Astm stp 601 1976

CRACKS AND FRACTURE Proceedings of the Ninth National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics A symposium sponsored by Committee E-24 on Fracture Testing of Metals AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND AAATERIALS University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., 25-27 Aug 1975 ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 601 J L Swedlow and M L Williams, symposium co-chairmen List price $51.75 04-601000-30 1^ AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa 19103 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of reserved); Mon Washington) Dec 21 11:20:25 pursuant to License EST 2015 Agreement No f BY AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1976 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 76-1712 NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication Printed in Baltimore, iVId June 1976 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:20:25 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions auth Joseph A Kies, 1906-1975 Dedication It was with great sorrow that those concerned with the organization of the Ninth National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics learned that the community of fracture specialists would never again benefit from the wit and wisdom of Joe Kies, one of the pioneers of practical fracture mechanics, highly respected through the world, and held in great affection by those fortunate enough to know him well The Officers of ASTM Committee E-24 on Fracture Testing of Metals, the members of the Executive Subcommittee, and the members of the National Symposia Task Group of the Executive Committee, all agreed that it would be most Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:20:25 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized appropriate to dedicate these Proceedings to Joe in recognition that much of our present work rests on foundations that he helped to lay In 1959 the progenitor of ASTM Committee E-24 was established to deal with Vanguard and Polaris motor case problems Surely standardized tests for the case materials were needed; meantime, the analysis and remedial prescription of the disconcertingly frequent proof test failures had to proceed with deliberate haste The original master of fracture failure analysis, Kies, got on with this task With characteristic enthusiasm and sagacity, he would examine the "remains," interrogate witnesses, investigate the background, analyze, and report; dozens upon dozens of cases were handled It was this wealth of experience that set practical objectives to be met by the ASTM test methods of Committee E-24 This was the Kies contribution; it was vital to Committee E-24 Joe Kies became a member of ASTM in 1943 and was always an avid proponent of ASTM goals After graduating from the University of Illinois in 1935, he became a physicist at the National Bureau of Standards In 1944, he joined the Western Regional Laboratory of the Department of Agriculture in Albany, California, and in 1947, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Taking a position at the Naval Research Laboratory in 1948, his collaboration with G R Irwin is now recognized to have been the pioneering effort in establishing the discipline of linear elastic fracture mechanics, the primary basis of Committee E-24 activities He was responsible for basic papers on the interpretation of fracture surface markings, a skill which prepared him for his Committee E-24 essential work on the Polaris submarine missile He was first to recognize the superior fracture toughness of warm prestretched acrylics, leading to stronger and lighter aircraft glazing materials Recognizing his contributions, the Department of the Navy bestowed its highest civilian award in 1971, the Distinguished Civilian Service Award After his retirement Joe contributed generously to the American Society for Metals Handbook, Volume 9, through membership on the Committee on Use of Fractography for Fracture Analysis At the time of his death, he was working on Volume 10 as a member of the Committee on Analysis of Brittle and Ductile Failures Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:20:25 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Foreword This publication, Cracks and Fracture, contains papers presented at the Ninth National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics which was held at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., 25-27 Aug 1975 The Symposium was sponsored by Committee E-24 on Fracture Testing of Metals of the American Society for Testing and Materials J L Swedlow, Carnegie-Mellon University, and M L Williams, University of Pittsburgh, presided as symposium co-chairmen The record would not be complete without noting some of the people who lent their talents to the success of the symposium E F Andrews, Corporate Vice President, Materials and Services, Allegheny-Ludlum Industries, spoke at the symposium banquet His incisive and provocative comments on the criticahty of materials supply gave a clear view of many serious problems pertinent to all of us concerned with the concepts and applications of fracture mechanics Dean M C Hav/k, University of Pittsburgh, handled many of the arrangements; his devoted efforts were central to the smooth running of the meeting The Technical Steering Committee did the initial paper selection and much of the early planning; the members were P C Paris, Brown University, and E T Wessel, Research Center, Westinghouse Electric Corporation Chairmen of the six sessions were J E Srawley, Lewis Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration; H T Corten, University of Illinois; J E Scott, Bethlehem Steel; C E Feddersen, BattelleColumbus; R J Goode, Naval Research Laboratory; and E K Walker, Lockheed-California The symposium co-chairmen wish to express their sincere thanks to these many people Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:20:25 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Related ASTM Publications Fracture Analysis, STP 560 (1974), $22.75, 04-560000-30 Fracture Toughness and Slow-Stable Cracking, STP 559 (1974), $25.25, 04-559000-30 Fatigue and Fracture Toughness—Cryogenic Behavior, STP 556 (1974), $20.25, 04-556000-30 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:20:25 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers This publication is made possible by the authors and, also, the unheralded efforts of the reviewers This body of technical experts whose dedication, sacrifice of time and effort, and collective wisdom in reviewing the papers must be acknowledged The quality level of ASTM publications is a direct function of their respected opinions On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge their contribution with appreciation ASTM Committee on Publications Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:20:25 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further repro Editorial Staff Jane B Wheeler, Managing Editor Helen M Hoersch, Associate Editor Charlotte E DeFranco, Senior Assistant Editor Ellen J McGHnchey, Assistant Editor Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:20:25 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Contents Introduction Method for Laboratory Determination of J^—j D G SUMPTER AND C E TURNER Determination of / Using Finite Element Based Correlations J Estimation Procedures General Relationship Between J and Absorbed Energy Gage Point Location for Deflection Measurement Ensuring Compatability Between J,, and G for Elastic Behavior Evaluation of J^ from Mouth Opening Displacement Effect on J of Work Hardening Effect of7 of Slow Crack Growth Effect on J of Laterial Constraint Relationship Between J and COD Summary and Discussion 10 10 12' 12 14 Geometry Effects and tlie J-Integral Approacli to Elastic-Plastic Fatigue Crack Growth—N E DOWLING Laboratory Investigation Discussion Conclusions and Recommendations 19 21 29 31 Derivation of a Low-Cycle Fatigue Relationship Employing the J-Integral Approach to Grack Growth—D F MOWBRAY Nomenclature Derivation Discussion Summary 33 33 36 42 45 Relevance of Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics to Creep Cracking—K M NIKBIN, G A WEBSTER, AND C E TURNER 47 Application of Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics to Creep Cracking Comparison with Experimental Data Discussion Conclusions 51 53 58 59 Assessment of Strength-Probability-Time Relationships in Ceramics—E M LENOE AND D, M NEAL 63 Experimental Procedures for Slow Crack Growth Elementary Life Estimating Procedure Alternate Life Estimating Procedures Monte Carlo Method Results and Discussion Summary and Conclusions Copyright Downloaded/printed University 65 67 70 74 76 80 by by of 566 CRACKS AND FRACTURE OOO cT)*^^ r-»noo ^OfN mcNO r^mo t^inoo -^OtNl O^iO -^c^ON i^»nr^ -HO(N s K S o s o iD^f*^ m m o r~-r^^-H -^ONcn coroo ^r-io OCNGN OONO I O^ O^ I oo»nr^ r - i n r - r-r r-) "oroc^l i n m c N ^ c n m o - j r o o tn fTi