Repair, Retrofit, and Inspection of Building Exterior Wall Systems Editors: Paul G Johnson Jon M Boyd STP 1493 STP 1493 Repair, Retrofit and Inspection of Building Exterior Wall Systems Paul G Johnson and Jon M Boyd, editors ASTM Stock Number: STP1493 ASTM International 100 Barr Harbor Drive PO Box C700 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 Printed in the U.S.A Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Repair, retrofit, and inspection of building exterior wall systems / Paul G Johnson and Jon M Boyd, editors p cm Includes bibliographical references and indexes ‘‘ASTM Stock Number: STP1493.⬙ ISBN 978-0-8031-3418-8 Exterior walls Maintenance and repair I Johnson, Paul G., 1949- II Boyd, Jon M., 1952TH2235.R46 2009 690’.120288 dc22 2009003037 ISBN: 978-0-8031-3418-8 Copyright © 2009 ASTM INTERNATIONAL, West Conshohocken, PA All rights reserved This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and 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obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor共s兲, but also the work of the peer reviewers In keeping with long-standing publication practices, ASTM International maintains the anonymity of the peer reviewers The ASTM International Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution of time and effort on behalf of ASTM International Citation of Papers When citing papers from this publication, the appropriate citation includes the paper author共s兲, ‘‘paper title⬙, J ASTM Intl., volume and number, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, Paper, year 共listed in the footnote to the paper兲, Paper ID JAI100887 共located at the top of each first page兲 This book is a repackaging of those papers Printed in Dayton, OH March 2009 Foreword This publication, Repair, Retrofit and Inspection of Building Exterior Wall Systems, contains papers presented at the ASTM symposium of the same name held on 21, 22 October, 2006 in Atlanta, GA The symposium was presented by ASTM Committee E-6 on Performance of Buildings The symposium co-chairmen were: Jon Boyd, Klein and Hoffman, Inc., Chicago, Illinois and Paul Johnson, Smith Group, Detroit, Michigan Contents Overview vii TESTING AND EVALUATION TECHNIQUES Case History of the Use of Electronic Survey Techniques to Assess Planar Distortions in Building FaỗadesKEVIN S COLL AND DAVID A VANOCKER Qualitative Sampling of the Building Envelope for Water Leakage— LONNIE L HAUGHTON AND COLIN R MURPHY 12 Applying C1601-06 ‘‘Standard Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Masonry Wall Surfacesⴖ in Practice—GERALD A DALRYMPLE AND A RHETT WHITLOCK 21 The Identification of Corrosion-Related Damage from Cramp Anchors in a LimestoneClad Building Faỗade Using NDE TechniquesDAVID A VANOCKER, ERIN M JOHNSON, AND TRACY D MARCOTTE 35 Snap, Crackle, Pop: Remediation of a Noisy Curtain Wall—MARK K SCHMIDT AND W ROBERT HANNEN 47 Techniques for Predicting Cladding Design Wind Pressures—MATTHEW BROWNE, PETER IRWIN, JASON GARBER, MICHAEL CICCI, JAN DALE, AND RUSS PARNELL 55 INVESTIGATION, REHABILITATION AND DETAILING CASE STUDIES Erroneous Design Assumptions and Construction Defects in a Thin Stone Faỗade SystemMARK K SCHMIDT AND JILL H MURPHY 69 Energy Savings Resulting from Building Envelope Upgrades in Mid-Rise Construction—A Case Study—J ERIC PETERSON AND WILLIAM H BLODGETT 77 Delayed Ettringite Formation (DEF) within Pre-cast Concrete Cladding Panels on a Mid-Rise Commercial Office Building: A Case Study—WARREN R FRENCH AND JOSHUA S SCHROEDER 85 Sill Pan Flashing for Block-Frame Windows in Recessed Concrete Openingsⴚ Case Studies—ROBERT BATEMAN 107 Envelope RemediationⴚA Case Study in Support of an Over-Cladding Approach— JARED B LAWRENCE AND PAUL G JOHNSON 121 Over-Cladding of Aluminum Framed Curtainwalls and Skylights—JON M BOYD 139 Faỗade Renovation of the Wexner Center for the Arts—SHAWN S LI AND NEIL MCCLELLAND 154 v vi CONTENTS A Form to Follow Function: Recladding A Regional Healthcare Facility —TAMMY D FORNER 161 Repair of an Earthquake Damaged Building Faỗade in Coordination with FEMA: A Case Study Including Stabilization, Evaluation, Historically Sensitive Restoration, and Hazard Mitigation—C HENDRYX AND S VLOTHO 173 EXTERIOR INSULATION AND FINISH SYSTEMS 共EIFS兲 Design of Engineered Drainable Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS) Cladding—STEPHEN S RUGGIERO AND ANNEMARIE L RABAZZI 197 Evaluation of Debonding of Lamina from Foam and Repairs to Exterior Insulation and Finish System FaỗadeLINDA MCGOWAN, SCOTT RILEY, JIM CONNOLLY AND WILLIAM SHALKOWSKI 213 Retrofitting Barrier Exterior Insulation and Finish System: Methodology and Performance Assessment—ERIC K OLSON AND JUDSON A TAYLOR 229 Author Index 239 Subject Index 241 Overview The papers published in this special technical publication were presented during the ASTM symposium entitled Repair, Retrofit and Inspection of Building Exterior Wall Systems, held in October 2006 in Atlanta, GA, as part of a continuing series of symposia on building exterior walls system presented by the sponsoring subcommittee, ASTM E06.55 on Building Exterior Wall System The 2006 symposium continues the work began by E06.55 back in 1990 to bring the talents and diverse interests of the committee and the building industry together to exchange information and experience regarding the building envelope It continues to be the goal of the committee to address the complex issues of design, construction, maintenance, evaluation and repair of these important systems of our buildings With a very large stock of existing buildings we will be faced with the special problems and needs of these structures as they age, and as we ask their exterior wall systems to perform in new ways for us This was the driving factor behind this symposium and many of the resulting papers The papers presented in this symposium addressed a diverse range of topics including survey and assessment techniques and sampling, establishing the integrity of cladding systems and components, case studies of system deterioration, and remediation, serviceability issues, seismic retrofit, energy savings attributable to faỗade upgrades, and re-cladding of existing buildings System types addressed include faỗades comprised of vintage masonry, limestone, precast concrete panels, thin stone, exposed cast-in-place concrete, aluminum framing, EIFS, and glass and metal walls These papers represent a broad range of experience and perspectives of the authors arising from varying backgrounds and experience, professions, and geographic locations It is our hope that this publication and others from this subcommittee will offer meaningful real-world insights into the complex and challenging problems associated with the design, construction and maintenance of building exterior wall systems, both old and new Jon M Boyd, SE, AIA Klein and Hoffman, Inc Chicago, Illinois Paul G Johnson, FAIA The Smith Group Detroit, Michigan vii TESTING AND EVALUATION TECHNIQUES Journal of ASTM International, Vol 4, No 10 Paper ID JAI100871 Available online at www.astm.org Eric K Olson, P.E.1 and Judson A Taylor, AIA2 Retrofitting Barrier Exterior Insulation and Finish System: Methodology and Performance Assessment ABSTRACT: Barrier-EIFS 共exterior insulation and finish system兲 refers to EIFS with no internal drainage plane or through-wall flashings to collect and drain water that bypasses the EIFS’s surface barrier EIFS’s surface barrier consists of a thin lamina and exposed joint sealants at transitions to elements such as windows, projecting decks, and intersecting parapets to prevent water infiltration through the surface barrier Breaches in the surface barrier, however, can cause water leakage into the wall and building interior In some cases reasonable reduction of leakage and preservation of the exterior walls may be accomplished by reducing barrier-EIFS’s over-reliance on sealants, and by introducing watertight through-wall flashings at leakage-prone transitions and penetrations The authors refer to this approach—providing flashings and localized drainage immediately around transitions and penetrations of wall elements while maintaining or improving the existing barrier-EIFS system away from such details—as “hybrid repairs.” A case study of repairs on an existing high-rise barrier-EIFS-clad building shows the in-service performance of the hybrid repair methodology The subject building had experienced water leakage at intersections of the EIFS and other building envelope elements, including windows, doors, balcony deck-to-wall transitions, and intersecting parapets Repairs to correct water leakage focused on creating reliable concealed flashings at these details, along with more common barrier-enhancement repairs over the original EIFS, which was generally left in place To help evaluate the hybrid repairs’ effectiveness, the authors surveyed typical exterior repairs in place for 2–1/2 to 5–1/2 years and interior finishes in the areas of the repairs The Authors interviewed residents in some units that had experienced chronic water intrusion prior to the repairs; residents commented that they have seen no water intrusion since the repairs The survey and interviews with residents revealed no evidence or reports of reoccurring water intrusion, supporting the general effectiveness of the hybrid repairs on the subject building KEYWORDS: barrier-EIFS, EIFS repair, flashing, hybrid repair, threshold flashing, sill flashing, water intrusion Introduction Barrier-EIFS 共exterior insulation and finish system兲-clad buildings are commonplace throughout North America Water leakage and resulting damage in walls constructed with barrier-EIFS have spawned general concern regarding its suitability for use on exterior building walls and the efficacy of sealant-based remedial approaches to mitigate water intrusion Decisions regarding remediation of water leakage and damage and how to best prolong the life of a building’s barrier-EIFS-clad exterior wall system have significant economic and functional consequences Introducing drained flashings in existing barrier-EIFS, thus reducing its reliance on surface seals while retaining much of the in-place EIFS, can improve the durability and reliability of barrier-EIFS and yield a feasible solution that significantly reduces the risk of leakage and damage 关1–7兴 This case study presents a high-rise barrier-EIFS-clad condominium in Seattle, Washington The building contains terraces and balcony decks accessed by sliding glass doors, parapets at balcony perimeters, and windows in punched openings 共Fig 1兲 This condominium, constructed in the early 1990s, began experiencing facade water leakage shortly after construction Water intrusion was documented in over half of the 240 units The water leakage led to rusted steel wall framing, mold growth, and damage to interior gypsum wallboard and other finishes Leakage and resulting damage occurred primarily at wall bases inboard of balcony decks and adjacent to the sliding glass doors, beneath windows, and around details such as parapet terminations to walls Much of the exterior wall system away from the leaking conditions, however, remained undamaged After consultation, the homeowners selected a repair program Manuscript received November 8, 2006; accepted for publication September 24, 2007; published online October 2007 Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc 41 Seyon St.-Bldg #1, Suite 500, Waltham, MA 02453 Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc 1055 W 7th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90017 Copyright © 2007 by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 229 230 BUILDING EXTERIOR WALL SYSTEMS FIG 1—Building elevation The case-study, high-rise barrier-EIFS-clad condominium has windows in punched openings and decks with and without perimeter parapets that addressed leakage by introducing internal drainage features and flashings at leakage-prone areas while preserving much of the remaining EIFS This case study describes the methodology, advantages, and limitations of this repair approach, and discusses the observed effectiveness of the in-place repairs Barrier-EIFS: Description and Discussion of Conventional Repair Approaches Exterior insulation and finish system 共EIFS兲 is a wall cladding consisting of a “lamina” 共a thin layer of cement-based base coat, reinforced with glass fiber mesh and covered with a textured finish coat兲 applied over rigid insulation The rigid insulation is applied over gypsum or wood exterior wall sheathing, in turn supported by wood or light-gauge framing Barrier-EIFS 共Fig 2兲, unlike a drained and flashed wall system 共Fig 3兲, lacks an internal weather resistant barrier, a drainage plane, and flashings The system relies instead on the barrier created by the lamina and joint sealants between the lamina and other wall elements to create a continuous surface barrier that blocks all water entry at the wall face The barrier-EIFS facade system, as discussed herein, includes the EIFS wall panels plus other elements within the faỗade, such as windows and doors Barrier-EIFS, lacking internal drainage and flashings to collect and drain water that bypasses the surface seals, cannot tolerate face-seal or lamina surface breaches Elements comprising the wall system, including the EIFS, exposed joint sealants, window and door frames, intersecting parapets and penetrations, therefore, must remain perfectly watertight Water penetrating these wall elements becomes trapped within the wall, causing damage such as mold growth, deterioration of gypsum sheathing board, rusting of light-gauge steel framing and rotting of wood sheathing and framing The historic performance of barrier- FIG 2—Surface-sealed barrier facade The barrier facade relies on the unbroken facade surface and seals at joints to shed all water Openings in the facade surface or joints allow water (arrows) to enter the interior of the wall OLSON AND TAYLOR ON RETROFITTING BARRIER EIFS 231 FIG 3—Drained facade Water penetrating the facade surface or open seals (arrows) is drained by an internal weather resistant barrier and flashings at the base of the wall EIFS shows that it is prone to water leakage through failed joint sealants between EIFS panels or between the EIFS and adjacent wall elements, cracked or punctured lamina, and unflashed or poorly flashed elements within the faỗade such as windows, intersecting walls and other penetrations One alternative in the remediation of barrier-EIFS water leakage is to maintain the EIFS’s surface barrier by replacing failed sealants and by applying elastomeric coatings that help bridge cracks in the EIFS lamina This barrier maintenance approach has limitations It is often not possible to find and repair sealant breaches, cracks or damaged lamina before they allow significant leakage This approach also does not attempt to address concealed leakage through components installed within the EIFS facade, such as windows and doors, as identification of such leakage typically requires invasive investigation and testing that are not feasible to conduct as a part of normal maintenance in an occupied building Unaddressed, such leakage causes deterioration to gypsum sheathing, wall finishes, and other moisture-susceptible elements within the walls “Hybrid” Repair Approach One approach to help overcome limitations of the barrier maintenance approach is to provide flashings and drained, dual-stage joint sealants in critical locations to collect and drain water from areas most vulnerable to water leakage The resulting hybrid approach—providing flashings and localized drainage immediately around transitions and penetrations of wall elements while maintaining or improving performance of the existing barrier-EIFS panels away from such details—reduces the risks of leakage and resulting damage to levels that may be acceptable to certain building owners This repair approach requires consideration of the following: • Sufficient investigation has been undertaken to understand and identify systemic leakage paths and damaged wall elements so that a comprehensive repair scope can be developed In practice, it is often impractical to find all concealed damage, so some local damage may remain in the wall in areas not exposed by the repairs • The hybrid approach requires selective demolition and reconstruction of EIFS to integrate new flashings with the existing wall The entire faỗade will likely require recoating or finish coat renewal to provide an acceptable appearance match between patched and original surfaces • Existing barrier-EIFS wall panels retained by the hybrid repair scope may allow water leakage into the walls if the lamina cracks or become damaged following the implementation of repairs Periodic inspection of the remaining EIFS can help mitigate, but cannot eliminate, these risks The consequences of damage resulting from such water leakage are increased if oriented strand board 共OSB兲 232 BUILDING EXTERIOR WALL SYSTEMS FIG 4—Original condition of balcony decks Poorly drained decks along EIFS walls and at sliding door thresholds contribute to failure of the sealant joint and water leakage along the base of the wall sheathing or paper-faced gypsum sheathing, which deteriorate rapidly when exposed to moisture, are present • Repairs should only be considered for buildings with limited and localized exterior wall damage, and where the causes of leakage are linked to repetitive failure of discrete conditions within the facade Extensive or system-wide damage to the EIFS or framing usually warrants re-cladding to restore damaged materials and wall structure The monetary savings generated by using barrier-EIFS with hybrid drainage features would be too small, and risks too high, to be well suited for new construction or re-cladding We recommend a fully drained wall system for new construction or re-cladding Hybrid drainage repairs make the barrier EIFS facade system behave locally as a drainage-plane cladding by incorporating reliably watertight secondary barriers and flashings, capable of controlling and draining water, at vulnerable penetrations and transitions While a complete, drained wall system cannot be created by local repairs to a surface-sealed wall system, the resulting hybrid wall system can provide substantial benefits of a drainage plane system—concealed and protected weatherproofing and less reliance on exposed sealants—by focusing repairs at critical conditions where these features are most needed Case Study: Causes of Leakage and Remedial Approaches The case study building experienced widespread water intrusion caused by a limited number of repetitive conditions Prior to implementation of the hybrid repairs, repairs to the surface seal system were attempted but did not correct the water intrusion problems Investigation prior to developing the hybrid repair scope revealed that damage was generally limited to the glass-fiber-faced gypsum exterior wall sheathing, steel framing, and interior finishes adjacent to or directly beneath the water source Away from leakage sources, the framing, exterior sheathing, and EIFS were in generally satisfactory condition Deficiencies causing leakage and the repair approach to correct the conditions are discussed below Decks and EIFS Wall Base The EIFS wall termination at balcony and terrace decks consisted of a sealant-filled joint, between the bottom edge of the EIFS and the urethane-based traffic coating covering the concrete decks Poor drainage from the decks caused water to pond along the base of the wall 共Fig 4兲, exposing the EIFS lamina and sealant to water for prolonged periods and contributing to failure of joints between the deck and wall OLSON AND TAYLOR ON RETROFITTING BARRIER EIFS 233 FIG 5—Wall base-to-deck flashing Elastomeric base flashing at the deck-to-wall transition (arrow) Water penetrated these failed joint sealants between the deck and wall, damaging the wall framing and interior finishes Repairs covered the transition between the deck surface and wall sheathing with an elastomeric base flashing, provided additional slope on the deck surface to drain water away from walls, and covered the new flashing and sloped fill with a traffic-bearing, waterproof coating 共Figs and 6兲 to protect the new flashing Metal “kick-out” flashings integrated with the elastomeric flashing and wall sheathing were provided where deck edges terminate into exterior walls 共Fig 7兲 Repairs also provided new metal pan flashing beneath doors following application of sloped fill to improve drainage away from the door Wall base flashing and deck waterproof coatings were integrated with the pan to provide a continuous flashing along the base of the wall Windows Windows had been installed with starter sills having end dams set in sealant The starter sills did not extend beyond the face of the window to cover the sloped EIFS below; rather, the underside of the starter sill was sealed to the top edge of the EIFS panel below Water penetrated window frame joints, window perimeter sealant joints, and openings in seals at starter sill end-dams Repairs included installation of a metal sill flashing pan, integrated with rough opening jambs to capture jamb perimeter joint leakage 共Figs and 9兲 The flashing pans have an extended sill to cover the sloped EIFS below the window sill and to eliminate the sill perimeter seal between the window frame and EIFS FIG 6—Wall base-to-deck flashing Elastomeric base flashing at the deck-to-wall transition protects the base of the exterior wall and integrates the deck surface with door sill flashing 234 BUILDING EXTERIOR WALL SYSTEMS FIG 7—Deck edge termination to wall Elastomeric base flashing along the wall base terminates inside a metal kickout flashing (top) The kick-out is terminated to the EIFS with a wept, dual-stage seal (bottom) Joint Sealants Joint sealants around window and door perimeters, along the base of the EIFS panels at decks, and between EIFS panels, were adhered to the finish coat Some joints had failed cohesively through the finish coat, allowing water intrusion; in other locations water penetrated the porous aggregate-based finish coat OLSON AND TAYLOR ON RETROFITTING BARRIER EIFS 235 FIG 8—Window sill flashing Window sill flashing pan drains frame leakage and covers and protects the sloped EIFS sill A dual-stage jamb perimeter seal drains to the sill flashing Repairs included removal of finish coat from joints and application of dual-stage joints, drained to flashing pans at the sills of windows and doors or drained to weeps at the base of vertical joints 共Figs and 8兲 Parapet Terminations to Walls Parapets along deck edges are constructed of porous, split-faced concrete masonry block with a sheet metal coping Concrete block and copings were sealed to the face of the EIFS Water had penetrated the porous block and sealant at the coping-to-EIFS terminations at balcony and roof parapets Repairs included FIG 9—Window sill and parapet flashing Installed window sill flashing (left arrow) and parapet-to-wall transition flashing (right arrow) 236 BUILDING EXTERIOR WALL SYSTEMS FIG 10—Parapet flashing to EIFS wall Metal flashings integrated with the exterior sheathing and covered with new EIFS integrate the concrete block masonry parapets with the exterior wall a metal flashing integrated with the wall sheathing, concrete block and deck base flashing 共Figs and 10, and an elastomeric coating for concrete block surfaces A drained sealant joint was installed within the gap between the new parapet flashing and EIFS Other Repairs Conventional repairs to the case study building addressed cracking that occurred in some EIFS panels by application of new mesh, base coat and finish coat over existing cracked panels The building received a silicone-based elastomeric coating to provide a consistent color match following installation of repairs and to prolong the service life of the existing finish coat Split-faced concrete masonry unit 共CMU兲 parapet surfaces received an elastomeric coating to minimize absorption of water into the block Joints in metal parapet coping caps were covered with silicone sheet seals Assessment of Repair Effectiveness and Durability The exterior envelope repairs at the case study building began with construction of a mock-up in a unit affected by severe water intrusion The repair project started in early 2002 and concluded in late winter of 2004 We returned to the building in July 2006 to visually assess the condition of the repaired elements and to survey interior finishes in 18 units that had severe water-intrusion-related damage prior to repairs We interviewed residents in of the 18 units regarding reappearance of water or damage and interviewed property management personnel regarding reported leakage occurring since completion of the repairs From these units, we also observed cladding components installed or modified during the repair process We did not remove exterior cladding or interior wall finishes to observe concealed conditions Our evaluation of the repairs’ effectiveness is based on the premise that ineffective repairs would have allowed water intrusion to recur in the locations seen prior to the repairs and that residents would have reported new leakage We observed no recurrence of damage in the 18 units and building common areas we surveyed, though management personnel told us of new damage beneath a common area skylight from sources unrelated to the repairs Interviewed residents and property management personnel have reported no other recurring or new leakage OLSON AND TAYLOR ON RETROFITTING BARRIER EIFS 237 We reviewed the condition of exterior wall sealants, elastomeric coating, deck waterproofing and flashing at twenty units 共including the 18 units having damage prior to the repairs兲 and at accessible terrace decks and the roof Our summary of observations of the present condition of exterior elements is as follows: • Surface of the EIFS lamina painted with a silicone-based elastomeric coating: The coating remains well adhered with no areas of peeled or blistered coating The coating surface has, however, accumulated some dirt; this can be expected with silicone-based elastomeric coatings The dirt stains are most pronounced where water runs down coated surfaces 共e.g., from sloped metal roof areas兲 • Previously cracked EIFS panels refinished with new base coat, mesh, and textured acrylic finish coat: No cracking or peeling of the refinished EIFS panels • Low-modulus silicone sealant between EIFS panels and at window and door perimeters: Sealants remain intact and adhered to substrates • Preformed silicone sheet seals at parapet coping joints: Isolated tears in sealant sheet at several sheet metal coping joints Conclusion The localized repair and retrofitting of an existing EIFS-clad facade to provide flashings and drainage at leakage-prone sealant joints and details can substantially reduce water leakage into the wall, thereby extending the faỗades service life and reducing the risk of water intrusion to acceptable levels 共as determined by the building owner兲 In cases where leakage and consequential damage are limited and can be reasonably well located, the approach provides a cost-effective solution to leakage and durability problems with the barrier EIFS-clad facades Risks of this approach include isolated, remaining damage concealed within the wall system and future leakage arising from openings such as cracks or punctures in remaining barrier-EIFS panels The hybrid repair approach is a compromise between the competing goals of eliminating all wall leakage and reducing remedial costs and disruption associated with repairs to barrier-EIFS-clad walls Ultimately, the building owner must select the repair scope, based upon an analysis of their level of acceptable risks and rewards associated with each option References 关1兴 关2兴 关3兴 关4兴 关5兴 关6兴 关7兴 Bronski, M B., and Ruggiero, S S., “Exterior Insulation Finish Systems 共EIFS兲 Use in WoodFramed Construction: Design Concepts to Avoid Common Moisture Intrusion Problems,” J Test Eval., Vol 28, No 共4兲, 2000, pp 290–300 French, W R., “The Practical Use and Potential Limitations of Exterior Insulation and Finish System Materials as an Exterior Building Envelope,” Water in Exterior Building Walls: Problems and Solutions, ASTM Standard STP 1107, T A Schwartz, Ed., ASTM International, Philadelphia, PA, 1991 Nelson, P E., and Waltz, M E., Jr., “EIFS—Surface Sealed Wall Systems that Need Flashings,” Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFS): Materials, Properties and Performance, ASTM STP 1269, P E Nelson and R E Kroll, Eds., ASTM International, Philadelphia, PA, 1996 Olson, E K., and Taylor, J A., “Strategies for Prolonging the Service Life of Barrier-EIFS,” The Construction Specifier, Vol 56, No 共12兲, 2003, pp 53–61 Piper, R., “Troubles with Synthetic Stucco,” New England Builder, Vol 6共9兲, June 1988, pp 34–38 Piper, R., “Hidden Damage Likely on an EIFS Failure,” Condo Media, June 1994, pp 35–36 Ruggiero, S S., and Myers, J C., “Design and Construction of Watertight Exterior Building Walls,” Water in Exterior Building Walls: Problems and Solutions, ASTM Standard STP 1107, T A Schwartz, Ed., ASTM International, Philadelphia, PA, 1991 Author Index B M Bateman, Robert, 107-20 Blodgett, William H., 77-84 Boyd, Jon M., 139-53 Browne, Matthew, 55-66 Marcotte, Tracy D., 35-46 McClelland, Neil, 154-60 McGowan, Linda, 213-28 Murphy, Colin R., 12-20 Murphy, Jill H., 69-76 C O Cicci, Michael, 55-66 Coll, Kevin S., 3-11 Connolly, Jim, 213-28 Olson, Eric K., 229-37 D P Dale, Jan, 55-66 Dalrymple, Gerald A., 21-34 Parnell, Russ, 55-66 Peterson, J Eric, 77-84 F R Forner, Tammy D., 161-72 French, Warren R., 85-106 Rabazzi, Annemarie L., 197-212 Rhett Whitlock, A., 21-34 Riley, Scott, 213-28 Ruggiero, Stephen S., 197-212 G Garber, Jason, 55-66 S H Schmidt, Mark K., 47-54, 69-76 Schroeder, Joshua S., 85-106 Shalkowski, William, 213-29 Hannen, W Robert, 47-54 Haughton, Lonnie L., 12-20 Hendryx, C., 173-94 T I Taylor, Judson A., 229-37 Irwin, Peter, 55-66 J V Johnson, Erin M., 35-46 Johnson, Paul G., 121-38 VanOcker, David A., 3-11, 35-46 Vlotho, S., 173-94 L W Lawrence, Jared B., 121-38 Li, Shawn S., 154-60 Whitlock, A Rhett, 21-34 239 Subject Index A EIFS repair, 229-37 elastomeric coating, 173-94 electronic survey techniques, 3-11 Emergency Assistance Act, 173-94 energy savings, 77-84 epoxied pins, 69-76 existing exterior envelope, 121-38 exterior insulation and finish system, 213-28 air barrier, 77-84 air/water barrier, 161-72 anchor, 35-46 anchorage design, 69-76 assessment, 3-11 ASTM E 2128, 12-20 B F barrier EIFS, 197-212, 229-37 barrier-wall, 107-20 block-frame window, 107-20 brick, 77-84 building envelope, 3-11, 12-20, 77-84 building faỗade, 161-72 faỗade, 3-11, 35-46, 154-60 field testing, 21-34 flashing, 107-20, 197-212, 229-37 floor line weeps, 197-212 G C granite panels, 69-76 cement plaster 共i.e., stucco兲 repair, 173-94 CFD, 55-66 cladding design, 55-66 concrete repair, 173-94 concrete wall, 107-20 Condensation, 154-60 construction defects, 69-76 corrosion, 35-46 cramp, 35-46 curtain wall, 47-54, 121-38, 139-53, 161-72 H hazard mitigation, 173-94 head flashing, 197-212 hollow clay tile, 173-94 hollow-core clay block, 173-94 hybrid repair, 229-37 I D inductive analysis, 12-20 infrared, 35-46 instrumentation, 47-54 insulation, 77-84 internal pressures, 55-66 investigation, 3-11, 35-46 delamination, 213-28 design, 107-20 detailing, 107-20 displacement, 3-11 distortion, 3-11 drainable EIFS, 197-212 drainage grid, 197-212 L E lamina, 213-28 leakage, 21-34 limestone, 35-46 load duration, 55-66 E06.58, 213-28 earthquake repair project, 173-94 EIFS, 213-28 241 242 BUILDING EXTERIOR WALL SYSTEMS L lamina, 213-28 leakage, 21-34 limestone, 35-46 load duration, 55-66 retrofit, 161-72 rules of evidence, 12-20 S M masonry, 3-11, 21-34, 77-84 masonry repair, 173-94 mesh, 213-28 mural restoration, 173-94 N NDE, 35-46 noises, 47-54 O sealant joint, 107-20 sill flashing, 197-212, 229-37 sill pan flashing, 107-20 skylight, 139-53 substantive significance, 12-20 survey, 3-11 T THERM, 154-60 thermal movements, 47-54 Thermal Test, 154-60 thermal-moisture analysis, 197-212 thermography, 35-46 threshold flashing, 229-37 over-cladding, 121-38, 139-53 U P panelized, 121-38 performance, 121-38 planar, 3-11 plasticizer, 213-28 Public Assistance Program, 173-94 purposive sampling, 12-20 Q qualitative sampling, 12-20 qualitative survey, 12-20 R rain screen cladding, 161-72 random sampling, 12-20 recessed opening, 107-20 recladding, 77-84, 161-72 renovation, 77-84 repairs, 213-28 reticulated foam weep, 107-20 ultrasonic, 35-46 unitized, 121-38 V vapor drive analysis, 197-212 vapor retarder, 197-212 veneer, 77-84 W water intrusion, 229-37 water penetration, 21-34 water-resistive-membranes, 197-212 wind climate, 55-66 wind pressure, 21-34 wind tunnels, 55-66 wind-driven rain, 21-34 window, 77-84, 107-20 window openings, 197-212 WUFI computer model, 197-212 www.astm.org ISBN: 978-0-8031-3418-8 Stock #: STP1493