Chapter 14: Programming and Languages McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Competencies (Page of 2) • Define programming of and describe the six steps of programming • Discuss design tools including topdown design, pseudocode, flowcharts, and logic structures • Describe program testing and the tools for finding and removing errors McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 14-2 mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Competencies (Page of 2) • Describe CASE tools and objectoriented software development • Explain the five generations of programming languages McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 14-3 mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Introduction • In this chapter, you focus on Phase 4, Systems Development, of the systems life cycle and learn about the programming process and some of the programming languages that are available • Competent end users need to understand the relationship between systems development and programming McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 14-4 mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Programs and Programming • What is a program? • A problem-solving procedure – A list of instructions McGraw-Hill • Prewritten • Custom-written • Application software • System software Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 14-5 mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You What is Programming? • Programming is software development • Six step procedure McGraw-Hill Program Program Program Program Program Program specification design code test documentation maintenance Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 14-6 mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Step 1: Program Specification • Also called program definition or program analysis • Five steps to complete in the process McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 14-7 mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Program Objectives in Step • Objectives are the problems that you are trying to solve • Programming requires a clear statement of the problem that you are looking to address McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 14-8 mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Program Specification in Step • • • • Desired output Needed input data Required processing Documentation of program specifications End user’s sketch of desired output McGraw-Hill Example of input data Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 14-9 mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Step 2: Program Design • Plan a solution using structured programming techniques – – – – McGraw-Hill Top-down design Pseudocode Flowcharts Logic structures Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 14-10 mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Flowcharts • Graphically depict the sequence of steps required to solve a programming problem McGraw-Hill Flowchart Symbols Return Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 14-13 mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Logic Structures • • • Concatenation structure Selection structure Repetition structure Concatenation McGraw-Hill Selection Repetition Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 14-14 mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Step 3: Program Code • Writing the program or coding • Characteristics of a good program – Works reliably – Produces the correct output – Catches common input errors – Code is well-documented and understandable – Uses an appropriate computer language McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 14-15 mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Coding in Step • Content-markup languages ã Programming languages McGraw-Hill Copyright â 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 14-16 mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Step 4: Program Test • Debugging to test code and eliminate errors – – – McGraw-Hill Syntax errors Logic errors Testing process Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 14-17 mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Step 5: Program Documentation • Written descriptions about a program • Important for people who will use and/or support the program – – – McGraw-Hill Users Operators Programmers Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 14-18 mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Step 6: Program Maintenance • 75% of total lifetime cost • Ensures program is – – – Error-free Effective Efficient • Two activity categories – Operations – Changing needs McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 14-19 mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Case Tools • Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) – Automates portions of the development process McGraw-Hill • • • Program design Coding Testing Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 14-20