Astm stp 1209 1994

STP 1209 Quality and Statistics: Total Quality Management Milton J Kowalewski, Jr., Editor ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN): 04-012090-34 ASTM 1916 Race Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 Printed in the U.S.A Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproduct Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Quality and statistics: total quality management/Milton J Kowalewski, Jr., editor (STP 1209) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-8031-1872-4 Quality control Statistical methods Total quality management Process control-Statistical methods I Kowalewski, Milton J., 1994I1 Series: ASTM special technical publication: 1209 TS156.Q3Q292 1994 658.5'62 dc20 94-29563 CIP Copyright @1994 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS, Philadelphia, PA All rights reserved This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by the AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS for users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $2.50 per copy, ptus $0.50 per page is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Dr., Danvers, MA 01923; Phone: (508) 750-8400; Fax: (508) 750-4744 For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is 0-8031-1872-4/94 $2.50 + 50 Peer Review Policy Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by three peer reviewers The authors addressed all of the reviewers' comments to the satisfaction of both the technical editor(s) and the ASTM Committee on Publications To make technical information available as quickly as possible, the peer-reviewed papers in this publication were printed "camera-ready" as submitted by the authors The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor(s), but also the work of these peer reviewers The ASTM Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution to time and effort on behalf of ASTM Printed in Philadelphia,PA September1994 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Foreword This publication, Quality and Statistics: Total Quality Management, contains papers presented at the symposium of the same name held in Atlanta, G A on - May, 1993 Tile symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee E-11 on Quality and Statistics Milton J Kowalewski, Jr., of E G & G Rocky Flats, Inc in Golden, CO presided as symposium chairman and is also the editor of the resulting publication Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions Contents Overview vii International Competitiveness and Business Excellence L M KUMAP,-MISIR Standardization of Policies and Procedures at Commercial Testing and Engineering CO. R K VARDYS 18 Statistical Measurement ControI J w LOCKE 30 Where Real Product Quality Starts '] A DALY 43 A Sampling Plan for Commercial Product Testing and Verification Activities-M P T U L A Y A N D F J Y U R I C H Analyzing Interlaboratory Data According to A S T M Standard E691 J MANDEL 53 59 All You Ever Wanted to Know About Control Charts: But Never A s k e d - B H L E V I N E A N D D C M c C U N E 71 Quality Control of P/M Parts for Magnetic Applications K n MOYER 84 The Transition from Sampling to S P C - - E G SCHILLING 94 Overview of Technical and Social Systems in Organizational C h a n g e - M J K O W A L E W S K I , J R , A N D C R F A R R A R Realization of the Projected Impact of a Chemistry Workflow Management System at Bridgeport HospitaI L n BERNSTEIN 103 120 Implementation of a Quality Assurance System in Clothing Establishments-K W Y E U N G AND G TAYLOR Application of Statistical Quality Assurance Techniques to Continuous Process Analyzer Systems for On-Line Product Certification A T C LAU 133 145 Statistical Evaluation of Additive Effectiveness in Asphalt Paving M i x t u r e s - W V P I N G Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 165 Overview It was a warm and balmy time in Atlanta where 16 total quality individuals presented their dreams, messages, and stories to ASTM members and friends Dorothy Savini and Scott Orthey provided a warm Atlanta welcome and southern style food in addition to their incomparable planning and coordination success Nancy Trahey, the ASTM Chairman of the Board opened the E11 Symposium by awarding the ASTM Award of Merit and Fellow recognition to Dr Ricardo Stone for his contributions and persistence She was followed by Ell Chairman, Duncan McCune, who presented the Harold F Dodge Award to Dr Edward G Schilling for reflecting the spirit and integrity of his late graduate advisor, Dr Dodge These exciting award presentations set the stage for the day marathon of presentations on Total Quality Management in standardization Kumar-Misir opened the 16 paper series by describing his global-ready business model His presentation was both informative and appropriate Zott followed by telling the International Standards Organization (ISO) registration story as it relates to Underwriter's Laboratories (UL) in the United States and other accreditation bodies worldwide Vardys set the foundation for the following 13 speakers by emphasizing the necessity to plan, control, and prepare documentation systems Locke, President of the American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA), opened the technical section of the morning by sharing his case-study of statistical measurement control for the evaluation of laboratory test results of automobile parts Octogenarian, Daly, showed us the importance of formal design review, failure mode effects analysis (FMEA), and fault tree analysis (FTA) procedures He was followed by Tulay who explained the Energy Program Research Institute (EPRI) guide for sampling procured items for the nuclear industry Since Mandel was visiting his homeland overseas, McCune aptly read and interpreted Dr Mandel's paper on the ASTM Guide for Interlaboratory Studies (E 691) and its computer software capabilities An additional step for enhancing the application of the standard was proposed for use Lindow closed day one with examples of construction projects where Total Quality Control (TQC) was not used and should have been used Day was opened by McCune and Levine presenting the do's and don'ts of control charts They were followed by Moyer who shared the frustrations and need for quality standards in the manufacture of magnetic products that were identified as functional throughout our homes and automobiles His interlaboratory study revealed startling results He was followed by Schilling's transitional paper and easy to apply ABC plan for initiating, establishing, and maintaining both capability and control of processes Farrar and yours truly, the symposium chairman, lightened up the morning in preparation for lunch with a philosophical and practical combination of organizational frames and TQM in a road design agency Bernstein helped us digest lunch by his after meal tour through the "belly" of the chemistry lab at Bridgeport Hospital in Massachusetts Winding down the last quarter of the marathon of papers on day was Yeung speaking on the results of surveys and quality assurance systems designed for small clothing establishments in Hong Kong where the expectation of the return to Chinese rule in 1997 has retarded the development of quality systems Lau spoke about the advantages of continuous process flow analyzers in the Canadian oil industry, and Ping paved the way for us to understand a research project conducted on Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions aut Texas highways My personal thanks are due the ASTM staff, the speakers, each of the authors, the superb service of the Hyatt Regency Hotel, the ASTM manager of Acquisitions and Review, Kathy Dernoga, for this special collection of leading edge information in the sciences of quality, statistics, and Total Quality Management Milton J Kowalewski, Jr E G & G Rocky Flats, Inc., Golden, CO; Symposium chairman and editor Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions autho Leslie M Kumar-Misir INTERNATIONAL (I) COMPETITIVENESS AND BUSINESS EXCELLENCE Kumar-Misir, Leslie M " I n t e r n a t i o n a l Competitiveness and Business Excellence", Quality and Statistics: Total Quality Manaqement, ASTM STP 1209, Milton J Kowalewski, Jr., Ed., American society for Testing and Materials, 1994 REFERENCE: The road to international competitiveness and business excellence is paved with good intentions Nevertheless, its elusive nature and mystery can be peeled away, firstly, by a fuller understanding of certain unrelenting economic forces that govern growth and development and the realities of watershed technology, and, secondly, by harnessing the power of the pillars of international competitiveness, viz., globalization of the enterprise, globalization of markets and marketing, the pursuit of superior processing and the practice of business excellence ABSTRACT: WORDS: Unbalanced growth, watershed technology, global company, global marketing, external minima, processing advantage, CQI, Triple-CIM, concurrent engineering KEY SEARCHING FOR THE WAY In our rapidly changing global output and trade environment, the international competitiveness and business excellence of world industry is the key to the continued growth and prosperity of the group of More Developed (i) Industry Analyst, Textiles, Apparel and Leather Directorate, Consumer Products Branch, Industry Canada, Ottawa, Ontario KIA 0H5, Canada C o p y r i g h t b y A S T M I n t ' l ( a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e dI) ; S u n D e c : : E S T Downloaded/printed by C o p y r i gU h tn i @ ASTH v e1r 9s i9t4y ob yf W a s h i nIgn tt oe rnn a( tUi onni avle r s i t y wowf wW aasst hmi.nogr gt o n ) p u r s u a n t t o L i c e n s e A g r e e m e n t N o f u r t h e QUALITY AND STATISTICS: TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT Countries (MDCs), and at the same time , the gateway to economic growth, economic development, economic progress and never-ending prosperity for the Lesser Developed Countries (LDCs) Promoting significantly improved performance by a country's commercial-industrial complex in the global marketplace must be a central element of the mandates of governments, industry et al Everyone everywhere in the world is interested in understanding and achieving international competitiveness and business excellence To meet this worldwide interest, a veritable deluge of information has been generated, appearing in text books, articles in learned journals, etc But much remains to be clarified and made simple various Here are some examples of this great interpretations In Canada, interest and its "To take advantage of the immense opportunities opening up in the new global market-place, Canadians must improve their ability to compete The "Action Plan for Canada's Prosperity" makes clear that the keys to achieving this are innovation and quality management practices combined with technological mastery and growing productivity", (Inventing Our Future: An Action Plan for Canada's In the United States Prosperity, 9-60) of America, "Globalization is the effective deployment and utilization of worldwide resources, integrated with opportunities, to achieve competitive advantage and superior business results", (Globalization: The Forces Behind, 5) In Mexico, "Observers point to four strategies to improve the prospects for long-term competitiveness and market power of the Mexican textile industry: cost reduction, foreign investment, strategic/ technological improvements, and expanded demand", (Competitiveness of the Mexican Textile Chain, 40) Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No furth KUMAR-MISIR ON BUSINESS EXCELLENCE TYRANNY OF THE STATUS QUO All s i t u a t i o n s d e f a u l t (or s e e m to default) to the s t a t u s quo Indeed, the status quo is a m o s t loyal c o m p a n i o n and, its t y r a n n y is a c k n o w l e d g e d r e p e a t e d l y w i t h the c o m m o n observation: " but w e ' v e always d o n e it this way!" over H o w t h e n does this industry? gentle tyrant exercise its rule C a n a d a ' s great m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s are rich w i t h e x a m p l e s of sectors r e m a i n i n g h o m e - m a r k e t bound Indeed, it is f r u s t r a t i n g to note that, d e s p i t e C a n a d a ' s long m a n u f a c t u r i n g history, c u r r e n t l y t w o - t h i r d s of C a n a d i a n c o m p a n i e s not sell t h e i r p r o d u c t s o u t s i d e Canada C a n a d a ' s spunky t e x t i l e i n d u s t r y is but one case F r o m r a t h e r h u m b l e beginnings, namely, the s t a r t - u p of a small c o t t o n y a r n and fabric mill in S h e r b r o o k e in 1844 and a n o t h e r in M o n t r e a l in 1853, the C a n a d i a n t e x t i l e industry t o d a y is found across the land, b u s i l y p r o d u c i n g an i m p r e s s i v e range of t e x t i l e s and t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s for d o m e s t i c c o n s u m p t i o n and export markets Currently, the i n d u s t r y c o m p r i s e s some 065 firms, e m p l o y s a r o u n d 51 000 w o r k e r s and a n n u a l l y ships some $5.7 billion, of w h i c h a m e r e 19.3 p e r c e n t is exported Table s u m m a r i z e s the d e f a u l t condition While e x t e r n a l m a r k e t shares g e n e r a l l y h a v e risen in the latest two year p e r i o d shown below, e x c e p t for floor tile, linoleum and c o a t e d fabrics, and m a n m a d e fibres and yarns, to date, the e x t e r n a l m a r k e t shares of this l o n g - e s t a b l i s h e d industry are far from w h a t are d e s i r a b l e for C a n a d a to be c o n s i d e r e d a t e x t i l e e x p o r t i n g country, i.e., a c o u n t r y w i t h a global t e x t i l e industry Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions au 166 QUALITYAND STATISTICS: TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT e f f e c t i v e n e s s u s i n g the boil values The e x p e r i m e n t a l and test r e s u l t s are d i s c u s s e d below EXPERIMENTAL program PROGRAM The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of h y d r a t e d lime and s e l e c t e d a n t i s t r i p p i n g a d d i t i v e s in p r o t e c t i n g asphalt m i x t u r e s from m o i s t u r e damage u s i n g s t a t i s t i c a l comparisons To achieve the objective, the experimental p r o g r a m i n v o l v e d a g g r e g a t e s and a s p h a l t s from eight d i f f e r e n t h i g h w a y districts in Texas [5], and t h i r t e e n commercially available antistripping additives and the hydrated lime The Texas b o i l i n g test was p e r f o r m e d on t r e a t e d and u n t r e a t e d m i x t u r e s w h i c h w e r e i) m i x e d in the plant (plant mixtures), and 2) m i x e d in the laboratory (laboratory mixtures) Materials Plant m i x t u r e s - - L o o s e samples of the hot a s p h a l t m i x t u r e s u t i l i z e d in actual field c o n s t r u c t i o n w e r e o b t a i n e d at the eight a s p h a l t m i x i n g plants The types of a g g r e g a t e and the source and amount of a s p h a l t cement for the p l a n t m i x t u r e s are summarized on Table i Two or m o r e liquid a n t i s t r i p p i n g additives and h y d r a t e d lime were used in each type of plant m i x t u r e w i t h identical raw m a t e r i a l sources (aggregates and asphalt cement) F o u r t e e n d i f f e r e n t a n t i s t r i p p i n g additives, including hydrated lime, were used in the eight plant mixtures The s e l e c t e d additives and actual d o s a g e s are s u m m a r i z e d on Table The p e r c e n t a g e of lime is by the total w e i g h t of d r y aggregates, whereas the p e r c e n t a g e of liquid a d d i t i v e s is by the w e i g h t of a s p h a l t cement Laboratory mixtures The asphalt cements, aggregates, liquid a n t i s t r i p p i n g a d d i t i v e s and h y d r a t e d lime w e r e o b t a i n e d at the a s p h a l t mixing plants In the l a b o r a t o r y these m a t e r i a l s w e r e p r e p a r e d and mixed u s i n g the l a b o r a t o r y m i x i n g p r o c e d u r e s in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h the m i x t u r e d e s i g n e s t a b l i s h e d for the p l a n t mixture The l a b o r a t o r y a d d i t i v e d o s a g e levels w e r e e s s e n t i a l l y the same as those for the p l a n t m i x t u r e s (Table 2) W i t h the e x c e p t i o n of the h y d r a t e d lime, the additives w e r e b l e n d e d w i t h the p r e h e a t e d asphalt The h y d r a t e d lime was p l a c e d on the a g g r e g a t e s in a s l u r r y form for all of the lime t r e a t e d l a b o r a t o r y mixtures Moisture Susceptibility Test The Texas boiling test was used to e v a l u a t e the m o i s t u r e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y of the plant and l a b o r a t o r y mixtures The b o i l i n g test [3,4] involved a visual d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the extent of s t r i p p i n g of the asphalt from a g g r e g a t e surfaces Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions PING ON ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES 167 TABLE Summary of materials used in experimental program Location Aggregates Asphalt Dist .Processed gravel 55% Washed sand 25% Coarse sand 10% Fine sand 10% AC-20 17 Hearne Dist 16 Odom Dist 13 Victoria Dist Midland Dist 25 Childress Dist Scherman Dist 19 DeBerry Dist 21 Cameron Asphalt Content, % 4.9 Texas Gulf Refinery Field sand 20% AC-20 Limestone Gulf Screenings 22% States Coarse Limestone Refinery 58% Crushed gravel 50% Limestone 10% Limestone screenings 20% Field Sand 20% AC-20 Texas Fuels & Asphalt Refinery Rhyolite 56% Screening 37% Field Sand 7% AC-20 American Petrofina Refinery Coarse Aggr 20% Inter Aggr 34% Screening 46% AC-20 Diamond Shamrock Refinery Coarse sandstone 55% Unwashed screenings 30% Field sand 15% AC-20 Total Petroleum Refinery Coarse Aggregate 20% Inter Aggregate 40% Screening 20% Field sand 20% AC-20 Lion Oil Refinery Coarse Aggregate 35% Uncrushed aggregate 20% Screening 25% Field sand 20% AC-10 Texas Fuel & Asphalt Coastal Refinery 5.1 5.0 6.2 5.2 5.5 5.6 5.2 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions aut 168 QUALITY AND STATISTICS: TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT TABLE - - T y p e and d o s a q e Of a n t i s t r i p p i n q u s e d in e x p e r i m e n t a l proqram Test Sections Location Dist 17 Hearne, TX Dist 16 Odom, TX Dist 13 Victoria TX Dist Childress, TX Dist Sherman, TX Dist 19 DeBerry, TX District Cameron, TX 12 1.5 1.0 1.0 Control Lime Aquashield Dow A n t i - S t r i p Pavebond LP I0 1.0 0.5 0.41 0.5 Control Lime BA 2000 Perma-Tac 13 2.0 1.0 1.0 i0 12 14 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 12 14 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Control Lime ARR-MAZ Dow A n t i - S t r l p Fina-A Indulln AS-I P a v e b o n d Special P e r m a - T a c Plus ii 13 1.5 0.75 0.45 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Control Lime ARR-MAZ Aquashleld BA 2000 Perma-Tac 12 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.5 1.0 I i0 12 1.0 1.0 0.41 0.5 0.41 1.0 1.0 Control Lime Aquashield Fina-A Perma-Tac Unlchem 25 21 Additive Dosage*, % Control Lime BA 2000 Perma-Tac Plus Control Lime Pavebond LP Perma-Tac Unichem Midland, TX Dist Additive Designation additives II II Control Llme ARR-MAZ Aquashleld II Dow A n t i - S t r l p Fina-B P a v e b o n d LP Perma-Tac * T h e p e r c e n t a g e of llme is b y t h e t o t a l w e i g h t of d r y a g g r e g a t e s ; p e r c e n t a g e of l i q u i d a d d i t i v e s Is b y t h e w e i g h t o f asphalt cement Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions au PING ON ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES 169 a f t e r the m i x t u r e had b e e n s u b j e c t e d to the a c t i o n of b o i l i n g w a t e r for a s p e c i f i e d time To p e r f o r m this test an a s p h a l t mixture was prepared at 325 F (162.8 C) and b o i l e d in d i s t i l l e d w a t e r for i0 minutes A f t e r boiling, the m i x t u r e was a l l o w e d to cool, the w a t e r was d r a i n e d , and the m i x t u r e was a l l o w e d to dry The m i x was e x a m i n e d the f o l l o w i n g d a y to e s t i m a t e the d e g r e e of s t r i p p i n g p r e s e n t in the mixture The s t r i p p i n g t e s t results w e r e r e p o r t e d as the p e r c e n t of a s p h a l t r e t a i n e d a f t e r boiling EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The t r e a t e d and u n t r e a t e d , l a b o r a t o r y and p l a n t m i x t u r e s w e r e p r e p a r e d and t e s t e d in the l a b o r a t o r y The b o i l i n g test results are s u m m a r i z e d in T a b l e The boil v a l u e is e x p r e s s e d as the p e r c e n t of a s p h a l t r e t a i n e d a f t e r boiling The v a l u e is v i s u a l l y e s t i m a t e d b y two i n d e p e n d e n t o p e r a t o r s a c c o r d i n g to the d e g r e e of s t r i p p i n g p r e s e n t in the mixture Each presented boil value is an a v e r a g e of two v i s u a l e s t i m a t e s as d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y In a d d i t i o n , core s a m p l e s w e r e o b t a i n e d from the field test sections after construction The b o i l i n g test was c o n d u c t e d on the loose c o r e m i x t u r e s The p r o c e d u r e was the same as d e s c r i b e d b e f o r e for the p l a n t mixtures The test r e s u l t s for the field c o r e s are also r e p o r t e d h e r e i n (Table 3) so that a l a r g e r s a m p l e size can be u s e d for the s t a t i s t i c a l evaluation STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The s t a t i s t i c a l a p p r o a c h was u t i l i z e d to e v a l u a t e the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of s e l e c t e d l i q u i d a d d i t i v e s and h y d r a t e d lime The a p p r o a c h was to u s e the b o i l i n g test r e s u l t s to statistical comparisons A detailed description of the statistical analysis and the c o m p a r i s o n s u t i l i z e d in the e v a l u a t i o n are d i s c u s s e d in the f o l l o w i n g sections Pooled Variance The s a m p l e for Boil V a l u e s variance is d e f i n e d as the f o l l o w i n g n (xi_~) s2=~_~ (n-l) where, s = sample variance X i = sample v a l u e s of v a r i a b l e [6,[]: (1) X Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 170 QUALITY AND STATISTICS: TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT TABLE Summary of b o i l i n q Asphalt District 17 16 13 25 19 21 Additive Name Lab Mix test results Retained After Plant M i x Boiling, % F i e l d Core No A d d i t i v e Lime BA 2000 Perma-Tac 50.0 85.0 92.5 90.0 52.5 94.0 92.5 5O.O 50.0 92.5 92,5 9O.0 No A d d i t i v e Lime Aquashleld Dow P a v e b o n d LP 77,5 75.0 77.5 77.5 77.5 82.5 82.5 85.0 85.0 85.0 75.0 77.5 82.5 75.0 72.5 No A d d i t i v e Lime BA 2000 Perma-Tac 77,5 96.5 97.5 96.5 77.5 96.5 96.5 95.0 82.5 90.0 92.5 92.5 No A d d i t i v e Lime P a v e b o n d LP Perma-Tac Unichem 50.0 72.5 60.0 65.0 67.5 70.0 72.5 85.0 80.0 85.0 60.0 60.0 87.5 75.0 90.0 No A d d i t i v e Lime A q u a s h i e l d II Fina-A Perma-Tac Unichem 50.0 85,0 96.5 94.0 90.0 94.0 77.5 87.5 77.5 94.0 92.5 87.5 72.5 85,0 72,5 92,5 87,5 77,5 No A d d i t i v e Lime ARR-MAZ Dow Fina-A Indulin AS-I PVBD S p e c i a l Perma-Tac Plus 82.5 92.5 90.0 82.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 90,0 92.5 97.5 91.5 95.0 96.5 95.0 95.0 91,5 95.0 95.0 92.5 97.5 95.0 97.5 95.0 No A d d i t i v e Lime ARR-MAZ A q u a s h i e l d II BA 2000 Perma-Tac 85.0 94.0 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 85.O 90,0 87.5 85.0 90.0 90.0 94.0 96.5 90.0 90.0 90.0 90,0 No A d d i t i v e Lime ARR-MAZ A q u a s h i e l d II DOW Fina-B P a v e b o n d LP Perma-Tac 37.5 81,0 55.0 77.5 57.5 80.0 65.0 55.0 25.0 37.5 57.5 67,5 52.5 75.0 67.5 61.0 25 45 50 67 47 65 62 60 0 5 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 171 PING ON ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES n be = sample mean = sample size of the T h e p o o l e d v a r i a n c e of t w o s a m p l e s o b t a i n e d as t h e f o l l o w i n g : s 2_ slZ+s2 = , where, s = pooled sample with values equal size variance (2) of s a m p l e s s I = sample variances of x1 s2 = sample variances of x2 x I and x2 x I = deviations from the sample mean (sample Xl) x = deviations from the sample mean (sample X2) n = sample size With unequal sample two samples are then: of Xl, sizes x2 n I and n2, the pooled variance s = ~ (n1+n2-2) where, n can I , (n-l) of n sample n I = sample n = sample size size (3) of x of x Following these equations (Eqs i, 2, a n d 3), t h e p o o l e d variances f o r t h e l a b o r a t o r y a n d p l a n t m i x t u r e s of a l l e i g h t projects were calculated and summarized in T a b l e Standard Error Estimate of Boil Values The standard error estimate of computed using the pooled variances summarized in T a b l e Pairwise Comparison of Student-t Test the The Using boil values was results are also Boil Values The effectiveness of the v a r i o u s liquid antistripping additives and hydrated lime was estimated in t e r m s of t h e boiling test values T h e b o i l v a l u e s of t w o a d d i t i v e s w e r e compared using the Student-t test The Student-t t e s t is Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions autho 172 QUALITY AND STATISTICS: TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT TABLE District 17 16 13 25 19 21 - - S u m m a r y of p o o l e d v a r i a n c e a n d s t a n d a r d e r r o r e s t i m a t e for b o i l i n q t e s t r e s u l t s Additive Name D e g r e e of Freedom Pooled Variance Standard Error Estimate No Additive Lime BA 2000 Perma-Tac 8 8 14.94 14.94 14.94 14.94 3.86 3.86 3.86 3.86 No A d d i t i v e Lime Aquashield Dow P a v e b o n d LP 10 10 10 10 i0 12.50 12.50 12.50 12.50 12.50 3.54 3.54 3.54 3.54 3.54 No A d d i t i v e Lime BA 2000 Perma-Tac 8 8 19.44 19.44 19.44 19.44 4.41 4.41 4.41 4.41 No A d d i t i v e Lime P a v e b o n d LP Perma-Tac Unichem 10 i0 10 10 10 28.75 28.75 28.75 28.75 28.75 5.36 5.36 5.36 5.36 5.36 No A d d i t i v e Lime A q u a s h i e l d II Fina-A Perma-Tac Unichem 12 12 12 12 12 12 34.42 34.42 34.42 34.42 34.42 34.42 5.87 5.87 5.87 5.87 5.87 5.87 NO A d d i t i v e Lime ARR-MAZ Dow Fina-A I n d u l i n AS-I PVBD Special P e r m a - T a c Plus 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 65.72 65.72 65.72 65.72 65.72 65.72 65.72 65.72 8.11 8.11 8.11 8.11 8.11 8.11 8.11 8.11 No A d d i t i v e Lime ARR-MAZ Aquashield BA 2000 Perma~Tac 12 12 12 12 12 12 59.88 59.88 59.88 59.88 59.88 59.88 7.74 7.74 7.74 7.74 7.74 7.74 No A d d i t i v e Lime ARR-MAZ A q u a s h i e l d II Dow Fina-B P a v e b o n d LP Perma-Tac 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 33.38 33.38 33.38 33.38 33.38 33.38 33.38 33.38 5.78 5.78 5.78 5.78 5.78 5.78 5.78 5.78 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions author 173 PING ON ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES expressed as: (rl-r2) (4 ) t= Std Er of (rl-r 2) where, r I and r = B o i l v a l u e s t of t h e d i f f e r e n c e (r I - r2)] = [S.E.(rl)] + where, S.E additives = S t u d e n t - t v a l u e w i t h d e g r e e s of f r e e d o m (d.f.) as for t h e p o o l e d v a r i a n c e of t h e a d d i t i v e s T h e s t a n d a r d e r r o r (S.E.) be o b t a i n e d as the f o l l o w i n g : [S.E of two d i f f e r e n t (r I - r2) c a n [S.E.(r2)] (5) (r I - r2) = S t a n d a r d e r r o r of the d i f f e r e n c e (r I - r2) S.E.(rl) S.E.(r2) = Standard Standard error error of r of r T h e b o i l v a l u e s of a n y two a d d i t i v e s (or c o n t r o l ) w e r e c o m p a r e d u s i n g (Eq 4) w i t h the s t a n d a r d e r r o r e s t i m a t e of t h e d i f f e r e n c e in boil v a l u e s b e t w e e n t w o a d d i t i v e s (or c o n t r o l ) o b t a i n e d f r o m (Eq 5) T h e p r o c e d u r e is i l l u s t r a t e d in T a b l e u s i n g t y p i c a l t e s t r e s u l t s f r o m t h e D i s t r i c t 17 m i x t u r e s The standard e r r o r of the d i f f e r e n c e (r I - r2) for e a c h p o s s i b l e p a i r w e r e c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g (Eq 5) a n d p r e s e n t e d as p a r t (a) of the table Then, t h e p a i r w i s e c o m p a r i s o n s of Student-t test results were obtained using (Eq 4) and p r e s e n t e d on p a r t (b) of the t a b l e on a four b y f o u r m a t r i x A s p r e a d s h e e t p r o g r a m w a s u s e d to p e r f o r m the c o m p u t a t i o n Following this procedure, all of t h e e i g h t p r o j e c t s was analyzed a n d the p o s s i b l e pairs were compared u s i n g the Student-t test The detailed results of the pairwise c o m p a r i s o n s can be f o u n d e l s e w h e r e [5] Siqnificance Level for S t a t i s t i c a l Comparison The a - l e v e l of 5% e r r o r r a t e w a s a d o p t e d to test t h e statistical s i g n i f i c a n c e b e t w e e n t h e d i f f e r e n c e of two b o i l values A n a s t e r i s k (*) was a d d e d to a c r i t i c a l v a l u e on (Table 5) to d e n o t e the s i g n i f i c a n c e at the 5% level H o w e v e r , o b j e c t i v e s to the u s e of a s i n g l e a - l e v e l in multiple comparisons have been raised The p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductio 174 QUALITYAND STATISTICS: TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT TABLE Typical tabulation of the pairwise Student-t test procedure (District comparison 17 m i x t u r e s ) Laboratory Mixture: (a) Standard Additive Standard error Pairwise Additive Asphalt, 12 12 Pairwise the 12 5.46 5.46 5.46 Student-t test ADD 52.5 % ADD ADD ADD ADD 12 -7.602*+ -7.328*+ 0.458 results between two ADD 85.0 ADD 92.5 -1.374 -0.916 - A D D 12 3.86 additives A D D 12 90.0 0.458 between ADD 3.86 0.275 8.060*+ additives A D D 12 3.86 5.46 between ADD 94.0 two ADD 3.86 5.46 5.46 results additives 5.46 difference ADD 3.86 Error ADD ADD ADD ADD Additive Asphalt, test two ADD 3.86 5.46 5.46 -6.412"+ -7.786*+ -7.328*+ of between ADD 3.86 ADD 50.0 % P l a n t Mixture: (a) S t a n d a r d error (b) difference 5.46 5.46 5.46 Student-t ADD ADD ADD ADD Additive Standard the ADD 3.86 Error ADD ADD ADD ADD (b) of two additives ADD 92.5 A D D 12 50.0 7.786*+ * Results significant a t t h e 5% e r r o r (t*=2.306, + Significant according to the Bonferroni method 5% error rate (t+=3.482) d.f.=8) with the Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproduc PING ON ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES 175 one of the m u l t i p l e c o m p a r i s o n s e x c e e d s the 5% l e v e l is b o u n d to happen T h e r e are several m e t h o d s a v a i l a b l e to p r o t e c t a g a i n s t m a k i n g e r r o n e o u s d e c i s i o n s in m u l t i p l e c o m p a r i s o n s ; however, one of the m e t h o d s w h i c h is c a l l e d B o n f e r r o n i ' s method [6] is best suited for this application The B o n f e r r o n i m e t h o d for m u l t i p l e c o m p a r i s o n s is to r e s e t the ulevel to a/N, w h e r e N is the n u m b e r of c o m p a r i s o n s , and use S t u d e n t - t t a b l e entries for the s i g n i f i c a n c e level of a/N For example, if the a - l e v e l of 5% e r r o r r a t e needs to be achieved, the t-value of t~ ~,/N f r o m the t-table with a p p r o p r i a t e d e g r e e s of f r e e d ~ m U ~ h o u l d be u s e d to test the s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e for N m u l t i p l e c o m p a r i s o n s i n s t e a d of u s i n g the t - v a l u e of t0.05 from the t-table The B o n f e r r o n i m e t h o d for m u l t i p l e c o m p a r i s o n s was u s e d to test the s i g n i f i c a n c e b e t w e e n the d i f f e r e n c e of two boil values The o u t c o m e s are also i l l u s t r a t e d in T a b l e w i t h a plus s i g n (+) to a c r i t i c a l value to d e n o t e the s i g n i f i c a n c e u s i n g the B o n f e r r o n i criteria EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS T h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of the h y d r a t e d lime a n d the v a r i o u s a n t i s t r i p p i n g a d d i t i v e s was e v a l u a t e d u s i n g the s t a t i s t i c a l comparisons b a s e d on the boil values The a - l e v e l of p e r c e n t e r r o r rate and the B o n f e r r o n i m e t h o d for m u l t i p l e c o m p a r i s o n s w e r e used to test the s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e of the v a r i o u s additives The B o n f e r r o n i method was m o r e stringent than the u-level of percent error rate; nevertheless, the two test c r i t e r i a d i d not p r o v i d e m a j o r d i f f e r e n c e s w i t h r e g a r d to the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of the v a r i o u s additives (or control) The e f f e c t i v e n e s s of the v a r i o u s additives (or control) at p e r c e n t s i g n i f i c a n c e level is s u m m a r i z e d in T a b l e for the l a b o r a t o r y a n d p l a n t m i x t u r e s b a s e d on the p a i r w i s e c o m p a r i s o n s of the boil values Hydrated Lime T h e h y d r a t e d lime was e f f e c t i v e as c o m p a r e d to c o n t r o l for m o s t of the l a b o r a t o r y m i x t u r e s as s u m m a r i z e d in T a b l e 7; h o w e v e r , the lime was not s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r t h a n c o n t r o l for the l i m e s t o n e m a t e r i a l (District 16) a n d t h e c r u s h e d gravel aggregates (Districts and 19) T h e r e a s o n was p r o b a b l y d u e to the high boil values of the c o n t r o l m i x t u r e s ( D i s t r i c t s 16, i, and 19); thus, the boil v a l u e s of the lime t r e a t e d m i x t u r e s w e r e not s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from the c o n t r o l m i x t u r e s for the l a b o r a t o r y m i x t u r e s As for the plant mixtures, in m o s t cases the h y d r a t e d lime was not e f f e c t i v e (Table 7) In a d d i t i o n to the m a t e r i a l s w h i c h w e r e not effective for the lime treated laboratory mixtures ( D i s t r i c t s 16, i, and 19), the lime w a s not e f f e c t i v e on the p l a n t m i x t u r e s of D i s t r i c t s 6, 25, a n d 21 F o r the p l a n t m i x t u r e of D i s t r i c t 6, the lime was p r o b a b l y n o t m i x e d w e l l Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reprodu 176 QUALITY AND STATISTICS: TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT TABLE Summary of effectiveness of antistripping additives based on palrwlse comparisons of boiling test results at 5% significance level District 17 Effectiveness of Antlstrlpplng Additives or Control (In Decreaslnq Order of Effectiveness) Lab Plant BA ~ ~Ime Perma-Tac ~ A 2000 ~Lime IPerma-Tac Control JControl I 16 Aquashleld Dow Pavebond LP | Control ~ime 13 2000 JBA Perma-Tac Lime BA 2000 JLime Control 25 IPerma-Tac Control Lime ichem ~erma-Tac JPavebond LP ~ontrol Aquashield II Fina-A Unichem IPerma-Tac ~ime Control Lime Fina-A Indulln AS-1 P.B Special P.T Plus ARR-MAZ JControl IDow 19 21 Lime ARR-MAZ Aquas hleld II BA 2000 IPerma-Tac ~ontrol AF•i•me na-B ashield II [Pavebond LP-~ DOW J ~-~z Aquashleld Dow Pavebond LP JLime ~Control l Pavebond LP Unlchem Perma-Tac JLime ~ontrol Fina-A Perma-Tac Lime Unichem IAquashield II [Control ARR-MAZ Indulin AS-X Fina-A P.B Special P.T Plus Lime JDow LControl i~000 Aquashield IT ARR-MAZ IPerma-Tac LControl ~Ina-B IAquashield II IPavebond LP IPerma-Tac IARR-MAZ lOow7 Perma-Tac | []~ime_~ Control [Control * The bracket indicates that the additives are not statistically different within the same bracket Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz 177 PING ON ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES TABLE Effectiveness* of a n t i s t r i p p i n g a d d i t i v e s as c o m p a r e d to c o n t r o l u s i n g b o i l i n g t e s t r e s u l t s Laboratory/Plant Mixture Additives Hydrated Lime Lab Plant Aquashield Lab Plant Aquashield II Lab Plant ARR-MAZ Lab Plant BA Lab Plant 2000 Dow Lab Plant Fina-A Lab Plant Fina-B Lab Plant Indulin AS-I Lab Plant Pavebond LP Lab Plant Pavebond Special Lab Plant Perma-Tac Perma Tac Unichem Lab Plant Plus Lab Plant Lab Plant 17 E E S D H P T D i s t r i c t No 16 13 25 19 N N E E E N E N N N 21 N N E N N N E N E E N N E E N N N N E E E E N N N N N N E N E E N N E E N N N N N N E E N N E N N N E N E E N N E E N N E N E N * At p e r c e n t s i g n i f i c a n c e level E - E f f e c t i v e at 5% s i g n i f i c a n c e l e v e l as c o m p a r e d to c o n t r o l N - N o t e f f e c t i v e at 5% s i g n i f i c a n c e l e v e l as c o m p a r e d to control Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproduc 178 QUALITY AND STATISTICS: TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT w i t h the r h y o l i t e a g g r e g a t e s in the plant For t h e D i s t r i c t 25 m a t e r i a l , the p l a n t m i x t u r e of c o n t r o l m a t e r i a l had a f a i r l y h i g h boil value; t h e r e f o r e , the lime t r e a t e d m i x t u r e w a s not s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from the control m a t e r i a l As for the D i s t r i c t 21 m a t e r i a l , the p r o b l e m w a s a s s o c i a t e d either with the r a w m a t e r i a l itself or w i t h the field a p p l i c a t i o n t e c h n i q u e of the lime Liquid Antistrippinq Additives Most liquid additives were effective in p r e v e n t i n g m o i s t u r e d a m a g e u s i n g the boil values for D i s t r i c t s 17, 13, 25 (except p l a n t m i x t u r e ) , and 21 (all w i t h gravel a g g r e g a t e s ) However, the l i q u i d a d d i t i v e s w e r e not e f f e c t i v e at all for D i s t r i c t s 16 (limestone), (rhyolite), (sandstone), a n d 19 (crushed gravel) T h e r e a s o n was p o s s i b l y due to the h i g h b o i l test v a l u e s for c o n t r o l m a t e r i a l s for D i s t r i c t s 16, i, a n d 19 As for D i s t r i c t 6, o n l y the U n i c h e m was e f f e c t i v e on t h e l a b o r a t o r y mixture, w h e r e a s the o t h e r a d d i t i v e s w e r e not e f f e c t i v e on the r h y o l i t e material CONCLUSIONS The c o n c l u s i o n s b a s e d on the d a t a and a n a l y s e s s t u d y are s u m m a r i z e d below from this i S t a t i s t i c a l c o m p a r i s o n s w e r e s u c c e s s f u l l y u s e d to e v a l u a t e the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of v a r i o u s t r e a t m e n t s in asphalt mixtures T h e h y d r a t e d lime was e f f e c t i v e on t r e a t i n g the m o i s t u r e s u s c e p t i b l e m a t e r i a l s from s t r i p p i n g T h e l i q u i d a d d i t i v e s in g e n e r a l w e r e not v e r y e f f e c t i v e on t r e a t i n g the l i m e s t o n e as w e l l as the sandstone materials However, m o s t l i q u i d a d d i t i v e s w e r e e f f e c t i v e for the r i v e r gravels ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS F u n d i n g for this r e s e a r c h was p r o v i d e d by the T e x a s S t a t e Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration The s t u d y was c o n d u c t e d at the C e n t e r for T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h of the U n i v e r s i t y of T e x a s at Austin The r e s e a r c h r e p o r t e d h e r e was p a r t of a l a r g e r r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t d i r e c t e d by Dr Thomas W Kennedy Dr D a v i d V H i n k l e y w i t h the U T - A u s t i n r e v i e w e d the s t a t i s t i c a l analysis Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproducti PING ON ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES 179 REFERENCES [!] Lottman, R P., "Laboratory Test Method for Predicting Moisture-Induced Damage to Asphalt Concrete," Transportation Research Record 843, 1982 [2_] Tunnicliff, D G and Root, R E., "Antistripping Additives in Asphalt Concrete for Effectiveness of Antistripping Additives," Proceeding of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol 53, 1983 [_3] Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, "Manual of Testing Procedures," Bituminous Section, 1983 [4] Kennedy, T W., Roberts, F L., and Lee, K W., "Evaluation of Moisture Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures Using the Texas Boiling Test," Transportation Research Record 968, 1984 [5_] Ping, W V and Kennedy, T W., "Evaluation of Stripping and Moisture Damage in Asphalt Pavements Treated with Lime and Antistripping Agents," Research Report 441-1, Center for Transportation Research, The University of Texas at Austin, October, 1990 C6_] Snedecor, G W and Cochran, W G., "Statistical Methods," Seventh Edition, The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 1980 [Z] Li, J C R., "Statistical Inference," Vol I & II, Edwards Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1966 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:46:23 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized m~ ! ru oi ~J ! w iml ! 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