Contact Dermatitis Fifth Edition Jeanne Duus Johansen • Peter J Frosch Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin Editors Contact Dermatitis Fifth Edition Prof Jeanne Duus Johansen Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte National Allergy Research Centre Department of Dermato-allergology Niels Andersens Vej 65 2900 Hellerup Denmark jedu@geh.regionh.dk Prof Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin Institut le Bel, Labo Dermatochimie 4, rue Blaise Pascal 67070 Strasbourg cedex France jplepoit@unistra.fr Prof Dr Peter J Frosch Hautklinik Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH Beurhausstr 40 44137 Dortmund Germany peter.frosch@klinikumdo.de ISBN: 978-3-642-03826-6 e-ISBN: 978-3-642-03827-3 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03827-3 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010923774 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is c oncerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, 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Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) To Kelly for her continuous support of my scientific activities Peter J Frosch Preface to the Fifth Edition This is the fifth edition of the book since 1992 A lot of changes have been made over the years, but the biggest transformation came with the fourth edition in 2005: many new chapters, easy overview, and core messages providing all the clinical photos and diagrams All these advantages have been retained for the fifth edition, where an extensive update of chapters has been made including new versions and authors for several topics Contact dermatitis is one of the major problems in occupational skin diseases This is reflected in the book, where new chapters on occupational contact dermatitis have been written: a general chapter, which gives an overview of the subject, provides clear definitions and gives valuable guidance for the investigation of patients suspected of occupational contact dermatitis; followed by specific chapters on three high-risk professions The popular dictionary of contact allergens and lists of patch test concentrations have been expanded and provide the tool for evidence-based investigation and information of patients with contact dermatitis Contact dermatitis is a frequent, disabling and expensive disease This brings both primary and secondary prevention in focus of research A solid basis has already been established for intervention on a personal, organizational and regulatory level The significant level of knowledge in these areas is summarised in three new chapters, which also cover therapy, a previous somewhat neglected subject in the book Other chapters on different aspects of prevention have gone through a significant updation and revision Basic understanding of pathophysiology within the fields of genes, skin barrier and chemistry has taken a leap forward and these new developments are reflected in new and former chapters of the book With this edition, Torkil Menné has resigned from the editorial group Torkil Menné was one of the initiators of this textbook and has been part of the editorial board since then The editors would like to express their sincere thanks to Torkil Menné for his invaluable contributions to the book and to the field of contact dermatitis over many years The fourth edition was a great success, and even though it seemed an impossible task to surpass it, we think we have done so with the fifth edition This has, of course, only been possible with the help of the many great contributors and the editors are very grateful to each and every one of them Last but not the least, we would like to thank Springer-Verlag for their excellent support to this project Hellerup, Denmark Dortmund, Germany Strasbourg, France Jeanne Duus Johansen Peter J Frosch Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin vii Contents Historical Aspects Jean-Marie Lachapelle Part I Basic Features Genetics and Individual Predispositions in Contact Dermatitis Axel Schnuch and Berit Christina Carlsen 13 Mechanisms of Irritant and Allergic Contact Dermatitis Thomas Rustemeyer, Ingrid M.W van Hoogstraten, B Mary E von Blomberg, Sue Gibbs, and Rik J Scheper 43 Molecular Aspects in Allergic and Irritant Contact Dermatitis Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin 91 Bio-Guided Fractionation and Identification of Allergens in Complex Mixtures and Products 111 Elena Giménez-Arnau Role of the Permeability Barrier in Contact Dermatitis 121 Ehrhardt Proksch and Jochen Brasch Immediate Contact Reactions 137 David Basketter and Arto Lahti Mechanisms of Phototoxic and Photoallergic Reactions 155 Renz Mang, Helger Stege, and Jean Krutmann Part II Pathology Histopathological and Immunohistopathological Features of Irritant and Allergic Contact Dermatitis 167 Jean-Marie Lachapelle and Liliane Marot ix x 10 Ultrastructure of Irritant and Allergic Contact Dermatitis 179 Carolyn M Willis 11 Epidemiology 193 Pieter-Jan Coenraads, Wolfgang Uter, and Thomas Diepgen Part III Dermatotoxicology 12 Skin Penetration 215 Hans Schaefer, Thomas E Redelmeier, and Jürgen Lademann 13 Predictive Tests for Irritants and Allergens and Their Use in Quantitative Risk Assessment 229 David Basketter and Ian Kimber 14 Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Humans: Experimental and Quantitative Aspects 241 Jeanne Duus Johansen, Peter J Frosch, and Torkil Menné Part IV Clinical Features 15 Clinical Features 255 Niels K Veien 16 Clinical Aspects of Irritant Contact Dermatitis 305 Peter J Frosch and Swen Malte John 17 Systemic Contact Dermatitis 347 Niels K Veien and Torkil Menné 18 Phototoxic and Photoallergic Reactions 361 Margarida Gonỗalo 19 Pigmented Contact Dermatitis and Chemical Depigmentation 377 Hideo Nakayama 20 Hand Eczema 395 Tove Agner 21 Protein Contact Dermatitis 407 An Goossens and Cristina Amaro 22 Noneczematous Contact Reactions 415 Anthony Goon and Chee-Leok Goh Contents Contents xi 23 Respiratory Symptoms from Fragrances and the Link with Dermatitis 429 Jesper Elberling Part V Diagnostic Tests 24 Patch Testing 439 Magnus Lindberg and Mihaly Matura 25 Atopy Patch Testing with Aeroallergens and Food Proteins 465 Ulf Darsow and Johannes Ring 26 Patch Testing in Adverse Drug Reactions 475 Margarida Gonỗalo and Derk P Bruynzeel 27 Allergens Exposure Assessment 493 Birgitta Gruvberger, Magnus Bruze, Sigfrid Fregert, and Carola Lidén 28 Skin Tests for Immediate Hypersensitivity 511 Carsten Bindslev-Jensen 29 Photopatch Testing 519 Margarida Gonỗalo 30 Noninvasive Techniques for Quantification of Contact Dermatitis 533 Jørgen Serup Part VI Allergic Contact Dermatitis Related to Specific Exposures 31 Allergens from the European Baseline Series 545 Klaus E Andersen, Ian R White, and An Goossens 32 Cosmetics and Skin Care Products 591 Jonathan M.L White, Anton C de Groot, and Ian R White 33 Fragrances 607 Jeanne Duus Johansen and Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin 34 Hair Dyes 629 David Basketter, Jeanne Duus Johansen, John McFadden, and Heidi Søsted xii 35 Metals 643 Carola Lidén, Magnus Bruze, Jacob Pontoppidan Thyssen, and Torkil Menné 36 Metalworking Fluids 681 Johannes Geier and Holger Lessmann 37 Plastic Materials 695 Bert Björkner, Malin Frick-Engfeldt, Ann Pontén, and Erik Zimerson 38 Topical Drugs 729 Francisco M Brandão and An Goossens 39 Dental Materials 763 Marléne Isaksson 40 Clothing 793 Christophe-J Le Coz 41 Shoes 819 An Goossens and James S Taylor 42 Occupational Contact Dermatitis 831 Peter J Frosch and Katrin Kügler 43 Occupational Contact Dermatitis: Health Personnel 841 Ana M Giménez-Arnau 44 Occupational Contact Dermatitis: Chefs and Food Handlers 853 Vera Mahler 45 Occupational Contact Dermatitis: Hairdressers 865 Heidi Søsted 46 Plants and Plant Products 873 Christophe J Le Coz, Georges Ducombs, and Evy Paulsen 47 Pesticides 927 Carola Lidén 48 Contact Allergy in Children 937 Marie-Anne Morren and An Goossens 49 Therapy and Rehabilitation of Allergic and Irritant Contact Dermatitis 963 Dimitar Antonov, Sibylle Schliemann, and Peter Elsner Contents 1248 58 C.J Le Coz and J.-P Lepoittevin 423 Zinc Ethylene-bis-Dithiocarbamate 424 Zinc Propylene-bis-Dithiocarbamate Zineb, Zinc N,N-Ethylenebisdithiocarbamate Propineb, Zinc N,N-Propylene-1,2-bisDithiocarbamate CAS Registry Number [12122–67–7] CAS Registry Number [12071–83–9] H S Zn S N H S N S CH3 S Zn n N S Zineb is a pesticide of the dithiocarbamate group Sensitization can occur in gardeners and florists Crippa M, Misquith L, Lonati A, Pasolini G (1990) Dyshidrotic eczema and sensitization to dithiocarbamates in a florist Contact Dermatitis 23:203–204 Jung HD, Honemann W, Kloth C, Lubbe D, Pambor M, Quednow C, Ratz KH, Rothe A, Tarnick M (1989) Kontaktekzem durch Pestizide in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik Dermatol Monatsschr 175:203–214 O’Malley M, Rodriguez P, Maibach HI (1995) Pesticide patch testing: California nursery workers and controls Contact Dermatitis 32:61–62 S N H Suggested Reading H S n Propineb is a dithiocarbamate compound, which is used as a fungicide Sensitization was reported in agricultural workers Suggested Reading Jung HD, Honemann W, Kloth C, Lubbe D, Pambor M, Quednow C, Ratz KH, Rothe A, Tarnick M (1989) Kontaktekzem durch Pestizide in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik Dermatol Monatsschr 175:203–214 Nishioka K, Takahata H (2000) Contact allergy due to propineb Contact Dermatitis 43:310 Index A AAS See Atomic absorption spectrophotometry Abacavir, 478, 482, 483 a-Acaridial, 389 Acceptable quality level (AQL), 993–995 Accumulated total dose, 243 ACE polymorphism, 26 Acetone, 180, 186 Acetylacetone method, 502–503 Acetylation, 22 Achillea millefolium, 1081 Acid wipe sampling, 646–648, 653 Acrylic, 763, 764, 766–774, 777, 781–784 Acrylic plastics, 696–701 Acseine®, 385 Action of irritants and inflammatory mediators, 330 Acute and recurrent dermatitis, 259–262 Acute generalized exanthematic pustulosis, 476–482 Acute skin irritation potential, 230 ACW See Allergen-controlled wearing apparel AD See Atopic dermatitis Additional substances, 618, 619 Adverse drug reactions, 475–487 Adverse skin reaction, 630 Aero allergens, 465–472 After-work skin care, 989 Agavaceae, 878 Age, 14, 17, 19, 21, 25, 29–31 Airborne, 731, 733, 734, 766, 771 Airborne contact dermatitis, 880–881, 892, 902, 913, 932 Airborne dermatitis, 521 Alantolactone, 100, 897 Alitretinoin, 968–970, 979 Alkali resistance (sodium hydroxide), 308, 311, 329 Alkylating agents, 106–108 Allergen-controlled wearing apparel (ACW), 382 Allergen control system, 385 Allergenicity, 47, 52, 64 Allergens, 439–448, 450, 452–455, 457–459 from the European baseline series, 545–576 Allergic contact dermatitis, 167–176, 730, 731, 733–737, 739, 741–746, 749, 751, 763, 764, 766, 768–781, 842–849, 853, 857, 860, 877–881 clothing, 794, 795, 798, 803, 807, 808 feet, 795 folds, 794 localization, 795 from protective gloves, 997 Alliaceae, 879, 884 Allicin, 884, 885 Allopurinol, 478, 483, 486 Alloys, 644–647, 653–656, 662–671 Allypropyl disulfide, 885 Alopecia, 306 Alstroemeria, 392 Alstroemeriaceae, 879, 884–886 Aluminum, 644, 656, 664–665, 669, 775 Aluminum-absorbed vaccines, 665 Amaryllidaceae, 878, 879, 886–887 Ambergris, 608 Amcinonide, 101 Amide type, 781 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid, 869 Aminoglycoside antibiotics, 732, 735, 748, 750 Aminophenol, 638 3-Aminophenol, 869 4-Aminophenol, 869 Amiodarone, 161 Ammonia, 630 Ammonium persulfate, 636, 866, 868, 869 Ammonium thioglycolate, 869 Amoxicillin, 483, 484, 486 Ampicillin, 476, 485, 486 a-Amyl cinnamal (a-amylcinnamicaldehyde), 609, 619 Amylcinnamyl alcohol, 609, 619 Anacardiaceae, 880, 887–892, 901, 912 Analysis of acrylics, 773 Anaphylactic reactions, 868 Anaphylactic shock, 633 Anaphylaxis, 431 Angioedema, 476, 478–481 Angioneurotic edema, 630 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), 26 Angry back, 811 Animal proteins, 862, 863 Anisyl alcohol, 619 Anogenital dermatoses, 730, 738, 746, 748 Anthemis nobilis See Chamomilla romana Antibiotics, 732, 735–736, 738, 747, 748, 750, 752 Antihistamines, 741–742, 747, 750, 753 Antimicrobials, 735–736 1249 1250 Antimycotics, 737–738, 752–753 Antivirals, 736–737, 747, 752 Antonovsky¢s salutogenesis model, 1009 Apiaceae, 874, 882, 883, 893, 896, 905–906, 910 APT See Atopy patch test AQL See Acceptable quality level Araceae, 876–878, 892 Araliaceae, 905, 910 Arnica montana, 1075, 1081 Aromatic amines, 629, 633 Artifactual dermatitis, 309 Association studies, 19 Asteraceae, 874, 875, 880, 882, 884, 892–898, 913 Asthma, 430–434, 633, 636, 763, 778, 780, 784–786, 865, 866, 869 Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), 493, 495, 497–499 Atopic dermatitis (AD), 22, 26, 29–34, 381, 382, 388–390, 431, 433, 866 Atopy, 938, 944–946, 956 Atopy patch testing (APT), 465–472, 512, 516 Atranol, 116–118, 902 Atranorin, 116, 117, 898, 902, 903 Attributable risk (AR), 198 Australia, 1033–1050 Austria, 1034, 1036–1038 Autooxidation, 610, 611, 622 Avoidance/protection measures, 965 Azathioprine, 968, 971, 972 Azo dyes, 630, 635, 638 See also Dyes, azo dyes B Bakers, 853, 854, 856–859, 862, 863, 1005, 1007 Balsam of Peru, 187, 189, 347, 554, 556, 557, 592, 612, 618, 869 Bandmann’s achromasia, 171 Bandrowski’s base (BB), 633 Barrier creams, 985–1011 Barrier repair effects, 1001 Baseline series, 440, 442, 445–446, 456 Basic topical therapy, 966–968 Basophil histamine release, 431 B cell, 58, 65 Beard, 630, 634 Belgium, 1034, 1038–1040 Benzalkonium chloride, 180, 182–184, 186, 188–190 Benzenpropanol (Majantol®), 620 Benzocaine (ethylaminobenzoate), 547, 558–559 Benzoic acid, 138–141, 146 Benzophenone-2, 115, 116 Benzoquinone diimine, 634 Benzoyl peroxide, 771, 783 Benzydamine, 520, 521, 527, 529 Benzyl alcohol, 619 Benzyl benzoate, 618, 619 Benzyl cinnamate, 619 Benzyl salicylate, 379, 619 Berloque dermatitis, 622, 882, 905 Beryllium, 644, 665 Betamethasone, 102 Bioassay-guided fractionation, 112–118 Biochek 60, 380, 381 Biocides, 681, 683, 686–689, 691, 822, 823 Index Bioengineering tools, 233 Biomonitoring, 505, 506 Bis-GMA, 768–770, 772, 773, 781–783 Bisphenol A, 768, 769, 772, 773, 782 Black henna tattoos, 630–632, 635 Black spot test, 887, 890 Bloch’s pioneering work, 4–5 Blue 106, 381 Bonnevie’s standard series, 5, Brandowskis base (BB), 22 Brassicaceae, 878, 899, 900 Broadband UVB, 970 Bromeliaceae, 878 2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, 869 Bronchial reactions, 866 Bronchospasms, 868 Budesonide, 547, 574, 575, 739–741, 753 Buehler test, 634 Bullous eruption, 415, 422 Butchers, 853, 854 Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane, 527, 528 Butylphenyl methylpropional (Lillial), 619 C CAD See Chronic actinic dermatitis Cadmium, 644, 665–666 Calcineurin inhibitors, 977, 978 Cananga odorata, 611 Cancer, 870 Candidate genes, 19 Capsaicin, 432, 874, 875, 878 Captan, 869, 930, 932, 934 Carbamates, clothing dermatitis, 807, 808 Carbamazepine, 478, 482–487 Cardanol, 891, 892 D3-Carene, 99 Carvone, 780, 783 Catchment population, 1057 Catering trade employees, 1007 CD80, 52, 55, 56 CD62L, 54, 61, 62 Cedarwood oil, 611 Cell necrosis, 171 Cement, 654–656, 658–664 Ceramics industries, 663 Ceramides, 975, 976 Cetrimide See Cetrimonium bromide Cetrimonium bromide (Cetrimide), 1079 CH3566, 378, 381, 384 Chamber test, 141 Chamomilla romana (Anthemis nobilis), 1075, 1079, 1081 Characteristics, 1018 Cheilitis, 766–781 Chelating agents, 966 Chemical acantholysis, 171 Chemical analysis, 112, 115, 116, 493–503, 505 Chemical burns, 305, 306, 308, 310, 636, 655, 665 Chemical interactions, 91–94, 106 Chemical methods, 493, 496–504 Chemical protective gloves, 993–994, 998 Chemokine, 44, 45, 47–50, 53, 54, 56, 60–69 Index Child, 937– 956 Chloramine-T, 785, 786 Chlorhexidine, 785 Chlorine, clothing dermatitis, 796, 807 Chloroacetamide, 869 Chloroatranol, 116–118, 902 Chloroatranol, atranol, 611, 612, 615 Chloroatranorin, 116, 117, 902 Chlorocresol, 869 5-Chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3-one/2-methyl-isothiazol-3-one, 933 Chlorothalonil, 930, 932–934 Chloroxylenol, 869 Chlorpromazine, 521, 525, 527, 529 Cholesterol, 975–977 Cholinesterase activity, 929 Chromate, 1023, 1027–1028 detection, 496–500 Chromium, 546, 550–552, 644, 645, 654–662, 664, 767, 768, 775–776, 778 Chromium salts, clothing dermatitis, 807 Chromium use and exposure, 656–658 Chromophor, 155–158 Chromotropic acid, 810, 811 Chromotropic acid method, 500–502 Chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD), 969, 972 Chronic contact dermatitis, 190–191 Chronic dermatitis, 257, 258, 262, 263 Chronic irritant contact dermatitis, 316–321, 324, 330 Cinnamal (cinnamic aldehyde), 138, 140, 149, 609, 615–617, 619–621 cinnamic alcohol, and MP, 621 from cinnamon, 616 Cinnamic acid, 874, 875 Cinnamic aldehyde, 138–141, 145, 149, 609, 875 Cinnamon oil, 609 Cinnamyl alcohol (cinnamic alcohol), 609, 615, 619 9-cis-retinoic acid, 969 Citral, 609, 610, 615–617, 619, 622 Citronellol, 609, 614, 616, 617, 619 CLA See Cutaneous lymphocyte antigen Clindamycin, 482, 483 Clinical assistants and cleaners, 841, 843–845 Clinical features of contact dermatitis in specific groups of persons, 264–265 Clinical picture, 305–321, 649, 659, 668 Clioquinol, 547, 559 Clobetasone-17-butyrate, 102 Clothing, 1109, 1114 chemical analysis, 795, 813 contact dermatitis allergic, 794, 795, 798, 803, 807, 808 clinical features, 794–795 epidemiology, 793 irritant, 795, 808 localization, 795 phototoxicity, 799 pigmented, 794, 807 purpuric, 794 contact urticaria, 808 dyes (see Textile, dyes) 1251 finish resins (see Textile, finish resins) patch testing (see Patch testing, clothing) Clove bud oil, 611 Clove oil, 608 Cobalt, 94, 547, 549, 552, 644, 645, 655, 656, 662–664, 670, 764, 768, 775, 776, 778, 782, 783 Cobalt chloride, 869 Cobalt, nickel and dichromate, 685–686 Cocamidopropylbetaine, 869 Collective measures, 965 Colophonium, 547, 556–558 Colophonium/abietic acid, 683–685 Colophony, 612, 617, 620, 622, 764, 767, 773, 780, 782, 783, 785 clothing dermatitis, 807 Color, 534, 535, 537, 538 Colorimetry, 538, 539 Common irritants, 311 Complex diseases, 18 Complications of testing, 455 Compositae, 861, 880, 881, 884, 892–898, 912, 913 Compositae mix, 898, 913 Compound allergy, 454 Confounding, 196, 197, 207–208 Construction materials, 1116 Construction workers, 655, 660, 661, 663, 664 Contact allergens, 50–52, 54, 55, 59, 62–69, 72, 74, 353–354 Contact allergy due to metalworking fluids, 682–686 epidemics, 1017–1021 Contact dermatitis acute irritant, 305, 309–316 airborne, 311, 315 allergic, 397, 398, 400–403 irritant, 397–398, 400–403 research groups, 1065–1070 Contact irritant, 44, 46 Contact stomatitis, 287–288, 763, 765–781 Contact urticaria, 137–144, 148–150, 633, 730–733, 735, 736, 742–744, 748, 842, 846, 848, 849, 868–869, 874–877, 886, 896, 914 Control tests, 1112, 1115 Cooks, 853, 854 Coordination bonds, 91, 94–96 Copper, 644, 645, 662, 666, 667, 669, 775, 776, 778, 779 Corneocytes, 217–220, 225 Corn starch powder, 784–785 Corticosteroids (CS), 101–103, 733–735, 738–741, 743, 748, 750, 753–754, 966–969, 971, 972, 977–979 Cosmetics, 383–387, 521, 529, 591–601 clothing dermatitis, 794, 795, 798, 808 directive, 1023–1026 Cosmetic series, 869 Cosmetovigilance (CV), 1058 Costunolide, 896–898 Cotrimoxazole, 482–485 Cough, 430–432 Coumarin, 113, 609, 610, 616, 617, 619, 882 Coupler, 630 Course of the dermatitis, 259 Covalent bonds, 92–95 Crochet hooks, 867 1252 Cross reactions, 94, 100–103, 477, 484, 487, 520, 526, 529, 634–635, 637, 638 Cross-reactivity, 442, 443, 446, 450, 452, 458 Cross sensitivity, 810 textile dyes, 798–799 Cross-sensitization, Croton oil, 182, 185, 186, 188 Croton oil effect, 172 Cruciferae, 899–900 CS See Corticosteroids Cumulative irritant reactions, 234 Cumulative skin irritation potential, 230 Cutaneous adverse drug reactions, 729 Cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA), 52, 60–63, 66, 69 CV See Cosmetovigilance CXCL8, 45, 65 Cyclic acid, 150 Cyclized urea derivatives See DMDHEU; Textile, finish resins Cyclosporin, 968, 971, 972 Cysteamine hydrochloride, 867 Cytokine, 44–50, 52–59, 62–69, 72–75 D a-Damascone, 115, 622 Dangerous preparations directive (DPD), 1027 Dangerous substances directive (DSD), 1026–1027 Data centre, 1056 Data sources, 1061 DCR See Dental composite resin D & C Red 31, 384–386 DDT See Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane Decorative cosmetics, 1112 Degradation, 996 Degree of contact allergy, 241, 242 Dehydrocostus lactone, 897, 898 Delayed drug eruptions, 479, 482 Delayed irritancy, 313 Delayed-type stinging, 333–334, 336 Deletion polymorphism GSTM1*0 and GSTT1*0, 25 Dendritic cell, 54, 58, 61, 69, 71 Denmark, 1034, 1039–1040 Dental composite resin (DCR), 768–773 Dental nurse, 763, 764, 766, 769, 770, 772–774, 778–780, 784 Dental patient, 763, 765–773, 775–785 Dental personnel, 763–766, 768–775, 778–781, 784, 786 Dental prosthesis and other dental restorative materials, 1114 Dental technician, 763–766, 770, 772, 775, 1003 Dentin bonding agent, 768, 769 Dentist, 763–775, 777, 778, 780, 781, 783, 784 Depilatory products, 1112–1113 Dermal absorption, percutaneous penetration, 1026 Dermal exposure assessment (DREAM), 503 Dermatitis of arms, 287 of face and neck, 277–281 of feet, 286–287 of legs, 285–286 of scalp, 276–277, 281 of trunk, 281–285 Dermatological prevention, 985, 992 Dermatologist¢s report, 989 Index Dermatophagoides mix®, 389 Detergent for household cleaning, 1114–1115 regulations, 1026 Devergie’s eczematous wells, 168 Dexamethasone, 102 Diagnosis of hair dye allergy, 631–633, 637 Diagnostic tests and experimental irritant contact dermatitis, 329–330 Diallyl disulfide, 885 Diapers, 942–944, 951, 954 Diazolidinyl urea, 869 Dibutylthiourea, clothing dermatitis, 795, 807 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 928, 932, 934 Dictamnine, 882 Dieffenbachia, 877, 878 Diethanolamine (DEA), 683, 684 Diethyl dithiocarbamate, 966 Diethylthiourea, clothing dermatitis, 795, 807 Diffusion, 216–219, 221, 223–225 Diglycolamine, 684, 690 Dilution series, 243 Dimethylfumarate, 808, 929, 930, 933, 934 Dimethylglyoxime (DMG) spot test, 646, 647, 653, 654 Dimethylol-dihydroxy ethylene urea (DMDHEU), 797, 798, 809 See also Textile, finish resins Dimethylolurea See Urea formaldehyde resins Dimethylthiourea, clothing dermatitis, 807 Dinitrochlorobenzene, 188 2,4 Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), 15 Diphenylthiourea, clothing dermatitis, 795, 807 Dipolar interactions, 92 Dirty neck, 388–390 Disinfectant, 764–766, 779–780, 785, 855, 861 Disinfecting agents, 1114 Disperse Blue 3, 799, 802, 804 Disperse Blue 35, 799, 810 Disperse Blue 85, 794 Disperse Blue 106, 794, 799, 802, 803, 810–812 Disperse Blue 124, 799, 802, 803, 810–812 Disperse Brown 1, 804 Disperse dyes See Dyes, disperse dyes Disperse Orange 3, 799, 802, 803, 810 Disperse Red 1, 799, 802, 804, 810 Disperse Red 17, 804, 810 Disperse Yellow 3, 799, 802–804, 810 Disposable nitrile rubber gloves, 868 Disulfiram, 966 Dithranol, 182, 185, 186, 188, 189 d-limonene, 99, 610, 611, 619 DMG spot test See Dimethylglyoxime (DMG) spot test DNA damage, 870 Do not test, 1118–1119 Dose-response curves, 243, 244 Dose-response relationships, 232 Dose-response studies, 646, 649 DPD See Dangerous preparations directive Draize test, 230 DREAM See Dermal exposure assessment DRESS See Drug reaction with eosinophylia and systemic symptoms Index Drug eruptions clinics, 476, 477, 479–481, 484 cytokines and chemokines, 479 intradermal testing, 487 lesional testing, 480, 483 pathomechanisms, 477, 478 prick testing, 480 skin testing, 480 T cells, 478, 479, 482 Drug eruptions patch test concentrations, 484, 486 interpretation, 487 material, 484–485 methods, 477, 482, 484, 487 safety, 486 specificity, 486, 487 Drug hypersensitivity syndrome, 475, 478–480 Drug imputation, 479–481 Drug photosensitivity, 476, 479, 484, 521, 524 Drug reaction with eosinophylia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), 475, 478–480, 482, 486 Drug rechallenge, 478, 479 Drug specific T cells, 478, 479, 482, 486 DSD See Dangerous substances directive Duration of exposure, 243 Dwarf pine needle oil, 611 Dyes acid dyes, 804 allergic contact dermatitis, 803 anthraquinone dyes, 799–802 azo dyes, 799, 802–804 basic dyes, 804 clothing dermatitis, 804 clothing dyes (see Textile, dyes) coupling agents (see Naphthol AS) cross sensitivity (see Cross sensitivity, textile dyes) direct dyes, 805 disperse dyes, 799–804 identification in clothing, 812 other textile dyes, 807 phototoxic contact dermatitis, 799 vat dyes, 806 E Early dermatological intervention, 1011 Eau de toilette, 112, 113, 115–116 Economic costs for occupational dermatoses, 986 EC3 value, 232–234, 237, 634 Eczema School, 1008 Edema, 536–541 Edodes, 910 Educational measures, 1002, 1008 Educational programmes, 1002, 1004, 1006, 1008–1011 EECDRG See European Environmental And Contact Dermatitis Research Group Effectiveness, 986, 989, 994, 999–1002, 1006–1008, 1010–1011 educational approaches, 1008 Effectiveness of Educational Programmes in Prevention of OCD, 1010–1011 Electron microscopy, 179 Electrophile, 93, 96, 98, 108 Elicitation, 46, 49, 64–66 1253 Elimination Diets, 966 Emollients, 965–968, 974–978 Emulsifier, 609, 617, 869, 977 Endogenous factors, 14, 29–32, 316, 325–327 ENT preparations, 746–748 Enzymes, 855, 862, 863 Epidemics, 1059, 1060 Epidemiologic studies, 985 Epidemiology, 193–208, 323–325, 634, 645, 650–653, 655, 659–661, 668, 865–868 Epidermal barrier, 44, 47 Epidermal differentiation, 126–127, 131 Epoxy plastics, 695, 696, 701–706 Epoxy resin, 547, 552, 569–571 Epoxy resin of bisphenol A detection, 500 Erythema multiforme-like, 731–733, 742, 743, 749, 751, 877, 879–881, 887, 903 eruption, 415–417 Erythematous and exfoliative eruption, 415, 423–424 ESCD See European Society of Contact Dermatitis ESSCA See European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA) Essential oils, 607, 617, 620, 621 Ester gum, 793 Ester type, 780–781 Ethylbutylthiourea, clothing dermatitis, 807 Ethyl cyanoacrylate, 772 Ethylenediamine (no longer included in baseline series), 547, 575–576 Ethylene urea, 797, 809 Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, 522, 527 Eucalyptus oil, 611 Eugenol, 96–98, 608, 609, 615–617, 619, 765, 767, 773, 780–782, 785 Euphorbia, 877, 878, 900, 901, 912 Euphorbiaceae, 875, 877, 878, 900–901 European Environmental And Contact Dermatitis Research Group (EECDRG), European Society of Contact Dermatitis (ESCD), European Standard Series, 638 European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA), 1054 Evaluation, 446–454, 456 Evernia furfuracea (tree moss) extract, 619 Evernia prunastri (oak moss absolute), 609, 611–613, 616, 902 Evernia prunastri (oak moss) extract, 619 Evernic acid, 898, 902, 903 Evidence-based recommendation of skin protection, 1001 Exfoliative erythroderma, 476 Exogenous factors, 325–326 Experimental sensitization, 16 Exposure to allergens, 866 to fragrance allergens, 614–617 time, 447, 448, 451, 452, 454–456 Exposure concentration, 241, 244, 248 Extended hair dye series, 869 Eye brows, 630 Eye Irritation, 1026 Eye lashes, 630 1254 F Fabaceae, 882, 883, 907 Fabre’s experiments, 3–4 Facial dermatitis, 521 False negative reactions, 453–454 False negatives, 232 False positive reactions, 452–454 False positives, 232 Family studies, 16 Farnesol, 609, 610, 615–619, 621, 622 Fc_ receptors (Fc_R1), 142, 143 Fenofibrate, 521, 524, 526 Ferns, 910, 916 Fibreglass, clothing dermatitis, 808 Fick’s law, 216 Filaggrin (FLG), 21, 26–27, 30, 31, 33, 34, 124, 128, 648 mutations, 26–27, 30, 31, 33, 34 Finland, 1034, 1040–1041 Fixed drug eruption, 479, 480, 482 Flame retardants, clothing dermatitis, 808 Flavors, 844, 855, 857–860 Fluorescent-marked PC, 1000 Fluorescent tracer, 504, 929–931 Fluoroquinolones, 160–161 Folliculitis and acneiform lesion, 306 Food, 465–472 additives, 855–860 allergen, 861, 863 handlers, 853–861, 863 handling industry, 854 processing industry, 853, 854, 856, 861 stuff, 1115 Formaldehyde, 547, 561–564, 571–572, 764, 766, 770, 779, 782, 785, 869 clothing dermatitis, 795–798, 807 detection, 500–503 and formaldehyde releasers, 683, 684, 686 identification in clothing, 811–812 patch testing, 809, 810 releasers, 794, 797, 798, 809 resins, 796, 809 Formulations, 215–217, 222 Founding of groups, 6–7 Fragrance-free, 621 Fragrance mix II (FM I), 609–610, 612–614, 616–622, 867, 869 Fragrance mix II (FM II), 609, 612, 613, 616–622, 867, 869 Fragrance mix I & II, 547, 552–557, 571 Fragrances, 429–434, 591–595, 600, 683, 685, 689 allergy, 111, 112 essential oils, 869 ingredients, 607–610, 612, 614, 616–622, 867, 1024 mixture, 113, 115 specific IgE, 431, 432 France, 1034, 1041–1042 Free fatty acids, 975, 976 Friction melanosis, 381, 382 Fruits, 855–863 Frullania, 877, 880, 896–898, 914 Frullanolide, 896, 897 Fungicides, 928, 931–934 Index Furanocoumarins, 882, 905 Furoquinolines, 882 G Gas chromatography (GC), 493–499, 505, 506 Gels, 998 General medical history, 256 Genetic factors, 14–28, 33 Genetic predisposing factors, 33–34 Geraniol, 385, 609–611, 615, 616, 619, 621 Geranium oil bourbon, 611 Geriatric nurses, 1005 Ginkgoaceae, 887–892 Ginkgolic acid, 891, 892 Glass ionomer, 772, 773, 783 Gloves, 147, 148, 764–766, 770, 772–774, 784, 785, 867–870, 985–1011 barrier creams, 985–1011 complex design, 993 intermediate design, 993 material, 992, 995–997 materials and manufacturing, 996 simple design, 993 test, 774 unwanted side effects of, 997 Glues, 822, 825, 826 and adhesives, 1118 Glutaraldehyde, 933, 934 Glutathion, 106, 108 Glutathione transferases M1 and T1 (GSTM1 and GSTT1), 24–25 Glyceryl monothioglycolate (GMT), 866–867, 869 Glyphosate, 930, 931, 934 Gold, 644–646, 666–669, 764, 767, 768, 774–779, 781–783 Gold sodium thiosulfate, 667–669 GPMT See Guinea pig maximisation test Grains, 857, 862, 863 Gramaxone, 931 Granulomas, 306 Granulomatous eruption, 415, 422–423 Greases and oils, 1116–1117 Grenz rays, 971 Grevillol, 891, 892 GSTT1*0, 25 Guinea pig maximisation test (GPMT), 231, 634 Guinea pig tests, 231, 232 Gutta-percha, 785 H Hairdresser apprentices, 865 Hairdressers, 632, 635–638, 865–870, 991, 1003–1006, 1009 Hairdressing, 865–869, 1112–1113 Hair dye, 592, 593, 598, 601, 629–638, 865, 866, 868, 869 Hair follicle, 217, 218, 221, 223, 225 Hand dermatitis, 854, 855 Hand dermatoses, 866 Hand eczema, 645–654, 659, 663, 763–766, 768, 770, 772, 774, 776, 778, 780, 784, 842, 843, 854, 862, 865–868, 985–1011 occupational, 399–400 prevention, 397, 400–403 1255 Index prognosis, 398, 400–401 risk factors, 395–396, 398, 400, 402 severity assessment, 399 treatment, 397–403 HAPA See Health action process approach Haptens, 92, 93, 95–100, 104–106 Hard-metal, 662–664 Hazard characterisation, 234 Hazard identification, 111 Health action process approach (HAPA), 1009 Health care personnel, 842, 845 Health care trainees, 1004 Health care workers, 1005, 1006 cheese dairies gut cleaners, 1006 cleaners, 1005, 1006 Health education, 987, 1002, 1003, 1005–1011 Health educational research in the specific field of OCD, 1011 Health educational skin protection programmes, 1009–1010 Heavy metals, 644 2-HEMA See 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate Henna, 629, 635–637 Herbal ingredients, 869 Herbicides, 927, 928, 931–932 Hevein, 148, 149 Hexavalent chromium, 644, 655–661 Hexyl cinnamal, 619 a-Hexyl cinnamal, 609, 616, 617, 622 a-Hexyl-cinnamic aldehyde, 113, 115, 622 HICC See Hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 493, 495, 497–499, 505, 506 High-risk occupations for chronic irritant, 319, 324 for irritant contact dermatitis, 834 High-risk professions, 986–988, 1007 Hip arthroplasties, 655 Histamine, 540 History of aggravating factors, 257–258 hereditary diseases, 256 previous dermatitis, 257 HLA loci, 17 Hodgkin’s disease, Homosalate, 527, 528 House dust mite, 388, 389 HPLC See High-performance liquid chromatography History, 632, 635 Human h patch test, 231 Human volunteers, 231 Humectants, 975–977 Hydrangeaceae, 911 Hydrangenol, 911 Hydrocortisone, 101–103 Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate, 102, 739–741, 754 Hydrogen peroxide, 629, 630, 634, 636, 866, 868 Hydroperoxides, 96, 97, 99, 610 Hydrophilic, 999, 1000 Hydrophobic interactions, 92 Hydrophobic irritants, 1000 Hydroquinone, 389, 391, 392, 770, 771 Hydroquinone 1, 869 Hydroxycitronellal, 385, 609, 610, 615–617, 619, 620 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA), 764, 766, 768, 769, 772–774, 781–783 Hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (HICC) / Lyral, 113, 115, 547, 554, 556, 609, 610, 614–620, 622, 867, 869 Hydroxyzine, 482, 487 Hyperkeratotic eczema, 399, 402 Hyperpigmentation, 306, 310, 377–390, 392 Hypoallergenic gloves, 998 Hypoallergenic substitutes, Hypopigmentation, 306 Hyposensitization, 966, 973 I ICD See Irritant contact dermatitis ICDRG See International Contact Dermatitis Research Group ICP-MS See Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ICT See Intracutaneous/Intradermal test Identification of allergen, 48, 65 IgE, 389 antibodies, 137, 142, 143, 148–150 receptors, 143 IL-8, 33 IL-10, 33 IL-1a, 33, 34 IL-1b, 19, 27, 33 IL-16 polymorphism, 22 Imidazoles, 737, 738 Imidazolidinyl urea, 869 Immediate drug eruptions, 476 Immediate hypersensitivity, 633, 636 Immediate (type I) hypersensitivity, 142 Immediate reaction, 784–786 Immediate-type stinging, 333, 335, 336 Immunological contact urticaria, 861–863 Immunology, 75 Immunophenotypic studies of patch test reactions, 175–176 Immunosuppressive agents, 971–972, 977 INCI See Inventory of cosmetic ingredients Incidence general population, 201–204, 208 occupational, 201, 202, 204–207 Increased sensitivity, 33 Indication for patch testing, 782 Indium, 777, 779 Individual variability in irritant responses, 29–30 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), 493, 496, 497, 505, 506 Inflammasome, 54, 59 Inflammation, 47, 48, 52, 65, 66, 69, 75, 536–538 Information on the test material before patch testing, 1108–1112 Infrared (IR) spectrophotometry, 493, 495 Ingredients of FM IIb, 619 Inhalant proteins, 869 Inpatient prevention measures, 991 Insecticides, 927, 928, 931, 932 Insertion/deletion, 26 Interethnic variations, 31 1256 Interferon, 72 Interindividual variability, 28–30 Interindividual variation, 244 Interleukin, 49, 54 Interleukin-16 (IL-16), 22 Internal contamination of gloves, 997 International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG), Interpretation of tests, 448–452 Intracutaneous/Intradermal test (ICT), 511, 512, 515, 516 Intraindividual variability, 29, 30 Inventory, 1024 Inventory of cosmetic ingredients (INCI), 1024, 1061, 1062 Invisible glove, 998 In vitro testing, 649, 668 Iodoform, 2, Ionic bonds, 92 Ionizing radiation therapy, 971 IPPD See N-isopropyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine Iridaceae, 911 Iridium, 775, 777, 786 Iron sulfate, 655, 660, 661 Irritant and allergic contact dermatitis, 127, 128 Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), 14, 21, 26–34, 91–108, 167, 168, 174, 175, 730–732, 743, 746, 749, 853, 862, 876–878, 886, 900, 904 clothing, 795 due to metalworking fluids, 683 Irritants, 763–765, 767, 771, 779, 784, 842, 843, 845–849 reactions, 307–309, 317, 326, 335 in various occupations, 319, 320 IR spectrophotometry See Infrared spectrophotometry Isoalantolactone, 100 Isoamyl-p-methoxycinnamate, 527, 528 Isocyanates and polyurethane plastics, 710–714 Isoeugenol, 96–98, 609, 614–617, 619 a-Isomethyl ionone, 619 Isopimpinellin, 882 Isothiocyanates, 878, 899, 900 J Jadassohn, the father of patch testing, 2–3 Jasmine absolute, 387, 609, 611, 613, 614, 620 K Keratinocytes, 180–185 Ketoprofen, 482, 485, 487, 520, 521, 526, 527, 529, 732, 733, 742, 743 Kitchen employees, 1005 L LA See Local anaesthetics Laboratory animal handlers, 849 Laboratory personnel, 846–847 Lamotrigine, 477, 486 Langerhans cell (LC), 47–58, 61, 63–65, 69, 71, 74, 75, 169, 175, 180, 183, 187–189 Lanolin, 743, 744, 748, 749, 751, 754 Latex, 764, 765, 767, 774, 784–785, 868, 869 Latex gloves, 868 Laurenobiolide, 897 Lavender oil, 611 Index LC See Langerhans cell Leather, 654–659, 821–823, 825–827 Legal regulations, 987, 997 Legislation, 1023–1028 Leg ulcer, 729–730, 734–736, 743–746, 748–749 Leguminosae, 879, 882, 883, 905 Lemongrass oil, 609, 611 Lentinula, 910 Lichenoid reaction, 377, 378, 384 Lichen planus-like or lichenoid eruption, 415, 420–422 Lichens, 898, 901–903, 906 Liliaceae, 877, 878, 884–886, 915 Lilial®, 115 Limettin, 882 Limitations, 928–929 Limonene, 610 Linalool, 610, 611, 614–616, 619 Lipid content, 973, 975–976, 978 Lipids, 121–128, 131 Liverworts, 880, 892–898, 915 Local anaesthetics (LA), 734–735, 780–781, 786 Local hyperreactivity, 242 Local lymph node assay (LLNA), 232–235, 237, 634, 636 Local skin memory, 66, 68, 69, 71 Lomefloxacin, 477, 521, 522, 526 Low-molecular-weight chemical, 784–786 Low-nickel diet, 966 Lymph node, 49, 50, 52–54, 56–58, 60–63, 66, 71 Lymphocyte proliferation test, 52, 72 Lymphocyte stimulation tests (LST), 480, 487 Lymphocyte transformation tests (LTT), 480, 487 Lymphomatoid contact dermatitis, 170, 415, 425–426 Lyral® See Hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde M Maculopapular exanthema, 476, 478–480, 482, 486 Main topical and systemic photosensitizers, 368–373 Malathion, 930, 932, 934 m-Aminophenol, 866 Maneb, 930, 932, 934 Manganese, 767, 775, 777 Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), 25–26 Mass spectrometry (MS), 493, 495–496, 505 Material for testing, 512–515 Maximum no effect level, 243 MBEH See Monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone MCS See Multiple chemical sensitivity MDBGN See Methyldibromo glutaronitrile MEA See Monoethanolamine Meadow dermatitis, 881, 882 MEC See Minimal elicitation concentration Medical appliances, 1114 Medical gloves, 993, 994 Medicament allergy, 729, 730, 733–735, 744, 745, 748, 751–755 Melamine-formaldehyde resins See also Textile, finish resins clothing dermatitis, 796 patch testing, 809 Melanosis faciei feminae, 384–386 Mercaptobenzothiazole, clothing dermatitis, 808 1257 Index Mercapto-mix clothing dermatitis, 807 and mercaptobenzothiazole, 547, 568 Mercury, 644, 669, 766–768, 771, 775–778, 781–783, 786 compounds, 928 gray ointment, Mest cell, 48, 64, 65 Metals chromium and cobalt, 353 gold, 349, 353, 355 mercury, 347, 349, 353 nickel, 347–357 Metal workers, 1006 Metalworking fluids (MWF), 681–691, 1117 clothing dermatitis, 808 patch test series, 684, 687–689 Methacrylate, 764, 766, 768–773, 775, 781–783, 786 Methods, 439, 440, 442, 447, 448, 450, 452, 456, 458–460 Methotrexate, 971, 972 8-Methoxypsoralen, 882 Methyl-b-orcinol carboxylate, 611 Methylchloroisothiazolinone, 866, 869 Methylchloroisothiazolinone/Methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI), 564–565, 683, 686–688, 869 Methyldibromo glutaronitrile (MDBGN), 235, 547, 575, 686, 689, 868, 869 a-Methylene-g-butyrolactones, 96, 100 Methyleneurea, 796 Methyl heptine carbonate, 618 Methyl nicotinate, 139, 141 Methyl 2-octynoate, 618, 619 2-Methylresorcinol, 866 Mexenone/benzophenone 10, 527, 528 Miconidin, 903, 904 Microacantholysis, 168 Miliaria, 306 Minimal elicitation concentration (MEC), 243 20-min patch test, 633 Mite fauna, 388–390 MnSOD polymorphism, 25–26 MOAHLFA-index, 1056 Moisturizers, 973–977 Monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone (MBEH), 389 Monoethanolamine (MEA), 630, 636, 683, 684, 869 Monomer, 766, 769–772, 774, 783, 784 Monomethylolurea See Urea formaldehyde resins 5-MOP/Bergapten, 882 Moraceae, 882, 883, 905–908 MP See Myroxylon pereirae MS See Mass spectrometry Multifactorial disorders, 18 Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), 432 Multi-step intervention approach, 988 Musk, 622 Musk ambrette, 385, 386 MWF See Metalworking fluids Mycophenolate mofetil, 972 Myroxylon pereirae (MP), 612, 617 N N-acetyltransferase and (NAT1/NAT2), 22–24 Nail cosmetics, 1112–1113 Nail disorders, 868 Nanomaterials, 1023 Naphthol AS, 380, 381, 794, 807 Narcissus abs., 611 Narcissus absolute, 611, 620 Narrow-band UVB, 970 Natural fragrance products, 607, 611–612 Natural rubber latex, 143, 148 Neat oils, 681, 682, 688–690 Neomycin, 547, 558, 576 Neoprene rubber, clothing dermatitis, 795, 807 Neral, 610 Networking, 1057, 1060 Neurosensory irritation (“stinging”), 333–336 NFkB, 56 Niacin, 979 Nickel, 94–96, 546–552, 554, 567, 644–654, 656, 659, 662–665, 667, 669–671, 764, 767, 775–778, 782, 783, 786, 867, 869, 1023, 1027 Directive, 645, 652–654, 662, 664, 671 in nails, 647, 648, 652 released, 646, 647, 650, 652–654 Nickel ion, detection, 496, 499 Nickel sulphate, 186, 189, 869 NICU See Non-immunologic contact urticaria NIICR See Non-immunologic immediate contact reactions Nimesulide, 483 N-isopropyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (IPPD), 388, 547, 568–569 clothing dermatitis, 803, 807 Nitro-aminophenol, 630 Nitrophenylenediamine, 630 2-Nitro-4-phenylenediamine, 869 p-Nitroso-dimethylanilin (NDMA), NMR See Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, 770, 771 No effect level (NOELs), 234 Nonanoic acid, 180, 184, 186, 188, 189 Noneczematous contact dermatitis, 418 Non-immunologic contact urticaria (NICU), 137, 138, 149, 857–861, 863 Non-immunologic immediate contact reactions (NIICR), 137–143, 150 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 139, 142, 159, 161, 520, 524–526, 528, 529, 729, 731, 732, 742–743, 750, 753 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, 493, 496 Nucleophile, 93, 105 Nummular (discoid) eczema, 262, 289 Nurses, 841–846, 1003–1005 O Oak moss, 112, 116–118, 902 Oak moss absolute, 608, 609, 611, 612, 616 OAT See Open application test Obconica Hance, 879, 903, 904 Occlusion, 969, 975, 992, 993, 997, 998 effects, 993, 997 1258 Occupational, 410–412 Occupational contact allergens, 833, 835–837 Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD), 986–992, 998, 1002–1004, 1006, 1008–1011 hairdressers, 865–870 high-risk profession, 988 prevalence, 986 prevention programmes, 1002 in risk professions, 990 Occupational contact dermatitis in other European countries, Australia and the USA, 1033–1050 Occupational contact irritants, 835, 838 Occupational contact urticaria (OCU), 853, 854, 858, 861–863 Occupational dermatitis, 311, 325, 327, 331 in Germany, 1030–1033 Occupational rehabilitation, 989, 990 Occupational respiratory disease, 763, 786 Occupational rhinitis, 866, 869 Occupational skin disease, 682 Occupational skin manifestations other than contact dermatitis, 832 Occupations for allergic contact dermatitis, 833–835, 837 OCD See Occupational contact dermatitis Ochronosis, 391 Octocrylene, 526–528 Octyl dimethyl PABA, 527, 528 Octyltriazone, 527 OCU See Occupational contact urticaria Office work, 1115–1116 Olfaction, 429 Open application test (OAT), 511, 512, 516 Open test, 141, 456–457, 459 Ophthalmic, 735, 736, 746–748 Oppenheim dermatitis, 881, 882, 905, 906 Oral lichenoid lesion (OLL), 767, 768, 775–778, 780 Oral lichen planus (OLP), 767, 768, 776, 778 Organophosphorous compounds, 927, 929, 931, 932 Organophosphorous pesticides, 932 Other plastics, 696, 699, 714–718 Other therapist, 847 Outpatient prevention measures, 991 Oxidative hair dye, 629, 630, 632 Oxybenzone/benzophenone 3, 527 8-Oxypurinol, 486 P Paints, lacquers, 1116 Palladium, 644, 645, 667, 669–670, 778, 782, 783 p-aminoazobenzene (PAAB), 683, 684, 687 PAN See Phenylazo-2-naphthol Papaveraceae, 910 Papular and nodular eruption, 415, 422 Paraben mix, 547, 558–561, 869 Parabens, 733, 744, 747, 748, 750 Para group, 634 Para-phenylenediamine (PPD), 22, 547, 558, 559, 561, 565–567, 569, 629–638, 865, 866, 868 clothing dermatitis, 799, 803 Paraquat, 928–932, 934 Index Para-tertiary-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin (PTBP), 547, 571–572 Parathion, 932 Parthenium dermatitis, 972, 973 Parthenolide, 880, 897, 898, 1081, 1094 Participatory action research, 1009 Pastry cooks, 853, 854 Patchouli oil, 611 Patch testing, 233, 534, 536–538, 645, 647–653, 655, 657–661, 663–671, 763–773, 776–779, 781–784, 866, 867, 869 clothing, 795, 799, 802, 804, 808–812 data, 1054, 1057, 1058 with MWF from the patient’s workplace, 689–691 with the patients’ own products, 1107–1119 purpose, 439–440 series for hairdressers, 869–870 textile dyes, 810 textile finish resins, 809 Pathogenesis, 314, 319, 322, 325–338, 1002 of respiratory symptoms from fragrances, 434 of stinging and influencing factors, 334–336 Patient education, 1002, 1008–1011 PC See Protective creams PE See 2-Phenoxyethanol Pegler, 910 Penetration, 993–995, 998–1000, 1002 Pentadecylcatechol, 891 Peppermint oil, 611 Peptide reactivity, 105, 107 Percutaneous absorption, 929, 930 Performance, 440, 447, 449, 454, 455, 459 Permanent dyeing, 629 Permanent wave, 866, 868 Permanent wave solutions, 867 Permeability barrier, 121–132, 973, 974, 977 Permeation, 993–996 Persistent post-occupational dermatitis (PPOD), 327, 966 Personal protective equipment (PPE), 992, 993 Personal protective measures, 964, 965 Personal skin protection, 986–989, 992–1002 Persulfates, 866, 868, 869 Peru Balsam See Balsam of Peru Peru Balsam absolute, 618 Peru Balsam oil, 618 Pesticides, 1114 pH, 975, 977 measurement, 494 Phenol-formaldehyde plastics, 706–709 Phenotype of contact allergy, polysensitization, 17–18 Phenotypes, 14, 17–18, 20–25, 27–32 Phenoxy acid herbicides, 928, 932 2-Phenoxyethanol (PE), 686, 689 Phenylazo-2-naphthol (PAN), 385, 386 Phosphite polymer of pentaerythritol and hydrogenated bisphenol A (PPP-HB), 380 Photoallergens, 522, 523, 526, 528, 529 Photoallergic contact dermatitis, 519–522, 525, 526, 528–529, 731, 734, 741–743 Photoallergic reaction, 155–162, 861, 863 Photoallergy, 361–365, 369, 371–373 1259 Index Photocarcinogenicity, 969 Photocontact dermatitis, 932 Photodermatitis, 800–884, 892, 901, 902, 905, 915 Photoirritation, 1026 Photopatch testing, 480, 482, 487 in immunossupressed patient, 524 indications, 520–522, 526 interpretation, 519, 524, 525 methods, 519 occlusion, 523 in photosensitivity, 520, 521, 523, 524 readings, 519, 523–525 UV dose, 519, 521, 523–525 Photosensitive drugs, 371–373 Photosensitivity of acute manifestations, 365 of clinical patterns, 363–368 of delayed and late effects, 368 of subacute manifestations, 365–367 Photosensitizer, 155, 157–159, 162 Phototherapy, 970–971, 977, 978 Phototoxic and photoallergic reactions, 361–374 Phototoxicity, 361–365, 371 Phototoxic reaction, 155–162, 861 Phytodermatitis, 874, 880, 914 Pictograms, 993, 994 Pigmented contact dermatitis, 377–392, 415, 425 clothing, 794, 807 Pigmented cosmetic dermatitis, 383–387, 389 Pigmented purpuric eruption, 415, 419–420 Pigmented purpuric lichenoid dermatitis, 387, 388 Piroxicam, 482, 483, 485, 487, 521, 526, 527, 529 Plants, 855, 860–863, 1115 Plants causing phytophotodermatitis, 370–371 Plant series, 869 Plastic chemical, 768–769 Plasticizers and other additives, 696, 718–720 Plastic materials, 1108, 1111, 1118 Platinum, 644, 645, 669, 670, 774, 776–778, 786 Poison ivy, 92, 95, 98 Poison oak, 92, 95, 98 Polygonaceae, 878 Polymerization, 769–771, 783 Polymorphisms, 16–28, 33, 34 Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) gloves, 868 Pooling, 1060 Porphyrins, 156, 159, 160 Potassium persulfate, 869 Povidone-iodine, 779–780 PPD See Para-phenylenediamine PPE See Personal protective equipment PPOD See Persistent postoccupational dermatitis (PPOD) Predictive methods, 229, 234 Predictive tests, 104–106 Predisposition, 13–34 Prehaptens, 99 Pre-Jadassohn period, Preservatives, 592, 593, 595–598, 866, 868, 869, 927, 928, 933 Pretesting, 637 Prevention, 67, 985–1011 of hand eczema, 985–1011 and legislation, 645, 653–654, 660–661, 664 Preventive measures, 964–966 Prick by prick, 912 Prick testing, 1, 2, 8, 141, 866, 869 Primary prevention, 964, 987–988, 999, 1004, 1008 Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention, 1002, 1003, 1011 Primetin, 903, 904 Primin, 5, 547, 572, 898, 903, 904, 907, 915 Primulaceae, 879, 898, 903, 904 Printers, 1003 Pristinamycin, 483, 485–487 Processionary caterpillars, Product categories for patch testing, 1112–1119 Professionalization of health education, 1010 Prohaptens, 98–100, 633 Promethazine, 525–527, 529 Propolis, 898 Propylene urea, 797, 798 Prostaglandin, 139, 143 Prosthesis, 767, 768, 770–771, 775–778, 786 Proteaceae, 887–892, 907 Protection of hands in hairdressers, 870 Protective creams (PC), 987–1002 Protective gloves, 764, 765, 770, 773, 774, 868, 870, 992–998, 1003, 1005 Protein contact dermatitis, 4, 8, 138, 143, 407–412, 853, 854, 861–863, 875–876 Proteins, 407–412 Protoanemonin, 878, 904, 905 Pseudevernia furfuracea Zopf, 902 Pseudo-allergic reactions, 478 Pseudolymphoma, 170 Psoralens, 156, 159–160, 622, 882, 905 p-tert-butylphenol (PTBP), 390, 391 p-tert-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin, clothing dermatitis, 807 Pulpitis, 766, 770, 772 Purpuric allergic contact dermatitis, 170 Purpuric contact dermatitis, clothing, 794, 807 Pustular eruption, 415, 423, 424 Pustular reactions, 167 PUVA, 969–972, 978 Pyrethrins, 932 Pyrogallol, 867, 869 Q QSAR, 103–106 Quality-control, 1053, 1056–1057 Quality of life, 402, 403 Quantification of nickel exposure, 645–648 Quantification of the irritant response (bioengineering techniques), 330–331 Quantitative measurement of skin effects, 231 Quantitative risk assessment, 229–237 Quantitative traits, 18, 28 Quaternium, 547, 562–564 Questionnaire study, 764, 765, 776, 784 Quinones, 892, 903, 906, 907, 909 1260 R Radical reactions, 93, 94, 96 Radioallergosorbent test (RAST), 150 Ranunculaceae, 877, 878, 904–905 Ranunculin, 877, 904, 905 Rapid acetylator, 23 Reading of skin prick test, 514–515 Reading scale for the ROAT, 245, 246 Readings of tests, 440, 446–454, 460 Reasonably foreseeable misuse, 233 Recovery Time, 973–974 Redness, 534, 538 Registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals (REACH), 1026–1027 Regulation, 1023–1027 Regulatory classification, 231 Rehabilitation, 963–979 Relative potency, 229, 230, 232–234, 237 Relative risk, 208 Relevance, 447, 452, 455, 457, 460 Removal technique bag rinsing, 505, 506 rinsing, 504–505 washing, 504–505 wiping, 504–505 Repeated irritation test (RIT), 999, 1000 Repeated open application test (ROAT), 243–246, 446, 447, 457, 618, 620, 621 Repeated short-time occlusive irritation test (ROIT), 1000 Repeating exposures, 243 Repellents, 928, 933 Resorcinol, 629–632, 635, 636, 866, 868, 869 Respiratory diseases, 866 Respiratory symptoms, 429–434 Retest, 49, 68–71 Retinoids, 968–970, 976, 977, 979 Rhinitis, 784–786 Rhino-conjunctivitis, 868 Rhodium, 644, 664, 670 Riehl’s melanosis, 384 Rip up gloves for the work on shifting machines, 998 Risk assessment, 229–237, 244, 246–249, 1025, 1027 Risk assessment-oriented studies, 354–355 Risk management, 229–231 RISKOFDERM, 503 Risk of induction, 242 RIT See Repeated irritation test ROAT See Repeated open application test Rodenticides, 928, 933 ROIT See Repeated short-time occlusive irritation test Rosin, 612 Roundup, 931 Rubber, 378, 381, 388, 389, 764, 766, 772–774, 784–785, 820–826 Rubber additive series (gloves), 869 Rubber chemicals, 1117–1118 clothing dermatitis, 807 Rules and regulations, 993–994 Rutaceae, 880, 882, 883, 901, 905–906 Index S SAFT See Skin application food test Sandalwood oil, 385, 609, 611, 620 Sarcoidosis, SARs See Structureactivity relationships studies Scalp margins, 630, 632 Schamberg’s disease, 387 Scissors, 867 Scleroderma-like eruption, 415, 424–425 Scratch-patch test (S-P), 511, 512, 515 Screening allergen, 783–784 Screening series, 442, 444–445 SDRIFE See Symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema Secondarily infected dermatitis, 263 Secondary prevention, 964 Secondary prevention measures, 989 Selected epicutaneous tests, Selection of the wrong glove, 997 Semi-open test, 456–457 Semipermanent hair dyes, 630 Semi-permeable gloves, 998 Sensitive (hyperirritable) skin, 327–328, 334 Sensitivity, 200–202, 204, 208 Sensitization, 49, 51, 52, 59, 60, 63, 65, 66, 68, 69, 73, 75 Sensory hyperreactivity, 432–434 Sesquiterpene lactone mix (SL mix), 547, 557, 572–574, 898, 913 Sesquiterpene lactones, 884, 892, 896–898, 912 Sex, 21, 29–31 Shiitake dermatitis, 910 Shoes, 819–827 Shortened standard series., 954–955 Silver, 644, 666, 667, 669–671, 933 Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), 19, 21, 22, 24, 26, 28, 31, 33, 34 Skin absorption, 931 Skin application food test (SAFT), 511, 515–516 Skin barrier, 217–221, 223–225, 966, 968, 970, 973–979 Skin biopsy, 167, 168 Skin care products, 999–1002, 1006 Skin corrosivity, 1026 Skin effects, 927, 928, 931 of pesticides, 928, 931–933 Skin exposure, 230, 233, 234 assessment, 503–507 Skin homing, 60, 61, 66 Skin irritation, 229–231, 233, 234, 237, 1026, 1027 Skin lipids, 217 Skin nerves, 139 Skin penetration, 128–131 Skin prick testing (SPT), 511–516 Skin protection, 401, 403 behaviour, 1002, 1006 products, 998 before work, skin cleansers, 999 Skin Protection Programme, 1002, 1008–1010 Skin regions, 243 Skin sensitisation, 229, 230, 232–235, 237, 1026, 1027 Skin sites, 32 Skin type, 32 1261 Index Slide test, 999 Slow acetylator, 24 SLS See Sodium lauryl sulphate SMART See Swift modified alkali resistance test Smoking, 866 SNP See Single nucleotide polymorphism SOD2, 25 Sodium hydroxide, 180, 186 Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), 180–182, 186, 188, 190, 536–540, 969, 973–975, 977, 978 Solanaceae, 874, 878, 911 Solutions, 1019, 1020 Somatosensory system, 430, 434 Sorbitan sesquioleate, 609 Spain, 1034, 1042–1043, 1049 Spearmint oil, 611, 620 Special forms of irritation, 321–323 Specificity, 200, 201 Spices, 855, 857, 858, 861–863 Spongiosis, 168, 169, 172–174 Spongiotic vesiculation, 168, 169, 171 Spot tests, 493–503 SPT See Skin prick testing Standardisation, 1056 Standard methods for testing the protective glove barrier, 995–996 Standard series of patch tests, 5, Stasis dermatitis, 730, 734, 735, 738, 744, 746, 748–749 Statutory employers¢ liability insurance bodies, 985, 988, 990 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, 476–480, 484 Strategies of workers¢ education, 1002 Stratum corneum, 180, 191, 215–225 Strimmer rash, 882 Structural alert, 114, 115 Structure-activity relationships studies (SARs), 112–118 Subgroup analyses, 1058, 1060 Sulizobenzone/benzophenone 4, 528 Sultones, 96 Sunburn cells, 168, 172 Sunscreen, 521, 522, 528, 529, 1112 Superficial X-rays, 971 Suppliers, 441–443, 446, 458, 459 Surfactants, 106 Surgeons, 843, 845–846 Surrogate skin sampling, 506 Surveillance, 1053, 1054, 1057–1060 Susceptibility, 14, 15, 17–19, 21, 22, 24–32 Susceptibility to sensitization, 14 Sweden, 1035, 1043–1044 Swift modified alkali resistance test (SMART), 329 Switzerland, 1035, 1044–1045 Symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema (SDRIFE), 476 Synthetic sweat, 646, 663, 667 Systemic allergic contact dermatitis, 649, 650, 653, 654, 659 Systemic contact dermatitis, 5, 476, 478, 481, 645, 659, 668, 734, 737–739, 741, 742, 749–751 diagnosis, 355 mechanism, 349–350 medicaments, 348–350, 352, 354, 355 Systemic corticosteroids, 971–972, 977, 978 Systemic photoprovocation, 521 Systemic photosensitivity, 520, 521, 523 T Tanacetum vulgare, 1081 Tandem repeated irritation test (TRIT), 1000 Tape-stripping acrylates, 505, 506 jet fuel, 505 nickel, 505 particles, 505 Tar, 967, 968 T cell, 44, 45, 48–52, 54–75 priming, 61 T-cell mediated drug eruptions, 479 TDA See Toluene-2,5-diamine Teenagers, 629 Temporary dyes, 630, 637 Tenoxicam, 487 Terpenes, 610, 611, 622 4-tert-butylcatechol (PTBC), 390 Tertiary individual prevention (TIP), 990–992, 1007 Tertiary prevention, 964, 990–992, 1002, 1003, 1007, 1011 Test application, 442–444, 456, 457 Test concentration, 779, 782 Test method, 1109–1112 Test reading, 440, 444, 446–454, 460, 777, 781 Test sensitization, 771, 774, 782–784 Test strategy, 458–459 Test systems, 440–444 Test techniques, 440, 449 Tetrazepam, 482, 486, 487 TEWL See Transepidermal water loss Textile azo dyes, 638 Textiles cleaners, 808 dermatitis (see Clothing, dermatitis) dyes (see Dyes) fibres, 795–796 finish resins, 796 other components, 807 softeners, 808 Th1, 57–59, 61–64, 66, 72, 73 Th2, 57–59, 61–64, 66, 72, 73 Th3, 57–59, 72, 73 Th17, 57–59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 72, 73 Thapsigargin, 874, 875 Thaumetopoietin, The axillary exposure test, 245–246 The finger immersion test/experimental hand eczema, 247–248 The fragrance formula, 608 The liquid soap test, 246–247 The medical history of the patient, 256–259 Therapeutic index (TIX), 968, 978 Therapy, 963–979 Therapy and prevention, 331–333 The shampoo test, 246 Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), 493, 494, 497–501, 807 patch test with, 807, 812 1262 Thiourea clothing dermatitis, 795, 807 derivatives, 795, 807, 811 Thiuram mix, 547, 567–568, 869 Thiurams, 861, 930, 932, 934 clothing dermatitis, 807 Thyopurine methyltransferase (TPMP), 972 Tiaprofenic acid, 487 Time of onset, 257, 258 Tin, 666, 671 Tinopal, 378 Tinuvin P, clothing dermatitis, 808 TIP See Tertiary individual prevention Titanium, 770, 774, 775, 778, 779 TIX See Therapeutic index Tixocortol pivalate, 101, 102, 547, 574–575, 739–741, 754 TLC See Thin-layer chromatography TNF-a, 19, 30, 31, 33, 34, 870 TNF–308 G/A polymorphism, 22 Toiletries, 1112 Tolerance, 49, 59, 60, 71–75, 646, 650–651 Toluene-2,5-diamine (TDA), 629–632, 635–638, 865, 866, 869 Toluene-2,5-diamine sulphate, 868 Topical application, 215, 223–225 Topical calcineurin Inhibitors, 969 Topical corticosteroids, 966, 968–970, 978, 979 Topical drugs, 729–755 Topical medicaments, 1113–1114 Topical traditional Chinese medicaments, 745, 748 Toxic epidermal necrolysis, 475, 476, 478–480, 482, 486 Toys, 946, 949, 950, 952, 954 TPMP See Thyopurine methyltransferase Transdermal therapeutic systems, 746 Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), 327–332, 335, 336, 535–539, 541, 973–975, 977–979 Tree moss, 902 Treg, 58, 72, 73 Triamcinolone acetonide, 101, 103 Tributyltin oxide, 933 Trichloroethane, clothing dermatitis, 808 Triethanolamine (TEA), 683, 684 Trigeminal receptors, 429 TRIT See Tandem repeated irritation test Trivalent chromium, 655, 656, 658, 659, 661 Tulipalin A, 885, 886 Tulipalin B, 885 Tulipalins, 98, 100 Tulip fingers, 877–879 Tuliposides, 98, 885, 886, 915 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), 19–22 Twins, 433 Twin studies, 16–17 Type IV hypersensitivity subtypes, 479 Types of symptoms, 259 U Ulcerations, 306, 309 Ultrasound, 536–541 Ultrastructure allergic contact dermatitis, 179–191 Index dermis, 188–190 epidermis, 180–188, 190 irritant contact dermatitis, 180–188 Umbelliferae, 882, 883, 893, 905–906, 910 Umbelliferae/Apiaceae, 905–906 United Kingdom, 1033, 1045–1048 United States, 1048–1050 Urea formaldehyde resins See also Textile, finish resins clothing dermatitis, 796 patch testing, 809 Uron formaldehyde, 797 Urticaria, 306, 309, 316, 480, 481 Urticarial papular and plaque eruption (UPPE) See Erythema multiforme-like eruption Urushiol, 890–892 Usage and application, 1000–1001 Use test, 442, 446, 450, 452, 456, 457, 459, 460 Usnic acid, 898, 902, 903 UVA, 970, 971, 978 UVA1, 970, 971 UV-absorber, 770, 771 UVB, 970, 978 UV filters, 369 UV-Vis spectrophotometry, 495, 497–499, 503 V Vacuuming, 505, 506 Vascular occlusive contact dermatitis, 415, 426 Vegetables, 855, 857–859, 862, 863 Vehicle, 782, 783, 869 Vesicular eczema, 397, 402 Veterinarians, 842, 847–849 W Warfarin, 933, 934 Water-based MWF, 681–691 Weight-of-evidence, 232, 234 Wet work, 855 Wet-work professions, 1007 Wet-work professions/high-risk professions, 986–988, 1007 Wheal, 540–541 Wheal-and-flare response, 868 Woods, 879, 880, 887, 891, 896, 906–909, 912, 913, 1115 Woodworkers, 874, 906, 909 Wool wax alcohols (Lanolin), 547, 559–560 Workers¢ education, 985–1011 Workplace-related risk reduction, 987 Wound dressings, 736, 749 Y Yellow no 11, 385, 386 Ylang ylang oil, 385, 609, 611, 613, 614, 620 Ylang ylang oil I, 611 Ylang ylang oil II, 611 Z Zinc, 770, 773, 775, 776, 778–780, 783, 785 Zinc pyrithione, 869 ... MX Methylxantin J.D Johansen et al (eds.), Contact Dermatitis, DOI: 10.1007/97 8-3 -6 4 2-0 382 7-3 _2, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 13 14 NAT N-acetyltransferase NDMA p-nitroso-dimethylanilin... Peter J Frosch Hautklinik Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH Beurhausstr 40 44137 Dortmund Germany peter.frosch@klinikumdo.de ISBN: 97 8-3 -6 4 2-0 382 6-6 e-ISBN: 97 8-3 -6 4 2-0 382 7-3 DOI: 10.1007/97 8-3 -6 4 2-0 382 7-3 ... dermato-allergology, has gained popularity, as an investigatory tool for immediate contact hypersensitivity J.D Johansen et al (eds.), Contact Dermatitis, DOI: 10.1007/97 8-3 -6 4 2-0 382 7-3 _1, ©