 830-832, 836, 837, 858, 861, 862 Jacketing, 750-752 Anisotropy, 739, 747 Asbestos Health hazards, 134-136, 803, 804 In ceiling tiles, 140 In heating systems, 228 In insulation, 822, 823, 826, 832, 833, 836, 837 ASHRAE, 658 Energy conservation standards, 23, 24 Handbook of Fundamentals, 342, 353, 366, 374, 380, 383, 472, 508, 515 1980 Systems Handbook, 507 Zone Method, 384, 393-396, 398, 399 Asphalt, roofs, 190, 191, 193, 195 ASTM Committee C-16 on Thermal Insulation, 117, 249 ASTM Definitions C 634, 356 ASTM Practice C 680, 794, 860, 863 ASTM Proposed Test Method for the Thermal Performance of Building Assemblies by Means of a Calibrated Hot Box, 24, 28 ASTM Specification C 533, 738 ASTM Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal Measurement, 22, 250 Round-robin tests, 257-258 ASTM Test C 167, 737 ASTM Tests C 177, 30-31, 206, 240, 256, 257, 265, 268, 274, 275, 340, 401, 563, 735 883 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 21:04:40 EST 2016 Copyright 1983 b y A S T M International www.astni.org Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 884 THERMAL INSULATION, MATERIALS, AND SYSTEMS ASTM Test C 236, 206, 209, 211, Binder decomposition, 757-777 213, 249, 340, 374, 386, 392, Brick veneer, 418, 431 396, 480, 554 British Standard 874:1973, 480 ASTM Test C 335, 735, 779, 805, 834 Bonding agents, performance, 307, ASTM Test C 518, 31, 104, 206, 240, 309-312 256, 257, 277, 340, 401, 408, Boron fire retardants (see also Fire re563 tardants), 115, 116, 119, 123, ASTM Test C 691, 735, 853-854 125, 127, 128 ASTM T e s t e 739, 115-117 Building code changes, California, 53 ASTM Test C 1004, 193 Building components, 218 ASTM Test C 1622, 668 Energy costs, 152-154, 156, 158 ASTM Test ID 4882, 193 Building construction ASTM Test E 84, 38, 89-90, 756 Energy costs, 149-160 ASTM Test E 96, 629, 655, 656 Standards, 36, 37 ASTM Test E 104, 668 Building envelope, 322, 323 ASTM Test E 408, 379 Components, 359, 360, 361, 363 ASTM Test E 648, 103 Design, 185, 187, 722, 728 ASTM Test for Thermal Performance Deterioration, 725 of Building Assemblies by Energy conservation methods for, Means of a Calibrated Hot 31-34 Box, 240 Heat flow, 234 Attics Heat loss, 456, 457 Apparatus, 552 Permeability, 634, 637, 638 Condensation in winter, 23 Systems, 19-22 Conduction temperatures, 24 Thermal-insulating materials, 114 Insulation, 70-72, 74, 322, 330, Building industry, 20, 55 333, 334, 529, 530 Building insulation systems, innovaEffectiveness, 502-515 tive, 35-51 Floors, 90 Building load analysis, 177-179, 186, Loose-filled, 705, 706, 709, 710 187 Tests, 555-556 Building operation Ventilation, 64, 626 Energy costs, 149-160 Building materials, 23-26 Products approval, 38-43 B Thermal performance, 19-22, 249, 250 Basements Exterior walls insulation, 413-434 Thermal properties, 480-482 Wall insulation strategies, 455-473 Building-soil interactions, 458, 461, Batt insulation, 325, 329, 330 473 Below-earth-grade perimeter application, thermal performance, 435-453 Bid proposal evaluation method, Calcium silicate, 738, 739, 746, 747, 7%-801 781, 783, 784, 786-789, 790,' Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 21:04:40 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize INDEX 792, 793, 803, 804, 815, 816, 818, 821, 822, 824, 826, 831835, 837 California Building Industry Association (CBIA), 55, 66 California Building Officials, 56 California Energy Commission (CEC), 53-68 Canada, government insulation standards, 117 Canadian National Building Code, 422, 424 Cancerrisk, 86, 87;95, 98 Formaldehyde release, 92 Respiratory, 435 Caulking, 200, 220, 322 Silicone rubber, 255 Ceiling insulation, 325-327, 328-331, 333-335 Air leakage, 26 Energy regulation, 66 Loose-filled, 62, 63 Tile, 191 Single-member cathedral, 516528 Standards, 54 Thermal performance, 22 Cellulosic insulation, 24, 25, 30, 62, 64, 67, 116-131, 482, 490, 493, 500, 530, 532-534, 536, 539 Boron fire-retardant application, 100-112 Corrosion testing, 119-131 Loose-filled, 705-710, 712, 713, 322-324, 330 Safety standards, 86, 88-91 Clay brick, 722, 723, 724, 725, 727, 728 Clean Air Act, 138, 144 Cold-side chamber, 218, 219, 221226, 231 Community Services Administration (CSA), 321 885 Concrete, 31, 36 Condensation, 23, 577, 641, 643, 659 Effects, 122 Conduit-type underground heat distribution systems, 802-818 Construction materials, energy costs, 155 Construction Materials Safety Board (CMSB), 36-39, 40 Construction practices, 31 Construction regulations, 39-40 Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA), 86 Consumer Product Safety Commission, 85-88 Standard for Cellulosic Insulation, 101, 103 Use of insulation, 25 Cooling systems, 54, 62, 63 Corrosion, 25, 26, 30, 91, 421, 423, 628 Protection from, 752, 753, 754 Rates, 115-118, 121, 123, 125, 127-131 Resistance, 31, 101,270 Tests, 117-118 Cryogenic insulation, 749-756 D Degradation, 548, 603, 752 Of thermal performance, 493, 500, 503, 504, 747, 784 Of UFF, 666, 667, 673, 676, 677, 680, 682, 683, 685, 686 Density, 25, 30, 253, 256, 706, 707, 709-713 Effects on fire resistance, 107, 109, 110 Sidewalls, 340 Diffusion barriers, 689, 700 Durability, insulation, 725-729 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 21:04:40 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 886 THERMAL INSULATION, MATERIALS, AND SYSTEMS E Economic considerations {see also Economic evaluation, Energy costs, Energy price escalation rates), 21 Economic evaluation of roof/insulation retrofit, 189-201 Electrical distribution systems, 26 Energy Conservation, 23, 26, 29, 31, 32, 36, 149, 150, 190, 248-249, 529, 542, 733, 734, 778, 779 Air infiltration barriers, 551-558 Cost-effectiveness, 23-24 Costs, 67-68 Indoor air pollution, 138-144 Standards, 52-68 Technology, 20, 27-28, 30, 32 Consumption, 198, 199, 502-515, 525,555,556,811 Costs, 40, 76-79, 100, 162, 179182, 436, 455 Of building construction and operation, 149-160 Energy Act of 1977, 734 Energy, Department of, 89, 667, 734 Energy performance standards, 24 National Program for Building Thermal Envelope Systems and Insulating Materials, 114 ORNL Committee, 20, 21, 34 Residential Conservation Services Program, 23, 24 Energy-efficient buildings, 20, 21, 28,464 Design and construction, 21, 22, 26 Infiltration, 177-187 Reduction of energy losses, 23 Energy price escalation rates, 162174 Energy programs California, 52-68 Massachusetts Building Code, 3551 Michigan, 69-80 National Program Plan, 19-34 Energy regulations, 53-55 Compliance, 60-61, 66-67 Enforcements, 60 Energy savings, 163-174, 554, 555, 557 Energy shortage, 25, 52 Energy standards, building officials' response, 54-66 Engineering evaluation of roof/insulation retrofit, 189-201 Envelope thermal test unit (ETTU), 356, 357-359 366 Environmental conditions, 742-743, 745 Health hazard studies, 137 EPS roof, 402, 405, 409, 410, 412 Ethylene-propylenediene monomer rubber (EPDM), 402, 404, 406, 408, 409, 629, 638 Federal Specification for Insulation (GSA HH-1515D), 704 Federal Specification HH-I-515D, 101, 103, 104 Fiberboard, 25 Fiberglass insulation, 191, 528, 533, 537, 554, 555 Batt, 387, 388, 391,392, 395 Boards, 252, 253, 255-258, 390, 392 Loose-fill, 337-353, 705-710, 712, 713 Wood, 651, 652 Fibrous insulation, 517, 518, 544, 548, 607-617, 622-624, 847, 850, 852,853 Glass, 628-630, 634-637 Health effects, 86, 87, 135-137 Heat transfer, 563-580 Roof constructions, 479-501 Fire performance (see also Flame re- Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 21:04:40 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized INDEX sistance, Flame spread performance, Smoldering combustion) Insulation materials, 90-91 Properties, 25, 30 Protection, 31, 36, 101, 228, 751756 Retardants, 116 Additives, 115, 119, 123, 493 Boron, 100-112 Chemical, 25 Risk, 86-89 Flame resistance, 89-90 Tests, 91 Flame spread performance, 103, 104-106, 112 Flanking loss, 235-247, 380 Floors, thermal performance, 22, 26 Foam insulation Conductance, 691, 692, 694, 695, 696, 697, 700 Density, 691, 697, 698 Plastic, 436, 439, 445, 446, 652 Formaldehyde, 139 Emission, 25, 92, 93, 94, 666, 678, 686 Freeze-thaw cycle, 436, 725, 726, 755 Damage, 616 Deterioration, 628 Effects, 25 Freon-filled foam, 694, 695, 697 Frost, 435, 436, 603 Fuel In construction, 150 Shortage, 20, 70, 74 Solid, 40, 41, 43 General Services Administration HH-I-515D Test, 116, 117, 11^-125, 127, 129 Glasscloth, 827, 831,832 Glass-fiber insulation (see also Fiberglass insulation Fibrous insu- 887 lation Glass wool), 116, 117, 124, 125, 288, 604-605, 608615, 620, 623, 645, 780, 782, 783, 786-788 792, 793, 858, 861-862 Basement, 413-434 Cellular, 25 High-density, 278, 281-284 Low-density, 281-284, 289, 290 Reinforced plastic (GRP), 235, 237, 238, 240, 244, 246-247 Glass fiber materials, corrosion testing, 121-125, 130, 131 Glass-mica composite, 715-729 Glass wool, 770, 772, 777 H Health effects, 38 Formaldehyde, 666 Indoor air pollution, 138-144 Thermal insulation, 85-98 Vitreous fiber insulation, 134-137 Health hazards, 29 Occupational, 134, 135, 137 Health standards, 64 Heat Distribution, 29, 802-818 Flow, 205, 206, 208, 209, 211, 213, 236-239, 242, 244, 246, 247, 385, 392, 415, 416, 420, 493495, 564, 568, 603, 605, 606, 609, 616, 618, 619, 622, 624, 690, 691, 841, 843-845, 853 Meters, 249, 255-257, 260-264, 277-291, 293-316, 441, 442, 563, 607, 610-612 Rate, 266, 276 Sensors, 294-296, 299, 301-305, 307-313, 315-316, 400, 401, 404-406, 408-412 Through-building envelope, 234, 234,235 Flux, 280, 281, 283, 285 304-307, 310, 311, 314-315, 355-359, Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 21:04:40 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions autho 888 THERMAL INSULATION, MATERIALS, AND SYSTEMS 361, 364, 366, 368-371 418, 419, 434, 468-470, 529, 533, 536-539, 587, 588, 645, 858, 860, 862, 863, 869-871 Loss, 254, 288, 322, 323, 325, 330, 333-336, 342, 344, 346-348, 357, 391, 436, 591, 779, 782, 784, 788, 790, 793-795, 804, 805, 809-814, 818, 833, 834, 837, 860, 863, 864, 873 Basement, 414-418, 420, 424, 427-429, 433, 434, 455-459, 461-467, 470-473 Evaluation of, 294-316 Measurements, 840-856 Minimizing, 504, 505, 857, 858 Prevention, 199, 201 Roofs, 521 Walls, 551-555 Storage, 641 Stress reduction on naval ships, 819-838 Transfer, 190, 191, 217-220, 231233, 273, 313, 315, 461, 470, 471, 483-485, 488, 494, 495, 530, 539, 540, 543-545, 606, 689, 690-696, 807, 812, 815, 817 Conductive, 209 In glass fiber roof insulation, 583-601 Moisture effects, 563-580 Radiation, 373, 374, 377, 378, 380 Rates, 867, 869 Heating, 190, 191, 199, 200 Annual loads, 455-473 Costs, 342, 344, 345 Electric, 217, 220, 227-228, 357, 376, 807, 809-812 Solar, 30, 31 Space, 177, 179,321,322,503 Systems, 23, 54, 59, 62, 64, 66, 88 HEATING 5, 860, 862, 864, 865, 868, 870, 871, 873 HH-I-1030A, 116, 117 Highway roadbeds, 436 Frost penetration, 435 Home Builders Research Foundation, National Association of, 704-705 Home insulation, 69-79 Hot boxes, 22, 355-357 Calibrated, 234-247, 249-253, 374376, 380, 381 Guarded, 249, 251-252, 254-257 Testing procedure, 205-213, 340, 353, 384-386, 395, % Tests, 248-255, 546 Hot guard chambers, 485, 487-488, 490,500 Hot plate experiments, 259-264, 278, 279, 770-775 Test system, 265-276 Hot-side chambers, 218, 219-221, 226, 229, 231 Housing production, California, 63 Humidity, 25, 26, 30, 649 Corrosion, 116 Cycling, 703, 705 Effects on UFF insulations, 665686 Severe conditions, 121, 122 HVAC systems, 58, 59, 64, 65, 67, 190, 197-200 I Industrial applications, thermal performance, 733-747 Inspection procedures, 59 Insulation Economic optimization, 177-187 Evaluation, 75-79 Installation, 69-71, 74, 96, 97 Investments, 166, 167, 169-174 Materials, fire performance, 29 Residential buildings, 69-79 Retrofitted, 23 Standards, 54 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 21:04:40 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized INDEX Systems, 840-856 Economic evaluation, 162-174 Thickness, 265 International Standards Organization (ISO) Technical Committee 163 on Thermal Insulation, 250, 255-257 Laboratory accreditation programs, 40-51 Lagging, 822-823, 824, 826, 828, 836, 858, 861, 869 Leachants, 120-131 Leaks Fluid, 855, 856 Roofs, 628, 638 Life-cycle costs analysis, 166-170, 173, 174, 177-182 Loose-fill insulation, 25 Settling due to vibration, 703-714 Thermal resistance, 529-540 M Masonry Building, 30 Concrete, 722-724 Thermal properties, 31 Walls, 24, 366, 368 Massachusetts Construction Industry Board (MCIB), 36 Massachusetts State Building Code, 35-37, 41, 43-51 Mass transfer, 690, 6%-701, 744746 Mastic coatings, 753-756 Metal buildings High thermal resistance insulation, 651-660 Roof construction thermal performance, 384-399 Metal jacketing, 750-753 Mica powder, 716, 719, 720, 722, 723, 725, 726-729 889 MUitaty Standard MIL-STD-769, 820, 821, 832, 836, 838 Mineral fiber insulation, 24, 30, 62, 64, 66, 67, 338 Mineral Insulation Manufacturers Association (MIMA), 250 Mineral wool Respiratory effects, 135, 137 Thermal performance, 757-777 Mobile homes, 26 Moisture {see also Humidity, Vapor, Water) Absorption, 25, 440, 442-451, 453 Barriers, 583, 585, 589, 753 Condensation, 28, 29, 556-558 Control, 22, 23, 30, 31, 197-198, 251, 641-649 Damage, 323 Degradation of wood, 31 Effects, 131 Heat transfer, influences on, 563580 Modeling, 643-644 Penetration, 414, 422-425, 429, 431, 432, 523 Resistance, 436, 447 Thermal resistance, effects on, 602-624 Transfer, 583-601 N National Bureau of Standards (NBS), 25, 88-90, 321, 322, 356, 564, 666, 668, 802-804, 818 Accreditation, 42, 252, 253, 256, 258 Office of Conservation and Solar Applications, 19 Reference table, 531 Standard fibrous glass material, 403, 406 National Energy Conservation Policy Act, 24 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 21:04:40 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions 890 THERMAL INSULATION, MATERIALS, AND SYSTEMS Administration (NOAA), 506, 507 National Program Plan for Building Insulation Systems and Materials in 1979, 734 National Program Plan for the Thermal Performance of Building Envelope Systems and Materials, 19-34 Newsprint, recycled in insulation, 100-101, 105, 107-112 Nuclear reactor components, 840 Perlite, 25, 190, 629, 634-636, 638, 818 Permeability, 604 Building envelope, 29 Of foam, 697, 700, 701 To water vapor, 253 Phenolic foam, 604, 605, 608, 610, 612,613,616,617,621-624 Phenolic resin, 758, 759 Piping insulation, 749-756, 797-800, 827, 829, 833-835, 837 Thermal performance, 778-795, 802-818 Plasterboard insulation, 484 Plastic foam/resin home insulation, safety standards, 86, 88 Plywood panels, 218, 237, 357, 374, 378 Pollutants Build-up, 869 Indoor, 23, 98, 138, 139-141 Polyethylene film, 558, 586 Polyisocyanurate, 25, 216, 217, 219, 220, 226, 232, 387, 389, 391, 439, 443, 444, 446, 447, 451, 453, 519, 521 Polymer foams, isocyanurate, 689 Polystyrene foam insulation, 22, 25 88, 358, 439, 443, 447-449, 451, 755 Expanded (EPS), 38, 191, 201, 206, 211, 212, 256, 378, 447, 451,482,490,492,501 Extruded, 206, 211, 212, 252-253, 281, 283, 284, 289-291, 450, 453, 518, 519, 604, 605, 615624, 728 Molded, 253, 255 Polyurethane foam, 25, 439, 443, 445, 446, 451, 453, 519, 693, 699, 755 Aluminum foil-faced, 206, 209, 211-213 Foil-faced, 385 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane roofing system, 191-201 Power plant insulation system, thermal analysis, 857-873 Rain infiltration, 577 Retrofit insulation, 69, 76, 79, 516528, 652, 666 Cavity-wall, 321-336 Methods, 30 Roof, 190-201 Moisture control, 641-649 Technology, 29 Test houses, 337, 349-353 Rock wool insulation, 116, 122, 124, 127, 128, 130, 131, 324, 325, 533, 537 Loose-filled, 705-710, 712, 713 Roofs Asphalt, 750, 755 Climatic exposure, 29 Construction, 28-29 Drying wet insulation, 626-638 Fibrous insulation, thermal conductance, 479-501 Flat residential, 516-528 Glass fiber insulation, 583-601 Installation of insulation, 194-198 Inverted membrane, 435, 436 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 21:04:40 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized INDEX Leaks, 193, 194 Pitched, 218 Retrofits, 641-649 Evaluation, 190-201 Sprayed urethane, 404, 412 Thermal conductivity, 578 Thermal performance, 22 Thermal resistance, 602-624 Safety In thermal insulation, 85-98 Public, 38 Standards, 36, 86, 88-91 Ships, naval, insulation installation, 819-838 Shrinkage, 25, 30, 517, 739-742, 756 Sidewalls, 340, 341-345, 349-352, 353 Skylights, energy transfer, 25, 26 Smoldering combustion, 90-91 Resistance, 101, 103-104, 106-110, 112 Soda-lime waste glasses, 716, 719, 724, 729 Soils Effects on insulation, 421, 422, 423, 425, 432, 436, 438, 453 Interaction with building, 458, 461,473 Solar aperture, 177, 181, 187 Solar heating, 54 Solar radiation, 178, 179, 182, 194, 355, 603 Steady-state models, basement insulation, 456, 457, 458, 459, 462, 463, 465, 466, 467, 470, 471, 472 Steady-state techniques, 564, 565 Temperature (see also Heating) Changes, 603-605, 609-611, 613, 615, 616, 622-624 891 Circulating, 228 Control system, 217, 219, 223 Differences, 404, 410, 418, 433, 544,545,591,592,595,694 Distribution, 594, 598-600, 641643, 649, 653, 659, 853 Drop, effects of, 312-313 Effects, 241-243, 245-247, 254, 355, 689 Elevated, 25, 30, 90 Effects on binder decomposition, 757-777 Effects on UFF insulation, 665686 Envu-onmental, 485-486, 742 Equilibrium, 824, 829 Gradients, 310, 468, 484, 565, 576, 578, 584, 586, 591, 601, 610, 646 Indcxjr-outdoor variations,143,178, 185 Maintenance, 278, 279, 285, 287, 288 Sensing, 229, 275, 357, 358 Severe conditions, 121, 122 Uniformity, 75 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) study, 503, 505, 506, 508 Testing Boiling, on conduit systems, 802818 Combustion, 89 Corrosion, 114-131, 822 Exposure, 629-637, 642, 644 Greenhouse field, 121, 125-128 Leachant-coupon, 120, 124 Roof systems, 400-412 Round-robin, 248-255, 257-258 Thermal conductance, 255-257 Steiner tunnel, 90 Thermal transmission, 441-443, 482 Thermal analysis, 415, 416 Power plant insulation, 857-873 Thermal barriers, 703 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 21:04:40 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 892 THERMAL INSULATION, MATERIALS, AND SYSTEMS Thermal bridging, 543, 548, 549, 814, 818 Thermal conductivities, 212, 213, 237-239, 246-247, 251-254, 270, 274, 281, 291, 296, 406, 419, 423-425, 439, 442, 444446, 448-453, 458, 459, 503, 532, 533, 539, 544-546, 563580, 605, 606, 618, 666, 689, 695, 699, 704, 716, 721-723, 727-729, 736-738, 741, 743, 746, 772, 775, 776, 786, 816, 817, 826, 831-837, 843, 860863, 870 Cellulosic insulation, 110, 111 Of fibrous roof insulation, 479-501 Of low-density fibrous insulation, 25 Of wetted insulation, 584-587, 589, 595, 597, 600 Tests, 255-257 Thermal damper, 278 Thermal defects, 322-336 Thermal envelope systems, 28-30 Thermal insulation, 749-756 Health and safety issues, 85-98 Materials, corrosion testing, 114131 Thermal Insulation Manufacturers Association (TIMA), 134, 136, 137 Thermal measurements, 645 Thermal modeling, 642-643 Thermal parameters, 355-372 Thermal performance (see also Building envelope systems Building materials) Retrofits, 338, 340, 344, 353 Thermal resistance, 30, 219, 220, 226, 232, 240, 251, 252, 256, 258, 277, 278, 280, 289, 295, 2%, 307, 309-311, 313, 314, 359, 400, 401, 404, 406, 409, 410, 420, 421, 424, 428, 432, 458, 464, 503, 542, 543, 548, 549, 551, 554, 639, 704, 728, 736, 740-742 Cellulosic insulation 111 Insulated walls, 373-383 Loose-fill insulation, 529-540 Moisture, effects, 602-624 Performance, 101, 103, 104 Rigid urethane foam, 689-701 Roofs, 517-519, 521, 523, 525, 527 Water vapor flow, 651-660 Thermal storage, 465, 471, 472 Thermal test facility Rotatable design, 216-233 Thermal transmission, 236, 552-556 Properties, 265, 266 Thermocouples, 229, 255, 269, 274, 275, 278, 297, 357, 374, 377, 482, 486, 488-490, 532, 539, 546, 552, 587, 599, 604, 612, 624, 770, 823, 824, 827-831, 844-846, 854, 855 Sensors, 403-406, 408-410 Thermography, 322-326, 334, 342345, 353, 758-770 Thermophysical properties of insulation, 25 Thermostat setback, 70, 72, 74, 79 Toxic emissions, 25, 30 Toxicity, 756 Combustion products, 38, 39 Formaldehyde, 92-94 Transient models, 460, 462-467, 470, 471, 472 U Urea-formaldehyde foam insulation, 30, 322-325, 665-686 Corrosion, 116 Testing, 120-122, 125, 128, 130 Density, 670-672 Health hazard, 139-141 Infiltration, 24, 25 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 21:04:40 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized INDEX Injury risk, 91-98 Shrinkage, 323, 324, 326, 329, 330, 333, 490, 493, 666-668, 670673, 676-678, 680, 682, 685, 686 Urethane foam, 191, 235, 237, 238, 246-247, 604, 620, 621 Aging and thermal resistance, 689701 Vacuuming wet insulation, 628, 637, 638 Vapor {see also Water) Barriers, 484, 700, 728 Migration, 575, 580, 590, 592, 599, 603 Resistance, 484 Retarder, 31, 517, 523, 627, 628, 638, 645-649, 651, 654, 655, 659,660 Ventilation, 23, 26, 139, 141-144, 182, 518, 520, 521 Drying roof insulation, 626-638 Vibration, effect on loose-fill insulation, 703-714 Vitreous fiber insulation, man-made health aspects, 134-137 893 Deterioration, 357 Effectiveness, 542-550 Energy costs, 157, 159 Energy regulations, 68 Retrofits, 321-336, 339 Seasonal requirements, 23 Standards, 54 Tests, 552-555 Thermal performance, 22, 355-372 Warren-Alquist Act, 52, 67 Water Effects, 739-742 Leakage, 603 Transmission, 25 Vapor, 483-484, 486, 641 In insulation systems, 651-660 Waterproofing, 414 Weather conditions, 342, 400, 641644, 646, 647, 683, 725, 727, 858 Weatherization, 23, 24, 143, 321323, 326-334, 750 Weather resistance, 753, 754, 756 Weatherstripping, 190, 199 Foam tape, 386, 387 Windows Energy transfer, 25, 26 Insulation, 177, 322, 323, 325, 333 Wood-derived insulation, 102-103, 105, 108, 112 W Wall insulation, 26, 38, 40, 73, 74 Brick veneer, 373-383 Zirconia, 737, 738, 742 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 21:04:40 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized