Microemulsions properties and applications crc 2009

MICROEMULSIONS Properties and Applications 89595_C000.indd i 11/10/2008 10:02:46 PM SURFACTANT SCIENCE SERIES FOUNDING EDITOR MARTIN J SCHICK 1918–1998 SERIES EDITOR ARTHUR T HUBBARD Santa Barbara Science Project Santa Barbara, California ADVISORY BOARD DANIEL BLANKSCHTEIN Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts S KARABORNI Shell International Petroleum Company Limited London, England CLARENCE MILLER Department of Chemical Engineering Rice University Houston, Texas LISA B QUENCER The Dow Chemical Company Midland, Michigan DON RUBINGH The Procter & Gamble Company Cincinnati, Ohio JOHN F SCAMEHORN Institute for Applied Surfactant Research University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma BEREND SMIT Shell International Oil Products B.V Amsterdam, The Netherlands P SOMASUNDARAN Henry Krumb School of Mines Columbia University New York, New York 89595_C000.indd ii ERIC W KALER Department of Chemical Engineering University of Delaware Newark, Delaware JOHN TEXTER Strider Research Corporation Rochester, New York 11/10/2008 10:02:46 PM Nonionic Surfactants, edited by Martin J Schick (see also Volumes 19, 23, and 60) Solvent Properties of Surfactant Solutions, edited by Kozo Shinoda (see Volume 55) Surfactant Biodegradation, R D Swisher (see Volume 18) Cationic Surfactants, edited by Eric Jungermann (see also Volumes 34, 37, and 53) Detergency: Theory and Test Methods (in three parts), edited by W G Cutler and R C Davis (see also Volume 20) Emulsions and Emulsion Technology (in three parts), edited by Kenneth J Lissant Anionic Surfactants (in two parts), edited by Warner M Linfield (see Volume 56) Anionic Surfactants: Chemical Analysis, edited by John Cross Stabilization of Colloidal Dispersions by Polymer Adsorption, Tatsuo Sato and Richard Ruch 10 Anionic Surfactants: Biochemistry, Toxicology, Dermatology, edited by Christian Gloxhuber (see Volume 43) 11 Anionic Surfactants: Physical Chemistry of Surfactant Action, edited by E H Lucassen-Reynders 12 Amphoteric Surfactants, edited by B R Bluestein and Clifford L Hilton (see Volume 59) 13 Demulsification: Industrial Applications, Kenneth J Lissant 14 Surfactants in Textile Processing, Arved Datyner 15 Electrical Phenomena at Interfaces: Fundamentals, Measurements, and Applications, edited by Ayao Kitahara and Akira Watanabe 16 Surfactants in Cosmetics, edited by Martin M Rieger (see Volume 68) 17 Interfacial Phenomena: Equilibrium and Dynamic Effects, Clarence A Miller and P Neogi 18 Surfactant Biodegradation: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, R D Swisher 19 Nonionic Surfactants: Chemical Analysis, edited by John Cross 20 Detergency: Theory and Technology, edited by W Gale Cutler and Erik Kissa 21 Interfacial Phenomena in Apolar Media, edited by Hans-Friedrich Eicke and Geoffrey D Parfitt 22 Surfactant Solutions: New Methods of Investigation, edited by Raoul Zana 23 Nonionic Surfactants: Physical Chemistry, edited by Martin J Schick 24 Microemulsion Systems, edited by Henri L Rosano and Marc Clausse 25 Biosurfactants and Biotechnology, edited by Naim Kosaric, W L Cairns, and Neil C C Gray 26 Surfactants in Emerging Technologies, edited by Milton J Rosen 27 Reagents in Mineral Technology, edited by P Somasundaran and Brij M Moudgil 28 Surfactants in Chemical/Process Engineering, edited by Darsh T Wasan, Martin E Ginn, and Dinesh O Shah 29 Thin Liquid Films, edited by I B Ivanov 89595_C000.indd iii 11/10/2008 10:02:46 PM 30 Microemulsions and Related Systems: Formulation, Solvency, and Physical Properties, edited by Maurice Bourrel and Robert S Schechter 31 Crystallization and Polymorphism of Fats and Fatty Acids, edited by Nissim Garti and Kiyotaka Sato 32 Interfacial Phenomena in Coal Technology, edited by Gregory D Botsaris and Yuli M Glazman 33 Surfactant-Based Separation Processes, edited by John F Scamehorn and Jeffrey H Harwell 34 Cationic Surfactants: Organic Chemistry, edited by James M Richmond 35 Alkylene Oxides and Their Polymers, F E Bailey, Jr., and Joseph V Koleske 36 Interfacial Phenomena in Petroleum Recovery, edited by Norman R Morrow 37 Cationic Surfactants: Physical Chemistry, edited by Donn N Rubingh and Paul M Holland 38 Kinetics and Catalysis in Microheterogeneous Systems, edited by M Grätzel and K Kalyanasundaram 39 Interfacial Phenomena in Biological Systems, edited by Max Bender 40 Analysis of Surfactants, Thomas M Schmitt (see Volume 96) 41 Light Scattering by Liquid Surfaces and Complementary Techniques, edited by Dominique Langevin 42 Polymeric Surfactants, Irja Piirma 43 Anionic Surfactants: Biochemistry, Toxicology, Dermatology, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Christian Gloxhuber and Klaus Künstler 44 Organized Solutions: Surfactants in Science and Technology, edited by Stig E Friberg and Björn Lindman 45 Defoaming: Theory and Industrial Applications, edited by P R Garrett 46 Mixed Surfactant Systems, edited by Keizo Ogino and Masahiko Abe 47 Coagulation and Flocculation: Theory and Applications, edited by Bohuslav Dobiás 48 Biosurfactants: Production Properties Applications, edited by Naim Kosaric 49 Wettability, edited by John C Berg 50 Fluorinated Surfactants: Synthesis Properties Applications, Erik Kissa 51 Surface and Colloid Chemistry in Advanced Ceramics Processing, edited by Robert J Pugh and Lennart Bergström 52 Technological Applications of Dispersions, edited by Robert B McKay 53 Cationic Surfactants: Analytical and Biological Evaluation, edited by John Cross and Edward J Singer 54 Surfactants in Agrochemicals, Tharwat F Tadros 55 Solubilization in Surfactant Aggregates, edited by Sherril D Christian and John F Scamehorn 56 Anionic Surfactants: Organic Chemistry, edited by Helmut W Stache 57 Foams: Theory, Measurements, and Applications, edited by Robert K Prud’homme and Saad A Khan 58 The Preparation of Dispersions in Liquids, H N Stein 59 Amphoteric Surfactants: Second Edition, edited by Eric G Lomax 89595_C000.indd iv 11/10/2008 10:02:46 PM 60 Nonionic Surfactants: Polyoxyalkylene Block Copolymers, edited by Vaughn M Nace 61 Emulsions and Emulsion Stability, edited by Johan Sjöblom 62 Vesicles, edited by Morton Rosoff 63 Applied Surface Thermodynamics, edited by A W Neumann and Jan K Spelt 64 Surfactants in Solution, edited by Arun K Chattopadhyay and K L Mittal 65 Detergents in the Environment, edited by Milan Johann Schwuger 66 Industrial Applications of Microemulsions, edited by Conxita Solans and Hironobu Kunieda 67 Liquid Detergents, edited by Kuo-Yann Lai 68 Surfactants in Cosmetics: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Martin M Rieger and Linda D Rhein 69 Enzymes in Detergency, edited by Jan H van Ee, Onno Misset, and Erik J Baas 70 Structure-Performance Relationships in Surfactants, edited by Kunio Esumi and Minoru Ueno 71 Powdered Detergents, edited by Michael S Showell 72 Nonionic Surfactants: Organic Chemistry, edited by Nico M van Os 73 Anionic Surfactants: Analytical Chemistry, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by John Cross 74 Novel Surfactants: Preparation, Applications, and Biodegradability, edited by Krister Holmberg 75 Biopolymers at Interfaces, edited by Martin Malmsten 76 Electrical Phenomena at Interfaces: Fundamentals, Measurements, and Applications, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Hiroyuki Ohshima and Kunio Furusawa 77 Polymer-Surfactant Systems, edited by Jan C T Kwak 78 Surfaces of Nanoparticles and Porous Materials, edited by James A Schwarz and Cristian I Contescu 79 Surface Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Membranes, edited by Torben Smith Sørensen 80 Interfacial Phenomena in Chromatography, edited by Emile Pefferkorn 81 Solid–Liquid Dispersions, Bohuslav Dobiás, Xueping Qiu, and Wolfgang von Rybinski 82 Handbook of Detergents, editor in chief: Uri Zoller Part A: Properties, edited by Guy Broze 83 Modern Characterization Methods of Surfactant Systems, edited by Bernard P Binks 84 Dispersions: Characterization, Testing, and Measurement, Erik Kissa 85 Interfacial Forces and Fields: Theory and Applications, edited by Jyh-Ping Hsu 86 Silicone Surfactants, edited by Randal M Hill 87 Surface Characterization Methods: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, edited by Andrew J Milling 88 Interfacial Dynamics, edited by Nikola Kallay 89 Computational Methods in Surface and Colloid Science, edited by Malgorzata Borówko 89595_C000.indd v 11/10/2008 10:02:47 PM 90 Adsorption on Silica Surfaces, edited by Eugène Papirer 91 Nonionic Surfactants: Alkyl Polyglucosides, edited by Dieter Balzer and Harald Lüders 92 Fine Particles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Mechanisms of Growth, edited by Tadao Sugimoto 93 Thermal Behavior of Dispersed Systems, edited by Nissim Garti 94 Surface Characteristics of Fibers and Textiles, edited by Christopher M Pastore and Paul Kiekens 95 Liquid Interfaces in Chemical, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Applications, edited by Alexander G Volkov 96 Analysis of Surfactants: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Thomas M Schmitt 97 Fluorinated Surfactants and Repellents: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Erik Kissa 98 Detergency of Specialty Surfactants, edited by Floyd E Friedli 99 Physical Chemistry of Polyelectrolytes, edited by Tsetska Radeva 100 Reactions and Synthesis in Surfactant Systems, edited by John Texter 101 Protein-Based Surfactants: Synthesis, Physicochemical Properties, and Applications, edited by Ifendu A Nnanna and Jiding Xia 102 Chemical Properties of Material Surfaces, Marek Kosmulski 103 Oxide Surfaces, edited by James A Wingrave 104 Polymers in Particulate Systems: Properties and Applications, edited by Vincent A Hackley, P Somasundaran, and Jennifer A Lewis 105 Colloid and Surface Properties of Clays and Related Minerals, Rossman F Giese and Carel J van Oss 106 Interfacial Electrokinetics and Electrophoresis, edited by Ángel V Delgado 107 Adsorption: Theory, Modeling, and Analysis, edited by József Tóth 108 Interfacial Applications in Environmental Engineering, edited by Mark A Keane 109 Adsorption and Aggregation of Surfactants in Solution, edited by K L Mittal and Dinesh O Shah 110 Biopolymers at Interfaces: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Martin Malmsten 111 Biomolecular Films: Design, Function, and Applications, edited by James F Rusling 112 Structure–Performance Relationships in Surfactants: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Kunio Esumi and Minoru Ueno 113 Liquid Interfacial Systems: Oscillations and Instability, Rudolph V Birikh, Vladimir A Briskman, Manuel G Velarde, and Jean-Claude Legros 114 Novel Surfactants: Preparation, Applications, and Biodegradability: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Krister Holmberg 115 Colloidal Polymers: Synthesis and Characterization, edited by Abdelhamid Elaissari 116 Colloidal Biomolecules, Biomaterials, and Biomedical Applications, edited by Abdelhamid Elaissari 117 Gemini Surfactants: Synthesis, Interfacial and Solution-Phase Behavior, and Applications, edited by Raoul Zana and Jiding Xia 89595_C000.indd vi 11/10/2008 10:02:47 PM 118 Colloidal Science of Flotation, Anh V Nguyen and Hans Joachim Schulze 119 Surface and Interfacial Tension: Measurement, Theory, and Applications, edited by Stanley Hartland 120 Microporous Media: Synthesis, Properties, and Modeling, Freddy Romm 121 Handbook of Detergents, editor in chief: Uri Zoller, Part B: Environmental Impact, edited by Uri Zoller 122 Luminous Chemical Vapor Deposition and Interface Engineering, HirotsuguYasuda 123 Handbook of Detergents, editor in chief: Uri Zoller, Part C: Analysis, edited by Heinrich Waldhoff and Rüdiger Spilker 124 Mixed Surfactant Systems: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Masahiko Abe and John F Scamehorn 125 Dynamics of Surfactant Self-Assemblies: Micelles, Microemulsions, Vesicles and Lyotropic Phases, edited by Raoul Zana 126 Coagulation and Flocculation: Second Edition, edited by Hansjoachim Stechemesser and Bohulav Dobiás 127 Bicontinuous Liquid Crystals, edited by Matthew L Lynch and Patrick T Spicer 128 Handbook of Detergents, editor in chief: Uri Zoller, Part D: Formulation, edited by Michael S Showell 129 Liquid Detergents: Second Edition, edited by Kuo-Yann Lai 130 Finely Dispersed Particles: Micro-, Nano-, and Atto-Engineering, edited by Aleksandar M Spasic and Jyh-Ping Hsu 131 Colloidal Silica: Fundamentals and Applications, edited by Horacio E Bergna and William O Roberts 132 Emulsions and Emulsion Stability, Second Edition, edited by Johan Sjöblom 133 Micellar Catalysis, Mohammad Niyaz Khan 134 Molecular and Colloidal Electro-Optics, Stoyl P Stoylov and Maria V Stoimenova 135 Surfactants in Personal Care Products and Decorative Cosmetics, Third Edition, edited by Linda D Rhein, Mitchell Schlossman, Anthony O'Lenick, and P Somasundaran 136 Rheology of Particulate Dispersions and Composites, Rajinder Pal 137 Powders and Fibers: Interfacial Science and Applications, edited by Michel Nardin and Eugène Papirer 138 Wetting and Spreading Dynamics, edited by Victor Starov, Manuel G Velarde, and Clayton Radke 139 Interfacial Phenomena: Equilibrium and Dynamic Effects, Second Edition, edited by Clarence A Miller and P Neogi 140 Giant Micelles: Properties and Applications, edited by Raoul Zana and Eric W Kaler 141 Handbook of Detergents, editor in chief: Uri Zoller, Part E: Applications, edited by Uri Zoller 142 Handbook of Detergents, editor in chief: Uri Zoller, Part F: Production, edited by Uri Zoller and co-edited by Paul Sosis 143 Sugar-Based Surfactants: Fundamentals and Applications, edited by Cristóbal Carnero Ruiz 144 Microemulsions: Properties and Applications, edited by Monzer Fanun 89595_C000.indd vii 11/10/2008 10:02:47 PM 89595_C000.indd viii 11/10/2008 10:02:47 PM MICROEMULSIONS Properties and Applications Edited by Monzer Fanun Al-Quds University East Jerusalem, Palestine Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business 89595_C000.indd ix 11/10/2008 10:02:47 PM Microemulsions as Pseudostationary Phases 521 SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGIES ACES AOT BA CA CAPS CAPSO CDCA CE CMC CZE DCA DDCV EKC EOF EPR GC GUDCA HPLC k′ LCA MEEKC MEKC NMR O/W P PC POW RP-LC SC SDC SDS TLC TUDCA UDCA VEKC W/O 2-carbamoylmethylaminoethanesulfonic acid bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate bile acids cholic acid N-cyclohexyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid N-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid chenodeoxycholic acid capillary electrophoresis critical micellar concentration capillary zone electrophoresis deoxycholic acid dodecoxycarbonylvaline electrokinetic chromatography electroosmotic flow electron paramagnetic resonance gas chromatography glycoursodeoxycholic acid high-performance liquid chromatography retention factor lithodeoxycholic acid microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography micellar electrokinetic chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance oil droplets in a water phase partition coefficients phosphatidylcholine 1-octanol-water partition coefficient reverse phase liquid chromatography sodium cholate sodium deoxycholate sodium dodecyl sulfate thin layer chromatography tauroursodeoxycholic acid ursodeoxycholic acid vesicles electrokinetic chromatography water droplets in an oil phase REFERENCES Khaledi, M 1998, High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis, John Wiley & Sons, New York Neubert, R and Ruttinger, H 2003, Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis in Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Marcel Dekker, New York 89595_C019.indd 521 11/4/2008 5:28:21 PM 522 Microemulsions: Properties and Applications United States Pharmacopoeial 24 Revision, United States Pharmacopeial Convention/ Capillary electrophoresis/, Pharmacopeial Forum 27, 2353, Rockville, MD, USA, 2001 Altria, K 2000, Background theory and applications of microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography J Chromatogr A 892, 171 Altria, K., Mahuzier, P., and Clark, B 2003, Background and 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Khle, K and Foley, J 2007, Review of aqueous chiral electrokinetic chromatography (EKC) with an emphasis on chiral microemulsion EKC Electrophoresis 28, 2503 48 Iqbal, R., Rizvi, S., Akbay, C., and Shamsi, S 2004, Chiral separations in microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography Use of micelle polymers and microemulsion polymers J Chromatogr A 1043, 291 49 Ivanova, M., Piunti, A., Marziali, E., Komarova, N., Raggi, M., Kenndler, E 2003, Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography applied for separation of levetiracetam from other antiepileptic drugs in polypharmacy Electrophoresis 24, 992 50 Zheng, Z., Lin, J., Chan, W., Lee, A., and Huie, C 2004, Separation of enantiomers in microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography using chiral alcohols as cosurfactants Electrophoresis 25, 3263 51 Mahuzier, P., Clark, B., Bryant, S., and Altria, K 2001, High-speed microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography Electrophoresis 22, 3819 52 Marsh, A., Clark, B., Broderick, M., Power, J., Donegan, S., and 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5:28:21 PM 89595_C019.indd 526 11/4/2008 5:28:21 PM Index A Absorptivity, 506 Absorption system, 421, 423 Activation energy, 38, 40, 45–46 of conduction flow, 105, 107, 132 for percolation, 45 of viscous flow, 44 Acetyl modified amino acids, 67 Adiabatic compressibility, 151 Addition sequence, 474 Additive, 35, 40, 44–48, 88–90, 94, 101, 108, 110, 116, 121, 127 Aerosol OT, see AOT Aggregation number, 33 Alcohols, 2, 4, 89, 97, 108, 110, 112, 121, 124, 127 Amphiphilicity factor, 117–121, 123–124 Amphotericin B, 278–280 Analyte velocity, 503–504 Anatase, 488–489 Antipercolation, 44 AOT, 18, 33, 35, 38–40, 45, 47–49, 78–83, 198, 205, 224, 235, 339, 350–352, 354, 356–359, 361–369, 372–374, 457–458, 460, 472, 475–476, 517–519 Apparent mobility, 504 Apparent self-diffusion coefficient, see Dapp Aromatic heterocyclic compounds, 60, 65 Autocatalysis, 455, 460–461 Averaged structure factor, 161, 163, 166, 168–169, 173 B BA, 502, 507, 513–517 Back electron transfer, see BET BET, 484–485, 494–497 Bilayer, 453–454 Bile acids, see BA Bile salts, 279 Bioadhesive hydrogels, 277 Bioanalysis, 520 Biocompatible, 369–371 Biomembranes, 506 Biosurfactants, 502, 507, 512 Binary systems, 144, 150, 164–165, 174–175 Biocatalytic synthesis, 144 Bicontinuous, 5, 6, 9–10, 14, 18, 20, 37, 43–44, 60, 62, 70, 72, 88, 100, 107–110, 112, 125–127, 129, 130, 132, 392–393, 398 Biphasic rotational relaxations, 231 Bis ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt, see AOT [bmim][PF4], 210, 215, 223–234 [bmim][PF6], 206, 209–211, 213, 219–221, 224, 228, 233 Breathing mode, 188, 196 Brij, 144–145, 160–174 Brownian motion, 453 C Cancer chemotherapy, 313–315, 317 Capillary electrophoresis, see CE Capillary zone electrophoresis, see CZE Catalytic properties of enzymes, 351 Catalyst, 473, 476, 478 Catechol, 485, 489, 494, 497 CE, 502, 520 Chemical decontamination, 391, 397, 399 reaction rate, 453, 458–461 warfare agents, 388 Chemical warfare, see CW Cholic acid, 513 Chymotrypsin, 350, 352–359, 372, 374 Cetylpyridinium chloride, see CPC Cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide, see CTAB CMC, 91, 129–130, 132, 426–427, 429, 435, 437–439, 512–516 Cohesive energy balance, 414 Colloidal nanoparticles, 466–468, 473–474, 476, 479 Compensation temperature, 115, 132 Conductance, 22, 36, 38–39, 42–44 measurment, 34 percolation, 32, 37, 40–41, 45–46, 78, 82 Conductivity, 61–63, 65–66, 69, 71–72, 88, 99–106, 110–112, 130 measurements, 78 527 89595_C020.indd 527 11/4/2008 8:18:06 PM 528 Correlation length, 117–119, 121–123, 134 peak, 145, 147, 155 Cosurfactant, 2, 4–7, 11, 14, 18–19, 21–24, 26–27, 29–31, 33–34, 43, 46, 48, 49, 69, 248–253, 258–259, 268, 275–276, 502, 507, 514, 517 Cosolvents, 18 Coumarin, 206, 210 CPC, 24–28, 49 CPP, 251 Cremophor EL, 274, 279 Critical micelle concentration, 332; see also CMC Critical nucleus size, 453–455 nucleus value, 461 Critical packing parameter, see CPP Cryo-TEM, 130–132, 254, 269, 270 Cryo-SEM, 270–271 Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, see Cryo-TEM CTAB, 24, 26–27, 29–33, 44, 49, 205, 224, 350–351, 354, 356, 358–359, 362, 365–366, 368, 373–374 Cubosomes, 186–190, 192, 196, 199, 270 Cutaneous drug delivery, 274 CW, 388–391, 394–397, 400, 402–403, 405 Cytotoxic drugs, 313–317 CZE, 520 D Dapp,336 Decontamination media, 388–391, 394, 397, 405 Density measurements, 296, 298 DGMO, 196–197 Diglycerol monooleate, see DGMO Differential scanning calorimetry, see DSC Differential pulse voltammetry, 322 Diffusion properties, 125, 127, 129, 132 Dilution method, 22–23, 30 Dioctylsulfosuccinate, sodium salt, see AOT Dipeptide synthesis, 354 DLS, 19, 22, 30, 35, 125, 130, 132, 205–206, 210, 235 Dodecytrimethyammonium bromide, see DTAB Double percolation, 44–45 Droplet, 29, 36, 41–46, 59–60 clustering, 33–34, 48, 64, 67, 71 collision, 39, 71 89595_C020.indd 528 Index dimension, 23, 30, 32, 38 formation, 23 fusion, 63–64 interaction, 63, 68, 71 interface, 64 size, 18, 21, 23, 32, 455 structure, 22, 48 surface, 64, 66 volume, 30 Drug, 69–71 absorption, 277 administration, 277 bioavailability, 272 carriers, 252, 280 delivery, 274–277, 294 delivery Systems, 255, 257, 272–275, 277, 279, 316–318, 324 flux, 275–276 incorporation, 256 release, 253, 280, 294–295, 297, 305 resistance Systems, 314–316 transfer, 276 transport, 274 DSC, 254, 261, 295, 297, 302–304, 308 DTAB, 344–345 Dynamic percolation, 38–39, 46, 62–63, 71, 100 Dynamics of dispersed droplets, 36 Dynamic light scattering, see DLS E Effective medium theory, 41 mobility, 504–506 volume, 194 Effect of mixing, 468, 474–475 EKC, 502, 504, 506–508, 512 Electrical conductivity, 257, 259, 297, 300–301, 304, 307 Electric percolation, 61 Electrokinetic chromatography, 502, 504, 507; see also EKC Electrolyte, 89 Electron density, 161–163, 166–170, 173–174 microscopy, 254, 267 Electron paramagnetic resonance, see EPR Electron transfer, see ET Electrophoretic mobility, 503, 505 velocity, 503 Electroosmotic flow, see EOF 11/4/2008 8:18:06 PM Index Emulsion, 18, 19, 185–186, 198–199, 317–318 EMEs, 186, 188–189, 191–192, 194, 196–197, 199 Emulsified microemulsions, see EMEs Energetics of droplet clustering, 34 of formation, 22 of percolation, 38 Enhanced oil recovery, 416, 418, 433, 435, 440, 444 Enthalpy, 22, 26, 51, 112, 153 change, 21, 67–68 of clustering, 34–35, 72 Enthalpy–entropy compensation, 28, 115, 132 Entropy, 22, 28, 34, 51, 60, 112–113, 115, 132, 150–153, 155 change, 21 of clustering, 72 of transfer, 26, 30 Entrapment of proteins, 350 Enzymatic activity, 332–333, 336–338, 340–346 behavior, 341 decontamination, 404 reactions, 331–335, 337 reactivity, 343 velocities, 345 Enzyme catalysis, 336, 353 deactivation, 350 kinetics, 331 recovery, 372 reuse, 371–372 EOF, 503–507, 512, 514, 517–518 EPR, 512 ET, 491–492, 495–496 Ethoxylated mono-di-glyceride, 88, 90–131 Evaporation, 1, 10–13 Excess activation free energy, 153 External entities, 63 Excess volume, 298–299, 304 F Femtosecond visible spectrometer, 486 FFEM, 205–206, 208 FFTEM, 269 Fluorescence intensity, 212, 216 lifetime, 211 Flow properties, 259 Food grade EMEs, 197 Form factor, 160 89595_C020.indd 529 529 Fourier transform IR, 205 Functionalized surfactant, 466 Fracturing gels, 434, 441, 444 Freeze-fracture electron microscopy, see FFEM, FFTEM G Gas chromatography, see GC GC, 520 Gas dehydration, 416, 419–420, 424 Generalized indirect Fourier transformation, see GIFT Gibbs free energy, 22, 34, 81, 113 change, 21 of transfer, 26, 30, 51 of viscous flow, 132 GIFT, 144, 160, 162, 163, 166, 168–169, 173 H Heterogeneous catalysis, 478 Hexosomes, 186–190, 192, 196, 199 HLAD, 332–333 HLADH, 332–335, 366, 368, 372, 374 HLB, 251, 413–414, 430–431 Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase, see HLAD, HLADH Horseradish Peroxidase, see HRP HRP, 339, 342–345, 366, 367 Hydrocarbon, 7–11, 14 Hydrodynamic diameter, 206, 211, 213, 235 radius, 130–131, 264, 267 Hydrophile-lipophile balance, see HLB Hydrophobic compounds, 15, 18, 22, 25, 515–516, 518, 520 surfactant, 517 Hydrophobicity, 506–507, 509, 512–513, 516–518 Hydrotrope, 5, 80 I IET, 484–485, 489 Ibuprofen, 295–298, 305–307 Imaging properties, 130 Immobilized enzymes, 373 Imwitor, 294 Inverse micellar, 2–4, 8, 186–187, 199 micelles, 2, 11/4/2008 8:18:06 PM 530 Infrared, 151–152 Inhibition of corrosion, 2, 21, 415, 424 Injection fluids, 434 Interaction energy, 97 Intramicellar nucleation, 466–468, 477 Intermicellar exchange, 452, 455, 461 Interdroplet channels, 71 Interfacial area, 144 Interfacial adsorption, 412 area, 412–413, 419 curvature, 414, 415 film, 339–341, 343–346, 412–414 layer, 331 tension, 250, 251, 276–277, 412, 418–420, 427, 429, 435 Interfacial electron transfer, see IET Internally Self-Assembled Particles or ‘Somes’, see ISASOMES IPM, 89–132, 252, 255, 261, 271, 275, 280, 294–308 ISASOMES, 186, 197, 199 Isopropyl myristate, see IPM In-vitro release, 295, 297 In vivo evaluation, 313 K Ketoprofen, 307 L Lamellar liquid crystal, 2–6, 8–10, 14 Lidocaine, 266 Lipase, 350–351, 353, 359–365, 368, 371–374 Low temperature decontamination, 402 M Maximum enzyme velocity, 375 particle size, 455, 461 MC, 147–149, 174 MD, 145, 155, 157 MEEKC, 502–503, 505–512, 514, 516–520 MEKC, 502, 505, 520 Mean molar volume, 151 Mesophase, 193, 199 Michaelis-Menten constant, 374 kinetics, 357–358 89595_C020.indd 530 Index Micelles, 332, 335–336, 339, 343 Micellar core, 167–168, 170–172, 175 enzymology, 354, 357, 366 solution, 18 Micellar electrokinetic chromatography, see MEKC Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography, see MEEKC Microstructure properties, 116 Migration time, 504, 512, 518, 520 Miniemulsions, 18, 412 Mixing time, 468, 474–475 MLO, 186–199 Molecular dynamics, see MD Molecular organization, 144–145, 152, 175 Monolinolein, see MLO Monomeric solubility, 88, 93 Monte Carlo simulations, see MC Molar ratio of water to surfactant, see wo Multienzyme systems, 353 N Nanocarrier delivery, 317 Nanoemulsion, 18 Nanodroplet, 452–453 Nanomaterial, 451 Nanoparticles aggregation, 471 based decontamination, 405 concentration, 474 formation, 466, 468, 473, 478 growth, 455 preparation, 465, 467, 478 size, 466, 471, 476 uptake, 466–472, 474–478 Nanoreactor, 451–452 Neoteric solvent, 204 Niosomes, 277 NMR, 88, 112, 125–127, 129, 132, 254, 262–267, 332, 336–337, 399, 405 Normal micelles, Nuclear magnetic resonance, see NMR Nucleation, 452–456, 458, 460–461 O Ocular bioavailability, 277 delivery, 277–278 diseases, 277 11/4/2008 8:18:06 PM Index retention, 277–278 solutions, 277 Onion-structured nanoparticles, 466 Ordering–disordering, Organic media, 466, 478 phase, 473 reaction, 473 Organochalcogenides, 63, 65–66 Ostwald ripening, 455 Oxidoreductase, 350, 353, 365–366, 369, 374 P Packing parameter, 251, 392, 413 Paclitaxel, 273, 278–279 Pair-distance distribution function, 160 Parenteral administration, 324 delivery, 278, 280, 324 formulation, 278, 320 route, 278 vehicle, 320 Particle aggregation, 468, 470–472, 476, 479 size, 465–466, 468–472, 474–478 Partition coefficient, 82, 336–337, 346, 508 Partitioning, 339, 343, 346, 360, 362 PC, 502, 507, 509, 512, 517 Peptide hydrolysis, 357, 358 synthesis, 353, 355–357, 372 Percolation, 32, 43 activation energy, 46 assisting additives, 46 equations, 39 law, 71 mode, 43 model, 62, 99, 104 parameters, 40 phenomenon, 37, 63, 69, 70, 80, 110, 257, 260, 306 process, 38, 39, 45, 47, 61, 64, 66–68, 71, 104, 110, 111 resisting additives, 45 stage, 34, 44, 45, 70 state, 37 temperature, 47, 48, 62, 71, 78–83, 259 threshold, 35, 37–39, 41, 42, 44, 48, 63–65, 72, 78, 81, 99, 103, 104, 108, 110, 132, 257–259 89595_C020.indd 531 531 transition, 101, 103, 104, 258 Periodicity, 117–119, 121, 122 Pharmaceutical adminstration, 509 analysis, 4, 23, 518 formulations, Phase diagram, 1, 2, 4–7, 9–14, 249, 253–258, 296, 298, 299, 302, 304, 305, 307, 308 behavior, 94, 96–98, 391–393, 400, 406 Phase inversion temperature, 60; see also PIT Phospholipids, 252, 279, 351, 370, 371 Phosphatidylcholine, see PC Photophysical properties, 485, 486, 496 Physical decontamination, 390 Pilocarpine, 278 PIT, 251 Pluronic, 187, 189 Polydispersity, 161–164, 166–170, 173, 174 Polyethylene glycols, 79–83 Polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonooleate, see Tween80 Precursor, 466, 467, 470, 473, 474, 476, 477, 479 Prilocaine, 266 Product recovery, 371, 372 Protease, 350, 353–359, 374 Pseudo-stationary phase, 502, 504, 505 Q Quantum dot, 497 R R (+)-LIM, 89–132 Reactant addition, 466, 474 Reactive surfactants, 466, 476 Released vapor, 11–14 R (+)-limonene, see R (+)-LIM Reverse micelles, 60, 66, 343, 349–353, 355–374 Retention factors, 504–506, 508–510, 514, 515 Rheological assays, 442, 443 behavior, 443 measurements, 441, 442 properties, 441 Room Temperature Ionic Liquids, see RTILs Rotational dynamics, 218 relaxation, 222, 231, 235–237 11/4/2008 8:18:06 PM 532 relaxation parameters, 221 relaxation time, 219–224, 226, 228, 230–232, 234–237 RTILs, 204–211, 224–228, 230, 234, 236–238 R-ratio, 97 R-theory, 414, 415, 444 S SANS, 19, 22, 30, 205 SAS, 88, 116, 130 SAXS, 116, 117, 121, 132, 144, 145, 147, 149, 158–160, 162–174, 187, 189, 191–194, 198, 295, 297, 301, 304, 305, 307 Scaling exponents, 110 Scattering contrast, 162, 167, 170 intensity, 116, 144, 160, 162, 175 peak, 145, 147, 149, 150, 158, 159, 172, 174 vector, 147, 301, 302, 304 SDS, 205, 224, 339–345, 350, 354, 363, 375, 398–401, 507–512, 514–517 Self-diffusion coefficient, 336 Self microemulsifying drug delivery systems, see SMEDDS Semiconductor colloids, 489 Simple alcohols, 144, 145, 150, 160, 175 Small-angle neutron scattering, see SANS Small-angle scattering, see SAS Small-angle X-ray scattering, see SAXS SMEDDS, 272–274, 279, 318, 324 SNPs, 485 Sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate, see AOT Sodium dodecyl sulfate, see SDS Solgel, 485, 486, 490, 495, 496 Solubility parameter, 394–396 Solubilization capacity, 93, 94, 132 Solvation dynamics, 206, 215, 224–227, 229–231, 234–237 effects, 266, 267 enthalpy, 250 forces, 414 Sound velocity measurement, 152 Span, 259 Spectrophotometry, 512 Spontaneous curvature, 186, 194 Standard free energy of clustering, 72 89595_C020.indd 532 Index Static percolation, 38, 39, 100 Structure factor, 145, 149, 160, 161, 163, 166, 168–170, 173 Structural changes, 300 characterization, 294 properties, 145, 151 transition, 187, 190, 196, 199 Sub-nanoparticles, see SNPs Sucrose laurate, 88–132 Surface activity, 32 area, 30, 49, 466, 468, 469, 473, 475–479 excess, 22 tension, 295–297, 299, 300, 304, 307 Surfactant 1–3, 5–7, 9–11, 14, adsorption, 437, 438 aggregate, 60, 413 aggregation, 415 concentration, 412, 417, 426, 428, 429, 441 content at interface, 92 film, 71, 78, 80, 81, 414 head-group, 414 hydration, 346 ions, 60 layer, 68, 438 mixing ratio, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 125 monomers, 59 monolayer, 88, 92 structure, 413 tail-group, 414 Swollen micelle, 18 T TCSPC, 210, 226, 230, 234, 236 TDSS, 216 TEM, 208 Temperature dependence, 1, Tetradecane, 189 TICT, 226 Time correlated single photon counting, see TCSPC Time dependent Stokes’ shift, see TDSS Time resolved emission spectra, see TRES Time resolved fluorescence quenching, see TRFQ Time domain reflectometry, 152 Total one phase area, 90, 95 Total volume of the microemulsion, 79 Transdermal delivery, 274–276 flux, 275, 276 permeation, 267 11/4/2008 8:18:06 PM Index Translucid gels, 441, 442 Transport properties, 99, 132 Transmission electron microscope, see TEM TRES, 216, 217 TRFQ, 22, 36 Tripeptide synthesis, 354 Triton X-100, see TX-100 Trypsin, 354–359 Tween20, 206–210, 213, 214, 219, 221, 233, 234, 237 Tween40, 294, 297, 302, 303, 305–308 Tween80, 62, 70, 354, 357, 359, 375 Twisted intramolecular charge transfer, see TICT TX-100, 205–212, 214–230, 234–237 U UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, 66, 467, 487 V Vapor composition, 10 VEKC, 502, 505 Vesicle electrokinetic chromatography, see VEKC 89595_C020.indd 533 533 Vibrational relaxation, 205 Viscosity, 18, 22, 36, 39, 43–45, 59, 88, 90, 94, 99–101, 108–112, 114–16, 126, 130, 204, 205 percolation, 43 measurement, 2, 13, 210, 221, 254, 259, 260, 268 –w profiles, 43 VOCs, 3–5, 72, 204, 205 Volatile organic compounds, see VOCs W W0, 352, 353, 356–358, 360–363, 375, 485–490, 495–497 Water exchange, 193, 194 solubilization capacity, 191, 192, 195, 197 Wettability, 418, 434 Worm-like micelles, 270 Z Zeta potential, 504 11/4/2008 8:18:06 PM 89595_C020.indd 534 11/4/2008 8:18:06 PM