conn's current therapy 2012 - e. bope, r. kellerman (saunders, 2012)

CONN’S CURRENT THERAPY 2012 CONN’S CURRENT THERAPY 2012 EDWARD T BOPE, MD Chief of Primary Care Columbus VA Assistant Dean for VA Medical Students and Clinical Professor, Family Medicine The Ohio State University Faculty, Riverside Family Practice Residency Program Riverside Methodist Hospital Columbus, Ohio RICK D KELLERMAN, MD Professor and Chair Department of Family and Community Medicine University of Kansas School of Medicine–Wichita Wichita, Kansas Latest Approved Methods of Treatment for the Practicing Physician 1600 John F Kennedy Blvd Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 CONN’S CURRENT THERAPY 2012 with Expert Consult–Online and Print ISBN: 978-1-4557-0738-6 ISSN: 8755-8823 Copyright # 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008 by Saunders, an affiliate of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without 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have a professional responsibility With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein ISBN: 978-1-4557-0738-6 Acquisitions Editor: Kate Dimock Developmental Editor: Joan Ryan Publishing Services Manager: Pat Joiner-Myers Project Manager: Marlene Weeks Designer: Steven Stave Printed in the United States Last digit is the print number: Contributors Charles S Abrams, MD Associate Chief, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Platelet-Mediated Bleeding Disorders Mark J Abzug, MD Professor of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), University of Colorado–Denver School of Medicine; Medical Director, The Children’s Hospital Clinical Trials Organization, The Children’s Hospital, Aurora, Colorado Viral Meningitis and Encephalitis ´ Horacio E Adrogue, MD Medical Director, Pancreas Transplant Program and Medical Director, Methodist Transplant Network, The Methodist Hospital Transplant Center, Houston, Texas Hypertension Tod C Aeby, MD Residency Program Director, Generalist Division Chief, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women’s Health, University of Hawaii John A Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii Uterine Leiomyomas Lee Akst, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Hoarseness and Laryngitis Mahboob Alam, MD Staff Cardiologist, Kennedy Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Assistant Professor, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Brian K Albertson, MD University Physicians Group, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Osteomyelitis Madson Q Almeida, MD Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Cushing’s Syndrome Girish Anand, MD Fellow in Gastroenterology, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Dysphagia and Esophageal Obstruction Deverick J Anderson, MD Clinical Associate, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Rickettsial and Ehrlichial Infections (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Typhus) Kelley P Anderson, MD Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health–Marschfield Clinic Campus, Marshfield, Wisconsin Heart Block ` Emmanuel Andres, MD, PhD Service de Medecine Interne, Diabete et Maladies Metaboliques, ´ ` ´ Clinique Medicale B, Hopital Civil–Hopitaux Universitaires de ´ ˆ ˆ Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France Pernicious Anemia and Other Megaloblastic Anemias Gregory M Anstead, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio School of Medicine; Director, Immunosuppression and Infectious Diseases Clinics, South Texas Veterans Healthcare System, San Antonio, Texas Coccidioidomycosis Aydin Arici, MD Professor, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Ann M Aring, MD Associate Program Director, Family Medicine Residency, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Assistant Program Director, Family Medicine Residency, Riverside Methodist Hospital, Columbus, Ohio Fever Isao Arita, MD Chair, Agency for Cooperation in International Health– Kumamoto, Kumamoto City, Japan Smallpox Cecilio Azar, MD Associate in Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon Bleeding Esophageal Varices Masoud Azodi, MD Associate Professor, Division of Gynecology/Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Endometrial Cancer Adrianne Williams Bagley, MD Pediatrician, Lincoln Community Health Center, Inc., Durham, North Carolina Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Justin Bailey, MD, FAAFP Clinical Instructor, Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Family Medicine Residency of Idaho, Boise, Idaho Nausea, Vomiting, Gaseousness, and Dyspepsia Diana Bolotin, MD, PhD Section of Dermatology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Cancer of the Skin Mary Ann Bonilla, MD Assistant Clinical Professor, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Attending Physician, St Joseph’s Regional Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey Neutropenia ´ Federico Balague, MD Privat Docent, Rheumatology, Medical School, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland; Adjunct Associated Professor, Orthopedics, New York University, New York, New York; Medecin Chef Adj Service de Rhumatologie, HFR-Hopital, ´ ˆ Cantonal Fribourg, Switzerland Spine Pain Ashok Balasubramanyam, MD Professor of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Zuleika L Bonilla-Martinez, MD Wound Healing Fellow, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida Venous Ulcers David Borenstein, MD Clinical Professor of Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC Spine Pain Diabetes Insipidus Arna Banerjee, MD Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Surgery, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care and Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee Delirium Contributors Nurcan Baykam, MD Associate Professor of Infectious Diseases, University of Ankara Faculty of Medicine; Staff, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey Chief, Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial SloanKettering Cancer Center, New York, New York Breast Disease Krystene I Boyle, MD Clinical Instructor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Clinical Fellow, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio Menopause Brucellosis Meg Begany, RD, CSP, LDN vi Patrick Borgen, MD Neonatal Nutritionist; Nutrition Support Service Coordinator, Newborn/Infant Intensive Care Unit, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Normal Infant Feeding David I Bernstein, MD Professor of Medicine and Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis John P Bilezikian, MD Professor, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons; Attending Physician, New YorkPresbyterian Hospital, New York, New York Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Hypoparathyroidism Federico Bilotta, MD, PhD University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy Hiccups Natalie C Blevins, PhD Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychology in Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana Anxiety Disorders Roberta C Bogaev, MD Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Mark E Brecher, MD Adjunct Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Chief Medical Officer and Senior Vice President, Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Burlington, North Carolina Therapeutic Use of Blood Components Sylvia L Brice, MD Associate Professor of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado Viral Diseases of the Skin Patricia D Brown, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Chief of Medicine, Detroit Receiving Hospital, Detroit, Michigan Pyelonephritis Patrick Brown, MD Assistant Professor of Oncology and Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Director, Pediatric Leukemia Program, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland Acute Leukemia in Children Richard B Brown, MD Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston; Senior Clinician, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts Toxic Shock Syndrome Interim Dean, School of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia Schizophrenia Irina Burd, MD, PhD Instructor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Staff, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Menopause Diego Cadavid, MD Consultant in Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Relapsing Fever Grant R Caddy, MD Consultant Physician and Gastroenterologist, Ulster Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis Thomas R Caraccio, PharmD Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York; Assistant Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York Medical Toxicology: Ingestions, Inhalations, and Dermal and Ocular Absorptions Enrique V Carbajal, MD Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California– San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California; Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Central California Health Care System, Fresno, California Premature Beats Steve Carpenter, MD Associate Professor, Baylor College of Medicine, St Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas Hodgkin’s Disease: Radiation Therapy Petros E Carvounis, MD, FRCSC Assistant Professor, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine; Chief of Ophthalmology (interim), Ben Taub General Hospital, Harris County Hospital District, Houston, Texas Uveitis Donald O Castell, MD Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Miriam M Chan, BSc Pharm, PharmD Clinical Assistant Professor of Family Medicine, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Clinical Assistant Professor of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy, Columbus, Ohio; Adjunct Professor of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, Ada, Ohio; Program Director of Research and EBM Education, Medical Education, Riverside Methodist Hospital, Columbus, Ohio Herbal Products; New Drugs in 2010 and Agents Pending FDA Approval Emery L Chen, MD Endocrine Surgeon, Woodland Clinic, Woodland, California Thyroid Cancer Venkata Sri Cherukumilli, MD Pediatric Resident, University of California–San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California Rheumatoid Arthritis Meera Chitlur, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan Hemophilia and Related Bleeding Disorders Saima Chohan, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Hyperuricemia and Gout Peter E Clark, MD Associate Professor of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee Malignant Tumors of the Urogenital Tract Claus-Frenz Claussen, MD Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg, Wurzburg; Head, 4-G Research Institute, Neurootologisches Forschungsinstitut, Bad Kissingen, Germany Tinnitus Keith K Colburn, MD Professor of Medicine and Chief of Rheumatology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California Bursitis, Tendinitis, Myofascial Pain, and Fibromyalgia Gary C Coleman, DDS, MS Associate Professor, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas Diseases of the Mouth Patricia A Cornett, MD Associate Chair for Education, Medicine, University of California–San Francisco; Chief, Hematology/Oncology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, San Francisco, California Nonimmune Hemolytic Anemia Alvaro Cervera, MD University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; National Stroke Research Institute, Heidelberg Heights, Victoria, Australia Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease Lawrence Chan, MD Professor of Medicine, Rutherford Chair, and Division Chief, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine; Chief, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, St Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas Dyslipoproteinemias; Primary Aldosteronism Fiona Costello, MD Clinical Associate Professor, Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Surgery, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Optic Neuritis John F Coyle, II, MD Clinical Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine–Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma Disturbances Caused by Heat Contributors Peter Buckley, MD vii Lester M Crawford, PhD Formerly Research Professor, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Head, Department of Physiology, University of Georgia College of Medicine, Athens, Georgia Foodborne Illness Prakash C Deedwania, MD Professor of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California; Chief, Cardiology Section, Veterans Affairs Central California Health Care System, Fresno, California Premature Beats Burke A Cunha, MD Professor of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York; Chief, Infectious Disease Division, Winthrop–University Hospital, Mineola, New York Bacterial Infection of the Urinary Tract In Women; Viral and Mycoplasmal Pneumonias F William Danby, MD, FRCPC Adjunct Assistant Professor of Surgery (Dermatology), Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire Anogenital Pruritus Ralph C Daniel, MD Department of Dermatology, St Dominic-Jackson Memorial Hospital, Jackson, Mississippi Diseases of the Nails Athena Daniolos, MD Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Attending Physician, University Health Services, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Contributors Condyloma Accuminata (Genital Warts) Stella Dantas, MD Physician, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beaverton Medical Office, Northwest Permanente PC Physicians and Surgeons, Beaverton, Oregon Uterine Leiomyomas Andre Dascal, MD, FRCPC viii Associate Professor, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, McGill University Faculty of Medicine; Senior Infectious Disease Physician, Sir Mortimer B Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Acute Infectious Diarrhea Susan Davids, MD, MPH Associate Professor of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin; Associate Program Director, Internal Medicine Residency, Clement J Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Acute Bronchitis Susan A Davidson, MD Associate Professor, University of Colorado–Denver School of Medicine; Chief, Gynecologic Oncology, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, Colorado Neoplasms of the Vulva Melinda V Davis-Malesevich, MD Resident, Bobby R Alford Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Phyllis A Dennery, MD Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Werner and Gertrude Henle Chair and Chief, Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn Stephen R Deputy, MD Assistant Professor of Neurology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine; Staff Neurologist, Children’s Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana Traumatic Brain Injury in Children Richard D deShazo, MD Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics and Billy S Guyton Distinguished Professor, University of Mississippi College of Medicine; Chair, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi Pneumoconiosis Clio Dessinioti, MD, MSc Attending Dermatologist, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece Parasitic Diseases of the Skin Gretchen M Dickson, MD, MBA Assistant Professor, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine–Wichita, Wichita, Kansas Otitis Media Douglas DiOrio, MD Adjunct Clinical Professor, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Fellowship Director, Riverside Sports Medicine, Riverside Methodist Hospital, Columbus, Ohio Common Sports Injuries Sunil Dogra, MD, DNB, MNAMS Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India Leprosy Basak Dokuzoguz, MD Chief, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey Brucellosis Joseph Domachowske, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology, and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York Infectious Mononucleosis Obstructive Sleep Apnea Francisco J.A de Paula, MD, PhD Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, USP, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil Osteoporosis Geoffrey A Donnan, MD Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences; Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire; Chief, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder John Dorsch, MD Associate Professor, Family and Community Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine–Wichita, Wichita, Kansas The Red Eye Douglas A Drevets, MD, DTM&H Professor and Chief, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Staff Physician, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Plague Jean Dudler, MD Medecin-chef, Service de Rhumatologie, HFR Fribourg–Hopital ´ ˆ Cantonal, Fribourg, Switzerland; Privat Docent, Division of Rheumatology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Rat-Bite Fever Peter R Duggan, MD Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Polycythemia Vera Kim Eagle, MD Albion Walter Hewlett Professor of Internal Medicine, Chief of Clinical Cardiology, and Director, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan Angina Pectoris Genevieve L Egnatios, MD Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona Contact Dermatitis Julian Elliott, MB, BS, FACP Conjoint Senior Lecturer, National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney; Infectious Diseases Physician, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne; HIV Clinical Advisor, International Health Research Group, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, New South Wales, Australia Psittacosis Sean P Elliott, MD, MS Associate Professor of Urology and Director of Urologic Reconstruction, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota Trauma to the Genitourinary Tract Dirk M Elston, MD Director, Department of Dermatology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania Diseases of the Hair John M Embil, MD, FRCPC Associate Professor of Internal Medicine (Section of Infectious Diseases) and Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Blastomycosis Tobias Engel, MD Pediatric and Reproductive Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Pheochromocytoma Scott K Epstein, MD Dean for Educational Affairs and Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Acute Respiratory Failure Andrew M Evens, DO, MSc Associate Professor of Medicine; Deputy Director for Clinical and Translational Research and CRO Medical Director, UMass Memorial Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology; Director, Lymphoma Program, The University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Walid A Farhat, MD Associate Professor, Department of Surgery and Pediatric Urologist, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Childhood Incontinence Dorianne Feldman, MD, MSPT Instructor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Rehabilitation of the Stroke Patient Gregory Feldman, MD Surgical Resident, Stanford Hospitals and Clinics, Stanford, California Peripheral Arterial Disease Steven R Feldman, MD, PhD Professor of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Acne Vulgaris and Rosacea Barri J Fessler, MD, MSPH Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis Terry D Fife, MD Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology, University of Arizona; Director, Arizona Balance Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona ´ ` Meniere’s Disease David Finley, MD Surgeon, Thoracic Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering, New York, New York Pleural Effusions and Empyema Thoracis Robert S Fisher, MD Lorber Professor of Medicine and Chief, Gastroenterology Section and Digestive Disease Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Irritable Bowel Syndrome William E Fisher, MD Professor of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis Contributors Craig L Donnelly, MD ix Alan B Fleischer, Jr., MD Professor and Chair, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Acne Vulgaris and Rosacea Robert Giusti, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, New York University School of Medicine; New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York Cystic Fibrosis Raja Flores, MD Professor and Chief, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York Pleural Effusions and Empyema Thoracis Brian J Flynn, MD Associate Professor of Urology, University of Colorado–Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado Urethral Strictures Nathan B Fountain, MD Professor of Neurology and Director, Dreifuss Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia Seizures and Epilepsy in Adolescents and Adults Jennifer Frank, MD Theda Care Physicians, Neenah, Washington Syphilis Robert S Freelove, MD Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine–Wichita, Wichita, Kansas; Program Director, Smoky Hill Family Medicine Residency Program, Salina, Kansas Contributors Nongonococcal Urethritis Ellen W Freeman, PhD Research Professor, Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Premenstrual Syndrome x Theodore M Freeman, MD San Antonio Asthma and Allergy Clinic, San Antonio, Texas Allergic Reaction to Stinging Insects Aaron Friedman, MD Ruben Bentson Professor and Chair, Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Parenteral Fluid Therapy in Children R Michael Gallagher, DO Director, Headache Center of Central Florida, Melbourne, Florida Headache John Garber, MD Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Fellow in Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Acute and Chronic Viral Hepatitis Khalil G Ghanem, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Gonorrhea Donald L Gilbert, MD, MS Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome Mark T Gladwin, MD Professor of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Chief; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Sickle Cell Disease Andrew W Goddard, MD Professor of Psychiatry, Indiana University Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana Anxiety Disorders Mark S Gold, MD Distinguished Professor and Chair, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Anesthesiology, and Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida Drug Abuse Robert Goldstein, MD Director of Cardiac Device Clinic, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio Tachycardias Robert C Goldstein, MD Fellow, Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York Toxoplasmosis ´ ´ ´ Marlıs Gonzalez-Fernandez, MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Medical Director, Outpatient Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland Rehabilitation of the Stroke Patient E Ann Gormley, MD Professor of Surgery (Urology), Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire; Staff Urologist, DartmouthHitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire Urinary Incontinence Eduardo Gotuzzo, MD Principal Professor of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Chief, Department of Infectious, Tropical, and Dermatologic Diseases, Hospital National Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru Cholera Luigi Gradoni, PhD Research Director, Vector-Borne Diseases and International Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy ` Leishmaniasis Jane M Grant-Kels, MD Professor and Chair, Department of Dermatology; Dermatology Residency Director and Assistant Dean of Clinical Affairs, University of Connecticut School of Medicine; Director of Dermatopathology and Director, Cutaneous Oncology and Melanoma Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut Melanocytic Nevi Index 1270 Phendimetrazine, 756t Phenelzine, 961t Phenobarbital, 653, 935 Phenothiazines nausea and vomiting treated with, 22t poisoning, 1178–1180, 1179t Phenoxybenzamine, 708 Phentermine, 756t Phentolamine erectile dysfunction treated with, 975 hypertensive crisis caused by, 708–709 Phenylpropanolamine, 915 Phenytoin characteristics of, 651–652, 652t epilepsy treated with, 651–652, 652t, 1075t hiccups treated with, 19 Pheochromocytoma biochemical diagnosis of, 704–706, 706b, 707f clinical manifestations of, 703–704, 704b definition of, 703 diagnosis of, 702b differential diagnosis of, 704 epidemiology of, 703 extra-adrenal, 703, 708 genetics of, 703, 705t, 706f hereditary, 703, 705t hypertensive crisis caused by, 708–709 imaging of, 706–707 localization of, 706–707, 708f malignant, 709 metastasis of, 709 monitoring of, 709 prognosis for, 709 signs and symptoms of, 703–704 surgery for, 708 treatment of, 703b, 707–708, 709f, 710f Philadelphia chromosome, 793–794 Phlebotomy hemochromatosis treated with, 799b, 810 polycythemia vera treated with, 846 porphyria cutanea tarda treated with, 849 Phonophoresis, 26 Phosgene oxime, 1228t Phosphate intravenous replacement of, 1089 for primary hyperparathyroidism, 719 Phosphodiesterase inhibitors, 974–975 Photodynamic therapy actinic keratoses treated with, 253 warts treated with, 277 Photorefractive keratectomy, 313b, 316–317 Phototherapy, 241–242 Phyllodes tumor, 993 Physical therapy pain treated with, 26 temporomandibular disorders managed with, 311 Physostigmine, 1140t, 1152 Picovir See Pleconaril Pigmentary disorders diagnosis of, 249b Pigmentary disorders (Continued) hyperpigmentation, 249b, 250 hypopigmentation, 249b, 251 treatment of, 249b Pill-induced esophagitis, 506 Pilocarpine, 351 Pimozide delusions of parasitosis treated with, 38b, 260, 261t Tourette syndrome treated with, 611t Pindolol, 440t, 1154t “Pink puffer,”, 344–345 Pinworms, 546–547 Pioglitazone, 732, 733t Pirbuterol, 332t Piriformis syndrome, 572 Piroxicam, 27t Pit vipers, 1189 Pitocin See Oxytocin Pituitary adenomas, 681, 686 Pityriasis See Tinea versicolor Pityriasis alba, 249b, 251 Placenta previa, 1042–1043, 1042b Placental abruption, 1043, 1043b Plague, 141, 142, 1195t Plantar fasciitis, 573 Plaquenil See Hydroxychloroquine sulfate Plasma lipids, 740 Plasma renin activity, 712 Plasma transfusion, 868–869 Plasmapheresis bullous pemphigoid treated with, 199 myasthenia gravis treated with, 630–631 poisoning treated with, 1139–1144 Plasmodium spp antimalarial drugs for, 126, 127 blood transfusion transmission of, 783–784 chloroquine-sensitive, 128 drug-resistant, 128, 129 life cycle of, 123f malaria caused by, 122, 123, 123f Platelet transfusions acute myeloid leukemia treated with, 768 description of, 867–868 disseminated intravascular coagulation treated with, 798 indications for, 868 irradiated platelets, 867–868 leukoreduced platelets, 867 refractoriness to, 784, 868 washed platelets, 867 Platelet-mediated bleeding disorders acquired, 843 characteristics of, 842 corticosteroids for, 841b diagnosis of, 841b heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, 842 hereditary, 843 idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 843 immune-mediated platelet destruction, 842 qualitative, 843 Platelet-mediated bleeding disorders (Continued) quantitative, 842–843 treatment of, 841b Pleconaril, 677 Plendil See Felodipine Pleural effusions diagnosis of, 361–362 etiology of, 361 exudative, 361, 362b imaging of, 361–362 parapneumonic, 362–363 symptoms of, 361 thoracentesis of, 362 transudative, 362, 362b treatment of, 362 Pleural plaques, 364 Pleural space infection, 362–363 Plummer’s disease, 695 Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 297–298 Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, 69, 338, 1102t asbestosis, 363–364, 364b, 364t definition of, 363 diagnosis of, 363b silicosis, 364–365 Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, 88, 99, 102t, 103t Pneumonia atypical, 392 blastomycosis as cause of, 341b community-acquired, 336–338 admission criteria for, 336–337 antibiotics for, 337–338, 338b antimicrobials for, 338b diagnosis of, 336, 336b etiology of, 337 pathogens, 337b prevention of, 338 sepsis caused by, 162t severity index for, 337t treatment of, 337–338 health care-acquired, 338–339, 339t Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 391–392, 393–394, 394t Pneumocystis jiroveci, 88, 99, 102t, 103t ventilator-associated, 338–339 Pneumonic plague, 1195t Podofilox, 274t Podophyllin human papillomavirus disease lesions treated with, 254 molluscum contagiosum treated with, 274t Podophyllotoxin, 921t Poikiloderma atrophicans vasculare, 209 Poisonings absorption prevention methods, 1135–1137 acetaminophen, 1148–1150, 1149f acetylsalicylic acid, 1180–1182 activated charcoal for, 1136–1137, 1137t amphetamines, 1150–1151 anticholinergics, 1151–1152 antidepressants, 1185–1187 Polycythemia vera (Continued) cytoreductive therapy for, 846 definition of, 844 diagnosis of, 844–845, 844b, 845b differential diagnosis of, 844–845 familial causes of, 845 hydroxyurea for, 846 leukocytosis in, 844–845 phlebotomy for, 846 pregnancies in patients with, 846 prognosis for, 845–846 surgery risks in patients with, 846 thrombocytosis in, 844–845 thrombotic risks in, 845b treatment of, 840, 844b, 846 Polydipsia, 750 Polyethylene glycol, 2t Polyhydramnios, 1060 Polymerase chain reaction amebiasis evaluations, 61 Coxiella burnetii detection using, 144 leprosy diagnosis using, 115 Lyme disease diagnosis using, 120 malaria diagnosis using, 126 pertussis diagnosis using, 184 toxoplasmosis diagnosis using, 175–176, 177 Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, 429 Polymyalgia rheumatica clinical presentation of, 590–591 diagnosis of, 590b, 591 treatment of, 590b, 591 Polymyxin B and trimethoprim, 302t Polyps, vocal fold, 285–286, 285f Polysomnography, 659 Polyuria, 692 Ponstel See Mefenamic acid Popliteal cysts, 572 Porokeratoses, 251b, 252b, 253 Porphyria cutanea tarda, 849 Porphyrias acute intermittent, 847, 848 aminolevulinic acid-dehydratase deficiency, 847, 848 classification of, 847, 848 clinical presentation of, 848–849 congenital erythropoietic, 849–850 definition of, 847 diagnosis of, 847b, 848 erythropoietic protoporphyria, 850 hematin for, 849, 851 heme synthesis, 847–848, 847f hereditary coproporphyria, 848 medications contraindicated in, 848b treatment of, 847b, 849 variegate, 848 Portopulmonary hypertension, 497–498 Portosystemic encephalopathy, 496–497, 496t Portosystemic shunt, 510–511, 512 Posaconazole, 348b Positive airway pressure, 664 Positive end-expiratory pressure, 325 Positive-pressure ventilation, 1092–1093 Positron emission tomography, 139 Postconcussive syndrome, 617 Posterior urethral distraction injuries, 911–912 Posterior uveitis, 312, 313 Postherpetic neuralgia, 272, 643 Postinfectious cough, 3b, 4–5, 4b Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, 249b, 250 Postinflammatory hypopigmentation, 249b, 251 Post–Lyme disease syndrome, 121 Postnasal drip syndrome chronic cough caused by, clinical presentation of, 4–5 evaluation of, treatment of, 3b Postoperative malabsorption, 556 Postpartum care diagnosis of, 1040b treatment of, 1040b Postpartum depression, 1041 Postpartum fever, 1041b Postpartum hemorrhage, 1040–1041, 1040b Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, 33, 34 Post-transfusion purpura, 779t, 784 Posttraumatic stress disorder, 939 PR prolongation, 429 Pradaxa See Dabigatran Pralidoxime, 1140t, 1177 Pramipexole, 1208t parkinsonism treated with, 636, 636t restless legs syndrome treated with, 668, 669t Pramoxine (Prax), 241 Prandin See Repaglinide Prasugrel, 402 Pravastatin (Pravachol), 741t Praziquantel, 244b, 248 Prazosin, 437t Prealbumin, 759 Prediabetes, 728t Prednisolone asthma treated with, 332t, 333t, 1049t Bell’s palsy treated with, 601 uveitis treated with, 312 Prednisone anaphylaxis treated with, 53 asthma treated with, 332t, 333t, 1049t bullous pemphigoid treated with, 199 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations treated with, 3b cluster headaches treated with, 18t myasthenia gravis treated with, 630 pemphigus vulgaris treated with, 200 postnasal drip syndrome treated with, 3b tapering of, 684–685 urticaria treated with, 266 Preeclampsia, 1038, 1038b, 1039f, 1039t Pregabalin, 1208t fibromyalgia treated with, 574 psychocutaneous disorders treated with, 261t, 264 restless legs syndrome treated with, 669t Index Poisonings (Continued) antidotes for, 1139, 1140t barbiturates, 1152–1153 benzodiazepines, 1153 b-blockers, 1153–1155 calcium channel blockers, 1155–1156 carbamates, 1176–1177 carbon monoxide, 1156–1157, 1156t caustics, 1157–1158 cocaine, 1158–1159, 1158t corrosives, 1157–1158 cyanide, 1159–1160 decontamination methods, 1135–1137 dialysis for, 1139 differential diagnosis of, 1137, 1138t digitalis, 1160–1161 epidemiology of, 1134 ethanol, 1161–1164, 1161t ethylene glycol, 1161t, 1162–1164 gastric emptying procedures, 1136 gastric lavage for, 1136 hydrocarbon, 1164–1166 hypoglycemia caused by, 1145 in-hospital guidelines, 1137–1138 ipecac syrup for, 1136 iron, 1165–1166 isoniazid, 1166–1167 isopropanol, 1161t, 1167 laboratory studies for, 1146–1148, 1146t lead, 1167–1171, 1167t, 1168t, 1169b, 1169t, 1170t lithium, 1171–1172 mental status alterations caused by, 1145 methanol, 1161t, 1172–1173 monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 1173–1174 neuroleptics, 1178–1180, 1179t opioids, 1174–1176 organophosphates, 1176–1177 phencyclidine, 1177–1178 phenothiazines, 1178–1180, 1179t radiographic studies for, 1147 salicylates, 1180–1182 salicylic acid, 1180–1182 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 1182–1183 theophylline, 1183–1185, 1184t thiamine deficiency encephalopathy caused by, 1145 toxicologic studies, 1147–1148 tricyclic antidepressants, 1185–1187 vital function assessments, 1134, 1134t whole-bowel irrigation for, 1137 Polidocanol, 1208t Poliovirus vaccine, 1102t, 1105t Polyarteritis nodosa, 213t Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 576–577 Polycarbophil, 2t Polycystic ovarian syndrome, 215, 216, 984, 1077 Polycythemia rubra vera, 37b Polycythemia vera aspirin for, 846 clinical presentation of, 844 1271 Index 1272 Pregnancy acute cholecystitis in, 492 antiepileptic drugs during, 655 breast cancer during, 994 chloramphenicol use in, 152 HIV during, 104 leprosy during, 117 malaria in, 130 pruritus during, 37b pyrimethamine use during, 177 rubella infection during, 154 toxoplasmosis in, 177 vaginal bleeding in, 1040b, 1042–1043 Pregnancy-induced hypertension, 1037–1038 Prehn sign, 971 Prelu-2 See Phendimetrazine Premalignant skin lesions actinic keratoses, 251b, 252–253, 252b arsenical keratoses, 251b, 252b, 253 diagnosis of, 251b human papillomavirus disease See Human papillomavirus porokeratoses, 251b, 252b, 253 treatment of, 252b Premature atrial complexes, 465–466 Premature beats description of, 465 diagnosis of, 465b treatment of, 465b Premature infants characteristics of, 1055, 1056b resuscitation of, 1094–1095 Premature junctional complexes, 466–467 Premature ovarian failure, 984, 1014 Premature ventricular complexes, 467–468 Premenstrual syndrome anxiolytics for, 1022 calcium supplementation for, 1022 characteristics of, 1020 diagnosis of, 1019b, 1020–1021, 1020b etiology of, 1020 hormonal treatment of, 1022 morbidity of, 1020 prevalence of, 1020 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for, 1020b, 1021–1022 symptoms of, 1020 treatment of, 1020b, 1021–1022 Prepatellar bursitis, 572–573 Prerenal azotemia, 765t, 873, 874–875, 876t Presbylaryngis, 287 Presbyopia, 315 Pressure therapy, 233 Pressure ulcers at-risk populations, 255 diagnosis of, 254b enzymatic debridement of, 255 treatment of, 254b Prezista See Darunavir Priapism, 850–851 Primaquine phosphate, 127, 129t, 131t Primary aldosteronism adrenal vein sampling, 714–716 aldosterone-producing adenomas, 716 Primary aldosteronism (Continued) bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, 716–717 biochemical tests for, 712–714 captopril challenge test, 714 fludrocortisone suppression test, 714 intravenous saline infusion test, 713–714 oral sodium loading test, 713 plasma aldosterone concentration/ plasma renin activity, 712–713 causes of, 711, 711b clinical presentation of, 711 computed tomography of, 714 diagnosis of, 710b, 717 evaluation of, 712f hypokalemia in, 712 imaging studies, 714 magnetic resonance imaging of, 714 NP-59 adrenal scintigraphy of, 714 pathophysiology of, 711 screening criteria for, 711 treatment of, 711b Primary central nervous system lymphoma, 608–609 Primary dysmenorrhea, 1002–1003 Primary glomerular diseases acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis, 898b, 899b, 900b, 901 clinical presentation of, 897–898, 898b cresenteric glomerulonephritis, 898b, 899b, 900b, 901–902 diagnosis of, 897–898, 897b focal and segmental glomerulonephritis, 898b, 899–900, 899b, 900b histologic findings, 898b hyperlipidemia in, 899 IgA nephropathy, 898b, 899b, 900b, 901 membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, 898b, 899b, 900b, 901 membranous nephropathy, 898b, 899b, 900–901, 900b minimal change disease, 898b, 899, 899b, 900b renal biopsy of, 898 treatment of, 897b, 898–902 Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, 218b, 221–222 Primary hyperaldosteronism, 439 Primary hyperparathyroidism calcium concentrations in, 719 characteristics of, 717 diagnosis of, 717b, 718 differential diagnosis of, 717–718, 718t evaluation of, 718 forms of, 718 genetics of, 718 incidence of, 717 medical management of, 719 pathology of, 718 pathophysiology of, 718 signs and symptoms of, 718 surgery for, 719, 719t treatment of, 717b, 718–719 Primary lung abscess classification of, 366 clinical manifestations of, 366 Primary lung abscess (Continued) definition of, 366 diagnosis of, 365b, 366–367 differential diagnosis of, 367 empyema versus, 366 epidemiology of, 366 pathophysiology of, 366, 366f prognosis for, 367 risk factors for, 366 treatment of, 366b, 367 Primary onycholysis, 223b, 224b, 226 Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease, 686, 686t Primary pneumonic plague, 141–142 Primary snoring, 359b Primidone, 1075t Priming, 782 Prinzmetal’s angina, 411 Prions, 784 Pristiq See Desvenlafaxine Probenecid, 745 Probiotics, 1198t Procardia See Nifedipine Prochlorperazine, 22t, 156–157 Progesterone implants, 1001 Progesterone-only contraceptives, 1000–1001 Progestogens, 1008 Progressive massive fibrosis, 365 Progressive multiple sclerosis, 624–625 Progressive myelopathies, 625 Progressive supranuclear palsy, 633–634 Progressive verrucous leukoplakia, 253 Prokinetic agents, constipation treated with, Prolactin-secreting adenomas, 693 Prolixin See Fluphenazine Propafenone, 415b Propoxyphene hydrochloride, 29t, 1175t Propoxyphene napsylate, 29t Propranolol angina pectoris treated with, 409t hypertension treated with, 440t hyperthyroidism treated with, 696t migraine prophylaxis using, 622t Propriospinal myoclonus, 670 Propylene glycol, 1147t Propylthiouracil, 696t, 697 Prostaglandin analogues glaucoma treated with, 280 for peptic ulcer disease, 516 Prostaglandin E1 See Alprostadil Prostate cancer, 891–892 androgen-deprivation therapy for, 892 biopsy of, 892 diagnosis of, 889b, 891–892 grading of, 892 radical prostatectomy for, 892 staging of, 892 treatment of, 889b, 892 Prostate-specific antigen, 891 Prostatitis, 878, 879 acute, 977 chronic, 978–979 chronic bacterial, 978 definition of, 977 diagnosis of, 977b Psoriasis (Continued) quality-of-life assessments, 240, 240b systemic agents for, 242–243 topical therapies for, 240–241 treatment of, 239–243, 240b, 240f Psoriasis area and severity index, 240 Psychocutaneous medicine acne excoriee, 258b, 259b, 260–262 ´ classification of, 259 cutaneous sensory disorders, 258b, 259b, 263 delusions of parasitosis, 258b, 259–260, 259b dermatitis artefacta, 258b, 259b, 260–262 lichen simplex chronicus, 258b, 259b, 263 medications for, 260t, 261t neurotic excoriations, 258b, 259b, 260–262 prurigo nodularis, 258b, 259b, 262–263 trichotillomania, 258b, 259b, 263 Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, 651 Psychogenic nonepileptic spells, 667 Psyllium, 2t Pulmonary edema, cardiogenic, 327 Pulmonary embolism clinical features of, 385 compression ultrasonography of, 386 D-dimer blood testing of, 386 description of, 381 diagnosis of, 385–386, 385b, 385t, 474 pulmonary angiography of, 386 ventilation/perfusion lung scanning of, 385 Pulmonary fibrosis, 854 Pulmonary hypertension, 570 in cystic fibrosis, 353 persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, 1057 in sickle cell disease, 854 treatment of, 859 Pulmonary hypoplasia, 1060–1061 Pulmonary rales, 433 Pulmonic stenosis, 425 Pupillary block, for acute angle closure glaucoma, 281 Pure neuritic leprosy, 116 Pyelonephritis, 881 acute, 881–883, 902, 903b antimicrobial therapy for, 904b chronic, 882, 883 clinical presentation of, 902–903 diagnosis of, 902b, 903 differential diagnosis of, 903b epidemiology of, 902 factors associated with, 902b microbial causes of, 903 treatment of, 902b, 903–904 Pyrazinamide, 378t Pyridostigmine, 630 Pyridoxine antidote use of, 1140t diazepam and, 1166 nausea and vomiting treated with, 22t Pyrimethamine, 177, 178t Q Q fever, 144, 144t, 145, 1195t QRS interval prolongation, 1180 QT interval abnormalities of, sudden cardiac death associated with, 420–421 prolongation of, 421t Questran See Cholestyramine Quetiapine, 964t Alzheimer’s disease-related behavioral symptoms treated with, 605t bipolar disorder treated with, 956t psychocutaneous disorders treated with, 261t Quinacrine, 85t Quinadril, 440t Quinidine gluconate, 129t Quinine sulfate (Qualaquin), 126, 129t Quixin See Levofloxacin R Rabeprazole, Helicobacter pylori treated with, 517t Rabies, 145, 145b, 146, 674t Radial keratotomy, 313b, 317 Radiation therapy acromegaly treated with, 680–681 acute effects of, 815 Hodgkin’s disease treated with, 813b, 815 infertility caused by, 815 keloids treated with, 233 late effects of, 815 Radical prostatectomy, 892 Radical trachelectomy, 996 Radioallergosorbent test, 54 Radiofrequency ablation, 417 Radiographic contrast media, 50 Radionuclide imaging, 140 Radiotherapy Cushing’s syndrome treated with, 689 cutaneous T-cell lymphoma treated with, 211 multiple myeloma treated with, 820 mycosis fungoides treated with, 211 Raloxifene, 586–587, 586t, 1015 Raltegravir, 90t Ramipril, 440t Ramsay Hunt syndrome, 600 Ranolazine (Ranexa), 409 Rapid antigen detection test for group A streptococcal pharyngitis, 33 Rapidly progressive dysphagia, 505 Rasagiline, 637 Rasburicase, 768 Rat-bite fever, 146b, 147, 147b, 148 Raynaud’s phenomenon, 570 Razadyne See Galantamine Reactive airways disease, 854 Rebif See Interferon-ß1 Rebound hypoglycemia, 765t Receptor activator of nuclear factor kß ligand, 584 Reclast See Zoledronic acid Rectal tumors, 560 Recurrent bacterial pharyngitis, 34 Index Protease inhibitors, 90t, 94, 891–892 Protein malabsorption, 552–553 a1-Proteinase inhibitor, 347 Proteinuria, 887 Protelos See Strontium ranelate Proton pump inhibitors gastroesophageal reflux disease treated with, 521, 522 indications for, 570 peptic ulcer disease treated with, 516, 516t Protopic See Tacrolimus Protozoa See also specific protozoa acute infectious diarrhea caused by, 529 Entamoeba histolytica, 61, 245, 529, 532t, 540t Protriptyline, 1185t Provenge See Sipuleucel-T Proventil See Albuterol Provera See Medroxyprogesterone Provigil See Modafinil Proximal diabetic neuropathy, 642 Proximal subungual onychomycosis, 225 Proximal vein thrombosis, 383–384 Prozac See Fluoxetine Prucalopride, Prurigo nodularis, 35b, 258b, 259b, 262–263 Prurigo of pregnancy, 37b Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy, 37b Pruritic urticarial lesions, 51 Pruritus causes of, 35b, 36b, 36f, 37b complications of, 36–39 diagnosis of, 34b, 35, 38t histamine and, 35 in pregnancy, 37b treatment of, 35–36, 35b, 38b Pseudo-addiction, to opioids, 31 Pseudo-allergy, to opioids, 31 Pseudoaneurysm, 395 Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, 987 Pseudocysts, 485 Pseudoephedrine, 3b, 915 Pseudogout, 581 Pseudohypertension, 439–440 Pseudohyponatremia, 748 Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients, 351 description of, 140t, 196–197 Pseudoporphyria, 849 Psittacosis, 143, 142b, 143b Psoralen–ultraviolet A photochemotherapy, 210 Psoriasis, 35b acitretin for, 241–242 biological agents for, 243 calcineurin inhibitors for, 241 calcipotriene for, 241 corticosteroids for, 240–241, 241b cyclosporine for, 242–243 description of, 239 diagnosis of, 239b methotrexate for, 242 nail diseases caused by, 226 phototherapy for, 241–242 1273 Index 1274 Recurrent melanocytic nevi, 236b, 237 Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, 286, 286f Recurrent seizures, 650 Recurrent sinusitis, 308 Recurrent urinary tract infections, 881, 883 Red blood cells alloimmunization, 853 frozen, 867 irradiated, 866–867 leukoreduced, 866 membrane disorders, 833–834 transfusion of, 866–867 washed, 866 Red clover, 1198t Red eye anterior uveitis as cause of, 305 blepharitis as cause of, 304, 305f conjunctivitis as cause of, 302–304, 302b corneal abrasion as cause of, 304, 304f diagnosis of, 301b episcleritis as cause of, 304 hordeolum as cause of, 304, 305f physical examination of, 301–302, 301b scleritis as cause of, 305 subconjunctival hemorrhage as cause of, 304, 304f treatment of, 301b Red man syndrome, 50 5a-Reductase inhibitors, 969 Reentry, 468, 469f Reference intervals for laboratory tests, 1030–1032, 1218, 1218t, 1219t, 1220t, 1223t, 1224t, 1226t, 1227t Refractive errors diagnosis of, 315–316 epidemiology of, 315 pathophysiology of, 314–315 surgical correction of, 316–319 Refractive lens exchange, 313b, 318, 318f Refractory anemia, 823t Refractory ascites, 502 Regitine See Phentolamine Reglan See Metoclopramide Reinke’s edema, 286, 286f Relapsing fever Borrelia spp., 148, 149t clinical manifestations of, 149t diagnosis of, 148–149, 148b differential diagnosis of, 149 epidemiology of, 148 laboratory diagnosis of, 149–150 louse-borne, 148–149, 151 outcome of, 150–151 prevention of, 151 tick-borne, 148–149, 149t, 151 treatment of, 148b, 150, 150t Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, 624, 626 Relenza See Zanamivir Relpax See Eletriptan REM sleep behavior disorder, 667 Remeron See Mirtazapine Remicade See Infliximab Renal abscess, 883 Renal calculi, 904–906 Renal cell carcinoma, 893 diagnosis of, 889b, 893 metastatic, 893 prevalence of, 893 treatment of, 889b, 893 Renal failure See Acute renal failure; Chronic renal failure Renal insufficiency, 821 Renal parenchymal tumors, 892–893 benign, 893 description of, 892–893 diagnosis of, 889b metastatic, 893 treatment of, 889b Renal pelvis tumors, 889b, 893–894 Renal trauma, 906–907 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, 711, 712f Renovascular hypertension, 439, 439b Repaglinide, 733t Reperfusion therapy, 401, 401f Replacement fluid therapy in children, 1088 Rescriptor See Delavirdine Reserpine, 437t Reset osmostat, 750 Respiratory disturbance index, 359b Respiratory effort-related arousals, 359b Respiratory syncytial virus, 392 Resting energy expenditure, 759 Restless legs syndrome, 31, 657–658, 667–668, 669, 669t Restoration fluid therapy in children, 1088, 1088t Reteplase, 402t Reticulocytosis, 851–852 Retinoids acne vulgaris treated with, 187, 188 actinic keratoses treated with, 253 cutaneous T-cell lymphoma treated with, 211 Retrograde urethrogram, 911f Retrograde urethrography, 910 Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, 896–897 Retrovir See Zidovudine Reverse cholesterol transport, 739–740 Revex See Nalmefene Rewarming, of hypothermia patients, 1122–1123 Reyataz See Atazanavir Reye’s syndrome, 11b, 13 Rhabdomyolysis, 1147t, 1151 Rheumatoid arthritis analgesics for, 593 B-cell directed therapy for, 594 biologic response modifiers for, 591b, 594–595 COX-2 inhibitors for, 593 diagnosis of, 591b, 592 disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for, 591b, 593–594 glucocorticoids for, 591b, 593 interleukin-1 receptor antagonist for, 594 Rheumatoid arthritis (Continued) nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for, 591b, 593 T-cell directed therapy for, 594 treatment of, 591b, 592–595 tumor necrosis factor-a inhibitors for, 594 Rh-immunoglobulin, 1080–1081 Rhinitis algorithm for, 55f allergic See Allergic rhinitis anticholinergics for, 294 antihistamines for, 293–294 atrophic, 292 capsaicin for, 294 classification of, 292, 292f decongestants for, 294 definition of, 291 diagnosis of, 291b, 293 differential diagnosis of, 54b drug-induced, 292 hormonal, 292 intranasal corticosteroids for, 293, 294t nasal physiology, 292 nonallergic, 54, 54b with eosinophilia syndrome, 292 perennial, 291 pathophysiology of, 292–293 surgery for, 294–295 treatment of, 291b, 293–295 Rhinitis medicamentosa, 292 Rhipicephalus sanguineus, 151 Ribavirin, 101t, 133, 392 Ricin, 1195t Rickettsia rickettsii, 151 Rickettsial infections diagnosis of, 151b Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 151–152 treatment of, 151b Riedel’s thyroiditis, 726 Rifampin (Rifadin) brucellosis treated with, 72, 72t cholestasis-related pruritus treated with, 38b latent tuberculosis treated with, 378t Legionella infections treated with, 358t leprosy treated with, 112b, 116 Q fever treated with, 144 Rifaximin, 24t Right bundle branch block, 429 Right ventricular infarction, 404 Rilonacept, 744 Rimantadine, 109, 321b Ringworm See Tinea corporis Riot control agents, 1228t Risedronate, 1208t osteoporosis treated with, 586–587, 586t Paget’s disease of bone treated with, 587b, 589 Risperidone (Risperdal) Alzheimer’s disease-related behavioral symptoms treated with, 605t bipolar disorder treated with, 956t delirium treated with, 945t psychocutaneous disorders treated with, 261t S S lipopolysaccharide, 70 Sabril See Vigabatrin Salicylate poisoning, 1180–1182 Salicylic acid molluscum contagiosum treated with, 274t poisoning, 1180–1182 Salicylism, 1181–1182 Saline infusion test, intravenous, 713–714 Saline rinses, 294 Salmeterol, 333t, 1049t Salmonella spp description of, 140t diarrhea caused by, 528–529, 532t nontyphoid, 528, 529, 532t S Bongori, 155 S choleraesuis, 155 S typhi, 531 typhoid, 528–529, 532t Salmonellosis antibiotic resistance concerns, 156 bacteremia caused by, 157 carrier state, 158 clinical presentation of, 155, 155t diagnosis of, 155b enteric fever caused by, 157–158 Salmonellosis (Continued) epidemiology of, 155–156 gastroenteritis caused by, 156–157 microbiology of, 155 nontyphoidal, 158 pathogenesis of, 156 predisposing factors, 156t prevention of, 158 sources of, 156 treatment of, 155b SAMe, 1198t Saphris See Asenapine Saquinavir, 90t, 101t Sarcoid uveitis, 375 Sarcoidosis, 600 bronchoalveolar lavage for, 374 cardiac, 373 chest radiographs of, 372t corticosteroids for, 375 course of, 372–374 definition of, 372 diagnosis of, 372b, 374 epidemiology of, 372 extrapulmonary, 373–374 features of, 372–374 hepatic, 373 immunopathogenesis of, 372 methotrexate for, 375 neurosarcoidosis, 373 prognostic factors, 374b pulmonary, 372–373 treatment of, 372b, 374–375 work-up for, 374, 374b Sarcomas, 1026 Sarin, 1228t Saw palmetto, 1198t Saxagliptin, 733t, 1208t Scabies, 35b, 244b, 248 Scalp biopsy, 216 Scaphoid fractures, 596–597 Scarring alopecia, 216f Schistosoma spp., 545t Schistosomiasis, 37b, 244b, 248, 545t, 547–548 Schizophrenia antipsychotic medications for, 963, 964t comorbidity, 963 diagnosis of, 962–963, 962b epidemiology of, 962 psychosocial interventions for, 963 risk factors for, 962 suicide risks, 959–960 treatment of, 962b, 963 Scleritis, 305 Scleroderma, 567b, 569–570 pruritus caused by, 37b Sclerosing adenosis, 987 Scoliosis, 41t Scombroid poisoning, 1130–1131 Scopolamine, 22t Scorpion stings, 1187b, 1188 Scrotal injury, 909 Seasnakes, 1132 Sebaceous carcinoma, 203 Seborrheic blepharitis, 305f Seborrheic dermatitis rosacea versus, 189 Seborrheic dermatitis (Continued) treatment of, 217 Secnidazole, 85t Secondary dysmenorrhea, 1002, 1003–1004 Secondary gonadal failure, 699 Secondary osteoporosis, 585–586 Second-degree atrioventricular block, 405t Second-degree burns, 1116 Secretagogues, 731–732 Secretory diarrhea, 527, 527b Sedative-hypnotics, 950, 950t Seizures See also Epilepsy absence, 653t antiepileptic drugs for See Antiepileptic drugs atonic, 649 atypical absence, 649 classification of, 649f clonic, 649 definition of, 649 diagnosis of, 648b, 650 epidemiology of, 649 febrile, 1073 focal, 649t, 650 generalized, 649t, 650, 1071, 1071b intractable, 656 myoclonic, 653t neonatal, 1073–1074 paroxysmal symptoms associated with, 650–651 partial, 649, 653t, 1071, 1071b psychogenic nonepileptic, 651 recurrent, 650 syncopal, 651 treatment of, 648b, 1126 Selective estrogen receptor modulators, 1015 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors depression treated with, 646–647 major depression treated with, 953–954, 953t poisoning, 1182–1183 premenstrual syndrome treated with, 1020b, 1021–1022 psychocutaneous disorders treated with, 261t, 262 stroke rehabilitation use of, 647t Selegiline, 637 Selzentry See Maraviroc Seminomas, 896 Senna, 2t, Sentinel lymph node biopsy, 992 Sepsis abdominal, 162t antibiotics for, 161–162, 162t anticoagulant therapy in, 161 care limits for, 162 catheter, 764–765 definition of, 159–160 diagnosis of, 158b, 160 epidemiology of, 159 foreign body-related, 162t mortality rate for, 162 neonatal, 1058, 1058–1059 pathophysiology of, 160 Index Risperidone (Risperdal) (Continued) Tourette syndrome treated with, 611t Risus sardonicus, 170, 170f Ritonavir, 90t Rituximab (Rituxan), 199, 591b, 594–595 Rivaroxaban, 476 Rivastigmine, 604t Rizatriptan, 16t, 17 Rocephin See Ceftriaxone Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 151–152 Ropinirole parkinsonism treated with, 636, 636t restless legs syndrome treated with, 668, 669t Rosacea, 189 classification of, 189 diagnosis of, 187b, 189 differential diagnosis of, 189 erythematotelangiectatic, 187b, 189 pathogenesis of, 187 treatment of, 187b, 189 Rosuvastatin, 741t, 742 Rotator cuff tears, 572 Rotator cuff tendinitis, 571–572 Rotavirus diarrhea caused by, 529 vaccine for, 531, 1102t Rotigotine, parkinsonism treated with, 636 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, 756–757, 757f Rovamycine See Spiramycin RU-486, 690 Rubella, 153b, 154–155, 154b, 674t, 1033 Rubeola See Measles Rufinamide, 655, 1076t Rule of nines, 1116f “Rum fits,”, 1162 Rythmol See Propafenone 1275 Index 1276 Sepsis (Continued) prognosis for, 162 resuscitation therapy for, 160–161 severe See Severe sepsis source control for, 161 treatment of, 159b, 160–162, 161 urosepsis, 162t Septic shock corticosteroid therapy in, 161 diagnosis of, 158b Septicemia, 529–530 Septicemic plague, 142 Serevent See Salmeterol Serologic tests, 115 Seroquel See Quetiapine Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, 954, 954t Serotonin syndrome, 1183 Serous sinusitis, 306 Serratia marcescens, 140t Sertraline, 953t Alzheimer’s disease-related behavioral symptoms treated with, 605t panic disorder treated with, 961t psychocutaneous disorders treated with, 261t Serum alkaline phosphatase, 588–589 Serum protein electrophoresis, 641 Serum sickness, 49, 59, 59t Serum-ascites albumin gradient, 494 Serviceable hearing, 290 Severe sepsis antibiotics for, 162t diagnosis of, 158b epidemiology of, 159 pathogens associated with, 159 Sexually transmitted diseases, 1112 chancroid, 922–923, 922f, 923t Chlamydia trachomatis, 302, 917–919, 917b condyloma acuminata, 919b, 920, 920t, 921–922, 921t gonorrhea, 924b, 925–926, 925b granuloma inguinale, 923, 923f, 923t lymphogranuloma venereum, 923t, 924, 924f nongonococcal urethritis, l, 926b, 927–928, 927b syphilis, 928–929, 928b, 928f, 929f, 930t Sezary syndrome ´ apheresis-based therapy for, 211 clinical features of, 208–209 diagnosis of, 832 lymphoproliferative disorders associated with, 212 Shaking-impact syndrome, 1096 Shark attacks, 1133 Shellfish, 1131 Shift work sleep disorder, 665–666 Shigella, 528, 532t Short bowel syndrome, 556 Short QT syndrome, 421 Short-acting b2-agonists, 332t Shoulder bursitis of, 571–572 hemiplegic pain of, 646 Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, 787t, 826 SI Units, 1030–1032, 1218t SIADH See Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone Sialologs, 221 Sibutramine, 756 Sick sinus syndrome, 413 Sickle cell anemia, 834f Sickle cell disease acute chest syndrome associated with, 854, 855f bacterial infections secondary to, 851 bone marrow transplantation for, 859 cardiologic manifestations of, 854–855 clinical manifestations of, 851–856, 856t clinical trials in, 852t complications of, 852f diagnosis of, 850b, 856 endocrinologic manifestations of, 855 epidemiology of, 850 erythropoietic stimulating agents for, 858 gastroenterology manifestations of, 854 hematologic manifestations of, 851–853 hemolytic anemia associated with, 851 hemosiderosis in, 853 hydroxyurea for, 858 infectious diseases associated with, 854 iron chelation for, 858 iron overload associated with, 853 kidney transplantation for, 860 left-sided heart disease in, 854 leg ulcers in, 853–854 neonatal screening for, 856 nephrologic manifestations of, 853 neurologic events secondary to, 851 neurologic manifestations of, 853 ophthalmologic manifestations of, 853 pathophysiology of, 850–851 prevention of, 851 priapism in, 850–851 pulmonary fibrosis in, 854 pulmonary hypertension in, 854 pulmonology manifestations of, 854 red blood cell alloimmunization in, 853 severity of, 851t stroke secondary to, 851, 853 transfusional therapy for, 857, 857b treatment of, 850b, 856–860 vaso-occlusive episodes in, 852–853, 857 Sildenafil citrate, 974 Silent thyroiditis, 725 Silicone gel sheeting, 232t, 233 Silicoproteinosis, 365 Silicosis, 364–365 Simethicone, 24t Simvastatin, 741t Sinus bradycardia, 416 Sinus node dysfunction, 413 Sinus puncture, 308 Sinus tachycardia, 471 Sinusitis acute, 306 acute bacterial, 306–308, 307t Sinusitis (Continued) antibiotics for, 307–308 bacterial, 3b, 306 complications of, 308 diagnosis of, 306b epidemiology of, 306 recurrent, 308 serous, 306 sinus puncture for, 308 treatment of, 306b viral, 5, 306 Sipuleucel-T, 1208t Sitagliptin, 733t Skin biopsy, leprosy diagnosis using, 115 Skin cancer adnexal neoplasms, 203 angiosarcoma, 204 atypical fibroxanthoma, 203 basal cell carcinoma, 201–202, 202f cutaneous metastases, 204 dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, 203 diagnosis of, 201b fibrohistiocytic malignancies, 203 Kaposi’s sarcoma, 203–204 Merkel cell carcinoma, 204 microcystic adnexal carcinoma, 203 nonmelanoma, 201, 204 Paget’s disease, 204 sebaceous carcinoma, 203 squamous cell carcinoma, 202–203, 202f treatment of, 201b Skin diseases bacterial abscess, 194 cellulitis, 194 clostridial myonecrosis, 195–196 diagnosis of, 193b ecthyma gangrenosum, 196–197 folliculitis, 194 Fournier’s gangrene, 196 group A b-hemolytic streptococcal gangrene, 194–195 impetigo, 193–194 necrotizing fasciitis, 196 synergistic necrotizing cellulitis, 195 treatment of, 193b fungal candidiasis, 231 description of, 229 diagnosis of, 229 onychomycosis, 223b, 224b, 225, 230, 230t tinea barbae, 230, 230t tinea capitis, 230, 230t tinea corporis, 229–230, 230t tinea cruris, 229, 230t tinea faciei, 230, 230t tinea manuum, 230, 230t tinea pedis, 229, 230t tinea versicolor, 230–231, 230t parasitic diagnosis of, 244b helminthic, 244b, 247–248 protozoal, 244b, 245–247 treatment of, 244b Smoke inhalational injuries, 1118–1119 Smoking angina pectoris risks, 408 cessation of, 345, 345t chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risks secondary to, 344, 345 lung cancer risks, 368 Snakebites antivenom for, 1191 diagnosis of, 1189 elapid, 1192–1193, 1193b exotic, 1193 viperid, 1189–1192, 1190b, 1192b Snellen chart, 315–316 Snoring, 662 Social anxiety disorder, 939 Sodium, 747 Sodium bicarbonate, 1140t, 1186 Sodium divalproex, 652–653 Sodium stibogluconate, 110b, 111, 244b, 246 Sodium sulfacetamide, 189 Sodoku, 147 Soft tissue rheumatism, 571 Solar lentigines, 249b, 250 Soman, 1228t Somatostatin acromegaly treated with, 682 esophageal varices treated with, 511 Somniloquy, 669 Sorbitol, 2t “Sore throat.” See Pharyngitis Sotalol atrial fibrillation treated with, 415b properties of, 1154t Sotret See Isotretinoin Soy, 1198t Spasmodic dysphonia, 287 Spasticity in multiple sclerosis, 627 after stroke, 646 Spherocytes, 833–834 Spherocytosis, hereditary, 833f, 837 Sphincterotomy, 525 Spider bites, 1187–1188, 1187b Spinal cord injury, 618 Spinal cord stimulation, 410 Spinal stenosis, 41t Spine pain aging and, 40 clinical manifestations of, 40 diagnosis of, 39b, 40 differential diagnosis of, 40–41 epidemiology of, 39–40 monitoring of, 42 pathophysiology of, 40 prevention of, 40 risk factors for, 40 surgery for, 42 treatment of, 39b, 41–42, 42b Spiramycin, 174b, 177, 178t Spiriva See Tiotropium Spironolactone bilateral adrenal hyperplasia treated with, 716 hypertension treated with, 437t Spitz nevus, 236b, 238 Splenectomy, 860, 863 Splenic rupture, 105 Splenic sequestration crises, 852–853 Spondyloarthropathies, 574 Spondylolisthesis, 41t Spondylolysis, 40 Spontaneous bacterial empyema, 498 Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, 495–496, 496t Spontaneous breathing, 326b Sporanox See Itraconazole Sports injuries ankle, 595–596 concussions, 620 fingers, 596–597 hand, 596–597 iliotibial band syndrome, 598 knee, 596 lateral epicondylitis, 598 medial epicondylitis, 598 overuse syndromes, 597–598 patellofemoral pain syndrome, 597–598 Sprain ankle, 595–596 medial collateral ligament, 596 Sprycel See Dasatinib Sputum-negative tuberculosis, 379–380 Squamous cell carcinoma bladder, 895 mouth, 219 skin, 202–203, 202f vulvar, 1025–1026 Squaric acid dibutylester, 217 St John’s wort, 1198t Stadol See Butorphanol Standing orders, 1108 Staphylococcal blepharitis, 304, 305f Staphylococcus aureus atopic dermatitis-related skin infections caused by, 192 as biological agent, 1195t description of, 82, 139 diarrhea caused by, 529 Staphylococcus pneumoniae, 139 Starlix See Nateglinide Statins, 741–742, 741t Status migrainous, 622 Stavudine, 90t, 101t ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction adjunctive therapy for, 402–403 fibrinolytic therapy, 401, 401b, 402t primary percutaneous coronary intervention for, 401–402 reperfusion therapy for, 401, 401f TIMI risk score for, 400t treatment of, 401–404 Stem cell transplantation allogeneic acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with, 771 acute myeloid leukemia treated with, 769 chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with, 796 chronic myelogenous leukemia treated with, 795 sickle cell disease treated with, 859 Index Skin diseases (Continued) viral diagnosis of, 269b treatment of, 270b Skin popping, 196 Skin reactions, drug-induced, 49, 51 Skin-associated lymphoid tissue, 209 Skin-slit smears, 115, 116 Skull fractures, 617 Sleep apnea central, 664 obstructive See Obstructive sleep apnea Sleep disorders actigraphy monitoring of, 660 central sleep apnea, 664 circadian rhythm, 665–667 clinical approach to, 657–658 complex sleep apnea syndrome, 664 diagnostic approach to, 660–670 environmental, 670 idiopathic hypersomnia, 665 insomnia See Insomnia International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 657, 658b limit-setting, 660–661 Maintenance of Wakefulness Test, 659–660 multiple sleep latency test for, 659–660 narcolepsy, 665 obstructive sleep apnea See Obstructive sleep apnea parasomnias, 657, 667, 668t polysomnography of, 659 snoring, 662 Sleep monitors, 659, 659t Sleep starts, 669–670 Sleep talking, 669 Sleep therapy, for chronic fatigue syndrome, 79 Sleep-related bruxism, 669 Sleep-related cramps, 669 Sleep-related hypoventilation, 664–665 Sleep-related movement disorders periodic limb movements in sleep, 667–668, 669, 669t restless legs syndrome, 31, 657–658, 667–668, 669, 669t Sleep-related rhythmic movement disorder, 669 Sleepwalking, 668t Slophyllin See Theophylline Slow-transit constipation, Small bowel bacterial overgrowth, 553, 555 Small cell lung cancer, 367b, 371 Smallpox, 1195t clinical features of, 163, 164f course of, 163–167 diagnosis of, 163b differential diagnosis of, 167, 167t, 168f eradication of, 163 laboratory studies for, 167 lesions caused by, 164f, 168f supportive care for, 168–169 treatment of, 163b, 167–169 vaccinations, 169 S-MAST-G Questionnaire, 933, 933b 1277 Index 1278 Stem cell transplantation (Continued) hematopoietic aplastic anemia treated with, 788 graft-versus-host disease secondary to, 788 myelodysplastic syndromes treated with, 824 survival rates after, 789f b-thalassemia major treated with, 864 Stereotactic radiosurgery, 609 Sterilization, 1001, 1002t Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 227b, 228–229, 228b, 228t in HIV-infected patients, 97t Stimulant laxatives, 2t, Stimulants abuse of, 948 attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treated with, 1052, 1053f narcolepsy treated with, 666t stroke rehabilitation use of, 647t Stinging insects, 51b, 52–53, 55b Stinging nettle, 1198t Stingrays, 1132 Stomach diverticulum of, 501 tumors of carcinoid tumors, 564 diagnosis of, 561b gastric adenocarcinoma, 562–563 gastric lymphomas, 564 gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 563–564 treatment of, 562b Stool softeners, 2–3, 2t Storage pool disease, 843 Streptobacillus moniliformis, 147 Streptococcus pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia caused by, 337 description of, 140t drug-resistant, 336 Streptococcus pyogenes, 32, 173, 194–195 Stress incontinence, 915 Stroke antithrombotic therapy for, 615, 615t atrial fibrillation as risk factor for, 413 brain edema secondary to, 616 carotid stenosis as cause of, 615 complications of description of, 616, 645 rehabilitation for See Stroke rehabilitation description of, 614–615 economic costs of, 461 infections caused by, 616 management of, 615–616 multidisciplinary management of, 615 prevention of, 411b, 415–416, 415b, 416f, 615 risk factors for, 413b sickle cell disease and, 851, 853 thrombolysis for, 616 Stroke rehabilitation adaptive equipment, 647, 648f algorithm for, 645f bladder dysfunction, 647 Stroke rehabilitation (Continued) cognitive dysfunction, 646 depression, 646–647 dysphagia, 646 falls, 647 goals of, 645 hemiparesis, 645–646 hemiplegic shoulder pain, 646 mobility equipment, 647 spasticity, 646 team-based approach, 645 visual impairment, 647–648 Stromal tumors, 1016 Strongyloides stercoralis, 546 Strongyloidiasis, 545t Strontium ranelate, 587 Structural heart disease, 472 Struvite stones, 905 Stye See Hordeolum Subacute hypothyroidism, 702 Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, 133 Subacute thyroiditis, 725 Subclavian vein thrombosis, 474–475 Subclinical hypothyroidism, 726 Subconjunctival hemorrhage, 304, 304f Subdural hematomas, 617–618 Sublimaze See Fentanyl Substance-induced mood disorders, 951b, 955–958 Subungual hematoma, 226 Succimer, 1170 Succinyl coenzyme-A, 847 Sucralfate, 516 Sudden cardiac death acute management of, 419 adult congenital heart disease as cause of, 421–422 arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia as cause of, 420 Brugada syndrome as cause of, 421 causes of, 418, 419t definition of, 418 description of, 418 drugs that reduce, 419t in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 420, 420t idiopathic ventricular fibrillation as cause of, 421 primary prevention of, 419–420 QT interval abnormalities as cause of, 420–421 tests for identifying, 418 treatment of, 418–419 Suicide, 952, 959–960 Sulfacetamide, 302t Sulfapyridine, 200 Sulfasalazine, 591b, 593 Sulfonamides, 50 Sulfonylureas, 731, 733t Sulfur mustard, 1228t Sulindac, 27t Sumatriptan, 16t, 17, 31 Sumycin See Tetracycline Sunburn, 35b diagnosis of, 264b prevention of, 264–265 treatment of, 264b Sunscreens, 264–265 Superficial spreading melanoma, 234 Superficial white onychomycosis, 225 Superior vena cava syndrome, 775 Supraventricular tachycardia, 1152, 1184 Suramin, 244b Surfactant, 335 Surfak See Docusate calcium Surgery Bell’s palsy treated with, 601 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with, 346 colorectal tumors treated with, 560 constipation treated with, endometrial cancer treated with, 1005 epilepsy treated with, 655–656 keloids treated with, 232–233, 232t Meniere’s disease treated with, 290, 291 ´ ` obstructive sleep apnea treated with, 361 osteoarthritis treated with, 583 otitis media treated with, 300 ovarian cancer treated with, 1017 primary hyperparathyroidism treated with, 719, 719t rhinitis treated with, 294–295 spine pain treated with, 42 trigeminal neuralgia treated with, 672 Surgical hypoparathyroidism, 719–720 Surgical maze procedure, 417 Sustiva See Efavirenz Symmetrel See Amantadine Synagis See Palivizumab Syncopal seizure, 651 Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, 750, 750t, 751–752 Syndrome X, 410–411 Synergistic necrotizing cellulitis, 195 Syphilis, 928–929, 928b, 928f, 929f, 930t Syphilitic alopecia, 215, 216f Systemic inflammatory response syndrome definition of, 159–160 diagnosis of, 158b, 160 pathophysiology of, 160 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 567b, 568–569, 576 Systemic mastocytosis, 57–58, 514 Systemic sclerosis, 567b, 570 Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 577–578 T T cells, 825 Tabun, 1228t Tachy-brady syndrome, 416 Tachycardias atrial, 471 atrioventricular node reentry, 470 atrioventricular reciprocating, 470–471 definition of, 468 diagnosis of, 468b mechanism of, 468b multifocal atrial, 470 narrow complex, 469 pacemaker-related, 473 reentry, 468, 469f Tenuate See Diethylpropion Terazosin, 437t Terbinafine, 225 Teriparatide, 586t, 587 Terlipressin, 497, 510–511 Tertiary syphilis, 929 Tesamorelin acetate, 1208t Testicular cancer, 889b, 896–897 Testicular torsion, 971 Testosterone, 972, 976, 1208t Tetanospasmin, 169–170 Tetanus adsorbed tetanus toxoid immunizations, 172 airway management in, 171 autonomic disturbances in, 172 cephalic, 170, 171f clinical manifestations of, 170, 170f complications of, 172 definition of, 169 diagnosis of, 170 differential diagnosis of, 170–171, 171t diphtheria, pertussis vaccine, 1102t, 1104t, 1105t epidemiology of, 169 generalized, 170 localized, 170 mortality rates for, 172 muscle spasms caused by, 170f, 171 pathophysiology of, 169–170 prevention of, 172 risk factors for, 169 spatula test for, 170 toxin neutralization in, 171 treatment of, 171–172 vaccine, 1102t Tetracyclines acne vulgaris treated with, 188 cholera treated with, 76t dientamoebiasis treated with, 540t Entamoeba histolytica treated with, 540t Legionella infections treated with, 358t linear immunoglobulin A disease treated with, 200 Plasmodium spp treated with, 127 psittacosis treated with, 143 relapsing fever treated with, 150, 150t Tetrahydrocannabinol, 947 Tetralogy of Fallot, 421–422, 426, 426f Tetrodotoxin poisoning, 1131 Teveten See Eprosartran Thalassemia diagnosis of, 861b globin gene arrangements in, 861–862 pathophysiology of, 862 a-thalassemia, 865 b-thalassemia intermedia, 864–865 b-thalassemia major, 862–864, 862t b-thalassemia minor, 865 treatment of, 861b Thalidomide, 261t, 262, 820, 824 Theophylline asthma treated with, 333t, 1050 poisoning, 1183–1185, 1184t Therapeutic hypothermia, 1124 Thermotherapy, for temporomandibular disorders, 311 Thiamine, 1140t Thiamine deficiency description of, 643 encephalopathy, 1145 Thiazide diuretics hypertension treated with, 440t renal sodium loss secondary to, 749 Thiazolidinediones, 732, 732t, 733t Thiopurine methyl transferase, 536 Third-degree atrioventricular block, 405t Third-degree burns, 1118 Thoracic aortic aneurysms, 398 Thoracic aortic dissection, 398–399 Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms, 398 Thorazine See Chlorpromazine Thrombin, 798 Thrombin burst, 807 Thrombocytopenia alloimmune, 842–843 autoimmune, 843 heparin-induced, 842 hypersplenism as cause of, 843 platelet destruction as cause of, 842–843 Thromboembolism See Deep venous thrombosis; Pulmonary embolism; Venous thromboembolism Thrombolysis, 616 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, 569, 836, 869–871, 870b, 871f Thyroid cancer anaplastic, 723 causes of, 722 diagnosis of, 721b, 722 fine needle aspiration biopsy of, 722 follicular, 723 follow-up for, 723–724 histologic classification of, 722–723 Hurthle cell cancer, 722, 723 ă incidence of, 721 medullary, 723 papillary, 723 prognosis for, 722–723 risk factors for, 722, 722b signs and symptoms of, 722b subtypes of, 721 thyroglobulin as marker for, 724 treatment of, 721b, 722–723 well-differentiated, 723, 724t Thyroid hormone replacement, 699 Thyroid nodules, 695b Thyroid scanning, 696 Thyroid stimulating hormone, 722 Thyroid storm, 697 Thyroidectomy, 723 Thyroiditis acute, 725 autoimmune, 725–726 chronic, 725–726 definition of, 724 diagnosis of, 724b drug-induced, 726 Riedel’s, 726 silent, 725 subacute, 725 treatment of, 724b Index Tachycardias (Continued) sinus, 471 supraventricular, 1152 treatment of, 468b ventricular, 472–473, 472b ventricular outflow tract, 473 wide complex, 472, 471–472 Tacrolimus, 241, 901 Tadalafil, 975 Taenia solium, 247, 548 Taeniasis, 548 Talwin See Pentazocine Tambocor See Flecainide Tamiflu See Oseltamivir Tamoxifen, 1015, 1015b Tanning, protective, 265 Tapentadol, 29t Tapeworms, 545t Tarantulas, 1188 Tarceva See Erlotinib Tarsal tunnel syndrome, 573 Tasmar See Tolcapone Tazarotene (Tazorac), 188, 241 T-cell directed therapy, 594 Tear gas, 1228t Tegaserod, 2t, 3, 550–551 Tegretol See Carbamazepine Tekturna See Aliskiren Telithromycin, 358t Telmisartan, 440t Telogen effluvium, 215, 216, 216f, 217 Temozolomide, 607t Temporal arteritis, 31 See also Giant cell arteritis Temporal bone fractures, 617 Temporal lobe epilepsy, 650 Temporomandibular disorders anatomy of, 309 definition of, 308 epidemiology of, 308 etiology of, 309 history-taking, 309–310 intracapsular, 309 masticatory muscle pain disorders, 309 pathophysiology of, 309 pharmacologic treatment of, 311 physical examination of, 309–310, 310b physical therapy for, 311 screening for, 310b signs and symptoms of, 308–309, 308b thermotherapy for, 311 treatment of, 310–311 Tendinitis ankle, 573 bicipital, 572 rotator cuff, 571–572 Tenecteplase, 402t Tenex See Guanfacine Tennis elbow, 598 Tenofovir, 101t Tensilon test, 629 Tension-type headache abortive treatment of, 16 characteristics of, 14 prevalence of, 13 prophylactic treatment of, 15–16 treatment of, 15–16, 15t 1279 Index 1280 Thyrotoxicosis, 725 Thyroxine description of, 696 replacement therapy, 702 Tiagabine, 1076t, 1078 Tic douloureux, 670–671 Tick-borne diseases Lyme disease See Lyme disease relapsing fever, 148–149, 149t, 151 Tietze’s syndrome, 572 Tigan See Trimethobenzamide Tikosyn See Dofetilide Timolol hypertension treated with, 440t migraine prophylaxis using, 622t properties of, 1154t Tinea barbae, 230, 230t Tinea capitis, 217, 217t, 230, 230t Tinea corporis, 229–230, 230t Tinea cruris, 229, 230t Tinea faciei, 230, 230t Tinea manuum, 230, 230t Tinea pedis, 229, 230t Tinea versicolor, 230–231, 230t Tinel’s sign, 572 Tinidazole (Tindamax) amebiasis treated with, 62t cutaneous amebiasis treated with, 244b, 245 Entamoeba histolytica treated with, 540t giardiasis treated with, 85, 85t, 539, 540t trichomonas vaginitis treated with, 1028 Tinnitus adapted physiotherapy for, 47 adapted psychotherapy for, 47 bruits as cause of, 44–45 classification of, 44t description of, 43–44 diagnosis of, 43b endogenous, 45, 46 exogenous, 45, 46 low-tone, 45 pharmacologic treatment of, 46–47 in slow brainstem syndrome, 45 types of, 44–46, 45f Tiotropium, 346 Tipranavir, 90t, 101t Tissue factor, 797–798 Tissue plasminogen activator, stroke treated with, 616, 616b Tizanidine, 574 Tobacco, 947 See also Smoking Tobramycin bacterial conjunctivitis treated with, 302t bacterial meningitis treated with, 68t otitis externa treated with, 296t Tocilizumab, 1208t Tofranil See Imipramine Tolcapone, 636 Tolvaptan, 752 Tophus, 743f Topical antimicrobials, 188 Topical calcineurin inhibitors, 191 Topical corticosteroids anogenital pruritus managed with, 258 atopic dermatitis treated with, 191, 191t contact dermatitis treated with, 206 psoriasis treated with, 240–241, 241b sunburn-related pain treated with, 265 Topical retinoids, 187, 188 Topiramate (Topamax) alcohol dependence treated with, 937 cluster headaches treated with, 18t migraine uses of, 16, 622t seizures treated with, 654, 1076t, 1078 Topotecan, 371 Toprol See Metoprolol succinate Torsades de pointes, 405t, 421t Total dystrophic onychomycosis, 225 Total hip arthroplasty, 583 Total knee arthroplasty, 583 Total parenteral nutrition, 758 Tourette syndrome a2-adrenergic agonists for, 610 clinical course of, 610 comorbid conditions associated with, 611–612 diagnosis of, 609b, 610 differential diagnosis of, 610 dopamine receptor blocking agents for, 605t, 611 history of, 610 tics associated with, 610 treatment of, 610–612, 611b, 611t Toxic chemical agents, 1227, 1228t Toxic epidermal necrolysis, 227b, 228b, 228t in HIV-infected patients, 97t Toxic neuropathies, 643, 643b Toxic nodular goiter, 695, 697 Toxic shock syndrome antibiotics for, 174, 174t clinical manifestations of, 173 definition of, 173 diagnosis of, 172b, 173–174, 173t epidemiology of, 173 pathogenesis of, 173 prevention of, 174 toxic shock-like syndrome versus, 173 treatment of, 173b, 174, 174t Toxic shock-like syndrome antibiotics for, 174t bacteremia in, 173b clinical manifestations of, 173 definition of, 173 diagnosis of, 172b, 173–174, 173t epidemiology of, 173 pathogenesis of, 173 prevention of, 174 toxic shock syndrome versus, 173 treatment of, 174, 174t Toxoplasma encephalitis, 177–179 Toxoplasma gondii, 99, 102t, 105t, 174–176, 179, 246–247, 1033 Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis, 312 Toxoplasmosis chorioretinitis caused by, 177 congenital, 175, 177 cutaneous, 244b, 246–247 definition of, 174–175 Toxoplasmosis (Continued) diagnosis of, 174b, 175–176 epidemiology of, 175 fetal, 177 IgM tests for, 175 in immunocompromised patients, 176, 177–179 laboratory tests for, 175–176, 176f ocular, 176, 313 pathophysiology of, 175 in pregnancy, 177 prevention of, 179 pyrimethamine for, 177, 178t seroprevalence of, 175 transmission of, 175 treatment of, 174b, 177–179, 178t Tramadol fibromyalgia treated with, 574 neuropathic pain treated with, 25, 644, 644t pain treated with, 25, 29t restless legs syndrome treated with, 669t Trandolapril, 440t Tranexamic acid, 808–809 Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, 25 Transesophageal echocardiography, 450–451 Transfusion bacterial contamination of blood products, 781 coagulopathy caused by, 779t, 785 cytomegalovirus transmission, 783, 783b flavivirus transmission, 783 hepatitis transmission, 783 HIV transmission, 783 hypocalcemia secondary to, 785 immunomodulation, 779t, 784 infectious complications of, 779t, 783 noninfectious complications of, 779t parasitic infections transmitted through, 783 parvovirus B19 transmission, 783 Plasmodium spp transmission, 783–784 platelets, 784 post-transfusion purpura, 779t, 784 prion transmission, 784 reactions caused by See Blood transfusion reactions Trypanosoma cruzi transmission, 783 volume overload, 779t, 784–785 warm-antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia treated with, 791 West Nile virus transmission, 783 Transfusion reactions ABO-mismatched transfusion, 779 description of, 777, 778–783 hemolytic acute, 778t, 779–780 delayed, 778t, 780–781 etiology of, 778–779 nonhemolytic allergic reactions, 782 etiology of, 778–779 febrile, 778t, 782 Travel medicine (Continued) waterborne diseases, 1111–1112 Traveler’s diarrhea, 530 Trazodone, 953t, 1208t dosing of, 1185t erectile dysfunction treated with, 975 fibromyalgia treated with, 574 psychocutaneous disorders treated with, 261t, 263 Trematodes, 545t, 547–548 Trench foot, 1123 Treponema pallidum, 928 Tretinoin acne vulgaris treated with, 188 acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with, 769 Triamcinolone contact dermatitis treated with, 206 rhinitis treated with, 294t Triamcinolone acetonide dosage of, 334t keloids treated with, 231–232 uveitis treated with, 311b Triamterene bilateral adrenal hyperplasia treated with, 716–717 hypertension treated with, 440t Trichinosis, 37b Trichomonas vaginitis, 1027–1028, 1028b Trichophyton spp., 225 Trichorrhexis nodosa, 215 Trichotillomania, 258b, 259b, 263 Trichuris trichiura, 544, 545t Tricor See Fenofibrate Tricyclic antidepressants attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treated with, 1054 migraine headache prophylaxis using, 16 neuropathic pain treated with, 644 panic disorder treated with, 961t poisoning, 1185–1187 psychocutaneous disorders treated with, 261t stroke rehabilitation use of, 647t Trigeminal neuralgia diagnosis of, 670b, 671 physical examination of, 671 surgery for, 672 treatment of, 670b, 671–672 Triglycerides, 739 Triiodothyronine, 702 Trileptal See Oxcarbazepine Trimethobenzamide, 22t Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole bacterial meningitis treated with, 68t brucellosis treated with, 72t gastroenteritis treated with, 157 Q fever treated with, 144 toxoplasmosis treated with, 177–179, 178t urinary tract infections treated with, 879t Trimipramine, 1185t Triple-phase bone scan, 140 Triptans, 16, 16t, 17, 31, 623 Trochanteric bursa, 572 Trophozoite, 61 Tropical sprue, 555 Trousseau sign, 720 Trypanosoma cruzi, 783 Trypanosomiasis, 244b, 246 Tryptase, 57 Tuberculin skin testing, 377, 377b Tuberculoid leprosy, 113–114, 113t, 643 Tuberculosis, 375–376 chemoprophylaxis for, 377 in children, 378t diagnosis of, 376 epidemiology of, 375 extrapulmonary, 379–380 latent, 376, 377, 378t in HIV-infected patients, 100 leprosy with, 117 multidrug-resistant, 378–379 natural history of, 375–376 in resource-poor settings, 378 sputum-negative, 379–380 traveler considerations, 1112 treatment of, 376–380, 377, 378t, 379t Tubulointerstitial disease, 887 Tularemia, 1195t Tumor cachexia, 369 Tumor lysis syndrome, 774 Tumor necrosis factor-a inhibitors, rheumatoid arthritis treated with, 594 Tumor-associated antigen-directed therapies, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma treated with, 211 Tunneled catheters, 761 TWEAK questionnaire, 933, 936b Typhoid fever, 528–529, 1114t antimicrobial susceptibility, 180 clinical features of, 180 complications of, 180b definition of, 180 diagnosis of, 179b, 180 epidemiology of, 180 pathogenesis of, 180 prevention of, 181 treatment of, 180–181, 180b, 181t Tysabri See Natalizumab U “Ugly duckling” sign, 234, 254 Ulcerative colitis See also Inflammatory bowel disease clinical features of, 534t clinical manifestations of, 533–534 colorectal cancer risks, 558 cyclosporine for, 536 diagnosis of, 533b, 534–535 mesalamine for, 536t treatment of, 533b, 535, 537b Ulcers, oral, 222–223 Ulipristal acetate, 1208t Ulnar nerve entrapment, 572 Ulnar neuropathy, 641 Ultram See Tramadol Ultraviolet B narrow-band, 242 psoriasis treated with, 241–242 sunburn caused by See Sunburn Index Transfusion reactions (Continued) transfusion-associated graft-versushost disease, 778t, 782–783, 782b transfusion-related acute lung injury, 778t, 781–782 types of, 778t Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease, 778t, 782–783, 782b, 867 Transfusion-related acute lung injury, 778t, 781–782 Transfusion-related immunomodulation, 779t, 784 Transient ischemic attacks, 651 Transient tachypnea of the newborn, 1055–1056 Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, 497, 502, 508b, 510–511, 512 Transmyocardial laser revascularization, 410 Transsphenoidal surgery acromegaly treated with, 681–682 Cushing’s syndrome treated with, 685b, 689 hyponatremia after, 750 Transthoracic echocardiography, infective endocarditis evaluations, 450 Transtympanic gentamicin, 290, 290t Transurethral microwave thermotherapy, 969 Transurethral needle ablation, 969 Transurethral resection of the prostate, 967, 969–970 Transvaginal ultrasonography, 981–982 Transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap, 991 Trastuzumab, 1006 Traumatic brain injury categorization of, 617 causes of, 617 in children, 1096, 1096–1098, 1096b diffuse axonal injury, 618, 1096 epidemiology of, 1096 intracranial pressure elevations, 618–619 mild, 1095, 1096 mild-to-moderate, 620 moderate, 1096, 1097 neurologic changes after, 620 pathology of, 617–618 pharmacologic agents for neurologic effects of, 620 restorative therapies for, 620 severe, 1096, 1097 skull fractures, 617 temporal bone fractures, 617 Travel medicine airborne diseases, 1112 emergency travel kit for, 1111b environmental illnesses, 1111 foodborne diseases, 1111–1112 health questionnaire for, 1110b immunizations and vaccines, 1112–1114 infectious diseases, 1111 sexually transmitted diseases, 1112 vectorborne diseases, 1112 1281 Index 1282 Underactive bladder, 1062 Unfractionated heparin, 402–403 Unipen See Nafcillin Upper airway resistance syndrome, 359b, 662 Urate-lowering therapy, 744b, 745 Urea breath tests, 515 Uremia, 38b Ureteral calculi, 906t Ureteroscopy, 906 Ureters trauma to, 907 tumors of, 889b, 893–894 Urethral carcinoma, 889b, 895 Urethral stents, 910–911 Urethral strictures diagnosis of, 910, 910b evaluation of, 910 management of, 910–912, 911f open reconstruction of, 911–912, 911f pathophysiology of, 910 prevalence of, 910 treatment of, 910b Urethral trauma, 908–909 Urethral-related incontinence, 913 Urethritis, 977 Urethrotomy and dilation, 910 Urge incontinence, 912b, 913, 914, 1062 Uric acid, 743 Uricase, 745 Uricosurics, 745 Urinary free cortisol test, 687 Urinary incontinence bladder dysfunction as cause of, 913 childhood, 1061–1063 definition of, 1061 diagnosis of, 912b enuresis, 1061–1062 etiology of, 913, 913t evaluation of, 913–914 mixed, 915 overflow, 913, 914–915 stress, 915 transient causes of, 914t treatment of, 912b, 914–915, 915b urodynamic testing for, 914 Urinary tract infections in children, 1098, 1099 in infants, 1098, 1099 in men, 877–879, 877b recurrent, 881, 883 uncomplicated, 877–879 in women, 880b, 881–883 Urodynamic testing, 914 Urogenital tumors diagnosis of, 889b treatment of, 889b Urosepsis, 162t Urothelial carcinoma, 894–895 Ursodiol, 38b Urticaria causes of, 266t classification of, 266 diagnosis of, 265b, 266 pruritus caused by, 37b treatment of, 265b, 266–267 Urticarial vasculitis, 213t Uterine artery embolization, 1023t Uterine atony, 1041t Uterine bleeding anovulatory, 982 definition of, 981 diagnosis of, 981b evaluation of, 981 ovulatory, 982 treatment of, 981b Uterine hemorrhage, 982 Uterine leiomyomas, 1022–1024, 1022b, 1023t Uterine papillary serous carcinoma, 1004 Uterine rupture, 1043, 1043b Uveitis anterior, 312–313 clinical features of, 312 complications of, 312 definition of, 311 diagnosis of, 311b intermediate, 312, 313 panuveitis, 312, 313 in polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 577 posterior, 312, 313 treatment of, 311b, 312–313 V Vaccines See also Immunizations anthrax, 65 bacterial meningitis, 69 chickenpox, 182, 182f, 1102t for children, 1108 delivery of, 1107 diphtheria-tetanus, 172, 1102t documentation of, 1107–1108 hepatitis A, 1102t, 1105t hepatitis B, 1102t herpes zoster, 272, 1102t human papillomavirus, 1102t, 1105t influenza, 107b, 108, 1102t malaria, 132 measles, 133, 1102t measles-mumps-rubella, 134, 154, 1102t, 1104t, 1105t needle injury prevention, 1107 rabies, 146 rubella, 154 shortage of, 1109 storage of, 1108 tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, 1102t, 1104t, 1105t varicella, 182, 1102t, 1104t, 1105t yellow fever, 1114, 1114t Vaccinia immune globulin intravenous, 169 Vacuum constrictive device, for erectile dysfunction, 976 Vacuum-assisted closure, of pressure ulcers, 256 Vaginal ring, 1000 Vaginal voiding, 1062 Vagus nerve stimulation, 656 Valacyclovir (Valtrex) chickenpox treated with, 183 Valacyclovir (Valtrex) (Continued) dosing of, in renal-impaired patients, 273t erythema multiforme prophylaxis using, 228 formulation of, 273t Valerian, 1198t Valproate, 652–653, 956t, 1072, 1077 Valproic acid, 652–653, 652t, 1075t Valsartan, 440t Vancomycin (Vancocin) allergic reactions to, 50 bacterial meningitis treated with, 68t osteomyelitis treated with, 140t toxic shock syndrome treated with, 174 Vanillylmandelic acid, 704 Vantin See Cefpodoxime Vapreotide, esophageal varices treated with, 511 Vaprisol See Conivaptan Vardenafil, 974–975 Varenicline, 345t Varicella-zoster immune globulin, 184 Varicella-zoster virus, 181, 271, 1033 See also Chickenpox dermatomal involvement, 271 diagnosis of, 269b encephalitis associated with, 674t, 677 treatment of, 270b vaccine, 1102t Varicose veins, 1033 Variegate porphyria, 848 Variola major, 163 Vasa previa, 1043, 1043b Vasculitic neuropathy, 644 Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, 976 Vasodilators, 510 Vaso-occlusive episodes, 852–853 Vasopressin body water regulation by, 747 esophageal varices treated with, 510–511 secretion of, 747, 747t Vasopressin receptor antagonists, 752 Vasopressors, 58 Vasospastic angina, 411 Vectorborne diseases, 1112 Velaglucerase alfa, 1208t Venezuelan encephalitis, 1195t Venlafaxine, 261t, 264, 954t, 961t Venography, 383 Venomous snakebites antivenom for, 1191 diagnosis of, 1189 elapid, 1192–1193, 1193b exotic, 1193 viperid, 1189–1192, 1190b, 1192b Venous hypertension, 267 Venous stasis, 381 Venous thrombectomy, 476 Venous thromboembolism aggressive therapies for, 476 anticoagulants for, 387–389, 388t axillary, 474–475 deep venous thrombosis See Deep venous thrombosis epidemiology of, 382–383, 474 Very-low-calorie diets, 755 Very-low-density lipoproteins, 739 Vesicants, 1228t Vestibular nerve sectioning, 288b Vestibular neurectomy, 290t, 291 Vestibular neuritis, 289 characteristics of, 8t clinical manifestations of, diagnosis of, 7b treatment of, 7b, Vestibular schwannoma, 289 Viagra See Sildenafil citrate Vibramycin See Doxycycline Vibrio cholerae, 75, 529, 531, 532t Vibrio parahemolyticus, 529, 1131 Vibrio vulnificus, 135, 196, 197, 1131 Victoza See Liraglutide Videostroboscopic evaluation, 284 Videx See Didanosine Vigabatrin, 654 Vigamox See Moxifloxacin Viperid envenomations, 1189–1192, 1190b, 1192b Viracept See Nelfinavir Viral conjunctivitis, 302, 302f Viral encephalitis, 1195t Viral hemorrhagic fevers, 1195t Viral meningitis cerebrospinal fluid examination for, 676 clinical features of, 673 diagnosis of, 672b, 676 encephalitis versus, 673 treatment of, 673b, 677 Viral pharyngitis, 33 Viral respiratory infections bronchiolitis, 390 common colds, 389–390 croup, 390 diagnosis of, 389b influenza-like illness, 390 rhinoviruses, 389 treatment of, 389b Viral sinusitis, 306 Viramune See Nevirapine Viscosupplementation, 581 Vision correction procedures astigmatic keratotomy, 313b, 317–318 complications of, 313b indications for, 313b laser in situ keratomileusis, 313b, 316, 316f laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis, 317 pathophysiology of, 314–315 phakic intraocular lens implants, 313b, 318–319 photorefractive keratectomy, 313b, 316–317 presbyopia, 313b radial keratotomy, 313b, 317 refractive errors, 314–315 refractive lens exchange, 313b, 318, 318f types of, 313b Vistaril See Hydroxyzine Visual acuity testing, 315–316 Visual impairment, 281 Vitamin B12 deficiency of, 839, 840, 840b, 841b, 841f malabsorption of, 553 Vitamin D deficiency of, 585, 586 hypoparathyroidism treated with, 720–721 Vitamin E, 604 Vitamin K1, 1140t Vitamin K antagonist therapy, 387 Vitiligo, 249b, 251 Vivactil See Protriptyline Vocal cord cancer, 286–287 Vocal folds anatomy of, 283f leukoplakia of, 286 nodules on, 285 paralysis of, 284–285, 285f tremor of, 287 Voiding cystourethrogram, 1098 Voiding dysfunction, 1099 Voiding postponement, 1062 Voltaren See Diclofenac Volume depletion, 1088t Volume overload, 779t, 784–785, 886, 888 Vomiting agents, 1228t von Willebrand factor, 810 von Willebrand’s disease, 810–811, 811t Voriconazole, coccidioidal meningitis treated with, 349 Vorinostat, 212 Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, 1024–1025, 1025t Vulvar neoplasms benign cystic, 1024 condyloma acuminatum, 1024 diagnosis of, 1024b invasive, 1025–1026 malignant melanoma, 1026 Paget’s disease, 1025 squamous cell carcinomas, 1025–1026, 1025b, 1026b treatment of, 1024b Vulvodynia, 263 Vulvovaginal candidiasis, 1027, 1028b Vulvovaginitis, 1026b, 1027–1028, 1027b VX, 1228t Vyvanse See Lisdexamfetamine W Warfarin, 475 Warm-antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 790–791, 790b Warts clinical features of, 275 diagnosis of, 274b treatment of, 275–277, 275b Washed platelets, 867 Washed red blood cells, 866 Waterborne diseases, 1111–1112 Wegener’s granulatomosis, 213t Weight loss, for obstructive sleep apnea, 663–664 Wellbutrin See Bupropion Index Venous thromboembolism (Continued) graduated compression stockings for, 389 heparin for, 386, 475 inferior vena caval filter for, 388, 389, 476–477 intermittent pneumatic compression devices for, 386 multiple myeloma and, 821 natural history of, 382–383 nonpharmacologic treatment of, 476, 476–477 pathogenesis of, 381–382 pathophysiology of, 474 prevention of, 386–387 pulmonary embolism See Pulmonary embolism recurrence of, 388 risk factors for, 382, 382b, 474, 616 risk stratification for, 382t after stroke, 616 subclavian, 474–475 thrombolytic therapy for, 389 treatment of, 387–389, 475–477, 476, 846 warfarin for, 475 Venous thrombosis diagnosis of, 473b treatment of, 473b Venous ulcers algorithm for, 269f clinical presentation of, 268 complications of, 268 compression therapy for, 268–269 diagnosis of, 267b, 268 epidemiology of, 267–268 evaluation of, 268 pathophysiology of, 267–268 treatment of, 267b, 268–269 Venous ultrasonography, 383–384 Ventilation–perfusion mismatch, 323 Ventilator-associated pneumonia, 338–339 Ventolin See Albuterol Ventricular fibrillation, 405t acute management of, 419 idiopathic, 421 Ventricular outflow tract tachycardia, 473 Ventricular premature complexes, 405t Ventricular septal defect, 405t, 423–424, 423f Ventricular tachyarrhythmias, 428 Ventricular tachycardia catecholaminergic, 421 description of, 405t Verapamil angina pectoris treated with, 409t cluster headaches treated with, 18t hypertension treated with, 440t migraine headaches treated with, 16 migraine prophylaxis using, 622t Verrucous carcinoma, 202, 1026 Vertebral crush fractures, 585–586 Vertebral osteomyelitis, 139 Vertebrobasilar insufficiency, 289 Vertebroplasty, 821 1283 Well-differentiated thyroid cancer, 723–724, 724t West African sleeping sickness, 244b, 246 West Nile virus, 674t, 677, 783 Western encephalitis, 1195t Wheat dextrin, for constipation, 2t Whiplash, 41t Whipple’s disease, 555 Whipworms, 544–546, 545t Whole-bowel irrigation, 1137, 1184 Whole-brain radiotherapy, 608, 609 Whooping cough See Pertussis Widal test, 180 Wide complex tachycardias, 472, 471–472 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, 421, 471 Wound debridement, 1124 Wound dressings, for pressure ulcer prevention, 255–256 Index X Xanax See Alprazolam Xanthine oxidase inhibitors, 745 Xenical See Orlistat Xerostomia, 218b, 220–221, 815 Xerotic eczema, 35b Xifaxan See Rifaximin 1284 Xigris See Drotrecogin alfa Xylitol, 298 Y Yellow fever, 1114, 1114t Yellow jacket stings, 51b, 52–53, 55b Yersinia pestis, 141, 142, 1195t See also Plague Yoga, 26 Yohimbine, 975 Z Zafirlukast asthma treated with, 333t, 1049t urticaria treated with, 267 Zanamivir, 109, 109t acute bronchitis treated with, 321b, 322 influenza-like illness treated with, 390, 392–393 Zarontin See Ethosuximide Zenker’s diverticulum, 501, 501f, 506 Zerit See Stavudine Zetia See Ezetimibe Ziagen See Abacavir Zidovudine, 90t, 101t Zileuton asthma treated with, 333t urticaria treated with, 267 Ziprasidone bipolar disorder treated with, 956t psychocutaneous disorders treated with, 261t schizophrenia treated with, 964t Tourette syndrome treated with, 611t Zithromax See Azithromycin Zocor See Simvastatin Zofran See Ondansetron Zoledronate, 587b, 589 Zoledronic acid hypercalcemia treated with, 820–821 osteoporosis treated with, 586–587, 586t Zolinza See Vorinostat Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 514, 515, 556 Zolmitriptan (Zomig), 16t, 17 Zoloft See Sertraline Zonisamide (Zonegran), 652t, 654, 1076t, 1078 Zostrix See Capsaicin Zyloprim See Allopurinol Zymar See Gatifloxacin Zyprexa See Olanzapine ... Blvd Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 1910 3-2 899 CONN’S CURRENT THERAPY 2012 with Expert Consult–Online and Print ISBN: 97 8-1 -4 55 7-0 73 8-6 ISSN: 875 5-8 823 Copyright # 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008 by Saunders,... activity The list of currently recognized pyrogenic cytokines includes interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a), IL-6, interferon-b (IFN-b), and interferon-g (IFN-g) These cytokines...CONN’S CURRENT THERAPY 2012 CONN’S CURRENT THERAPY 2012 EDWARD T BOPE, MD Chief of Primary Care Columbus VA Assistant Dean for VA Medical