INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7176-5 Second edition 2008-06-01 Wheelchairs — Part 5: Determination of dimensions, mass and manoeuvring space Fauteuils roulants — Partie 5: Détermination des dimensions, de la masse et de l'espace de manoeuvre Reference number ISO 7176-5:2008(E) `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS © ISO 2008 Not for Resale ISO 7176-5:2008(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 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Scope Normative references Terms and definitions 4.1 4.2 4.3 Wheelchair classes and occupant mass groups 22 General 22 Classes of electrically powered wheelchairs 22 Occupant mass groups 22 Test apparatus 22 Selection of the test wheelchair 26 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 Preparation of the test wheelchair 27 General 27 Wheelchair equipment 27 Wheelchair adjustment 27 Final check 32 Positioning 32 Loading of the wheelchair 32 Records 34 Use of hand space gauge and foot space gauges 34 Wheel rotation 34 Asymmetrical design of test wheelchair 35 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 Required measurements 35 General 35 Full overall length 36 Overall width 36 Handgrip height 36 Stowage length 36 Stowage width 37 Stowage height 37 Rising 37 Total mass 37 Mass of heaviest part 37 Pivot width 38 Reversing width 38 Turning diameter 38 Ground clearance 39 Required width of angled corridor 39 Required doorway entry depth 39 Required corridor width for side opening 39 9.1 9.2 9.3 Disclosure of information 41 General 41 Wheelchairs with handrims 41 Wheelchairs without handrims 41 10 10.1 10.2 Test report 42 Requirements 42 Recommendations 43 iii © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ISO 7176-5:2008(E) Annex A (informative) Technical dimensions 45 Annex B (informative) Pivot width and reversing width 59 Annex C (informative) Turning diameter 69 Annex D (informative) Wheelchair longitudinal axis and wheelchair centre-point 74 Annex E (informative) Guidelines and recommendations for wheelchair design and performance 75 `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Bibliography 79 iv Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Not for Resale ISO 7176-5:2008(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies) The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights ISO 7176-5 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 173, Assistive products for persons with disability, Subcommittee SC 1, Wheelchairs This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 7176-5:1986) which has been technically revised ISO 7176 consists of the following parts, under the general title Wheelchairs: ⎯ Part 1: Determination of static stability ⎯ Part 2: Determination of dynamic stability of electric wheelchairs ⎯ Part 3: Determination of effectiveness of brakes ⎯ Part 4: Energy consumption of electric wheelchairs and scooters for determination of theoretical distance range ⎯ Part 5: Determination of dimensions, mass and manoeuvring space ⎯ Part 6: Determination of maximum speed, acceleration and deceleration of electric wheelchairs ⎯ Part 7: Measurement of seating and wheel dimensions ⎯ Part 8: Requirements and test methods for static, impact and fatigue strengths ⎯ Part 9: Climatic tests for electric wheelchairs ⎯ Part 10: Determination of obstacle-climbing ability of electrically powered wheelchairs ⎯ Part 11: Test dummies ⎯ Part 13: Determination of coefficient of friction of test surfaces ⎯ Part 14: Power and control systems for electrically powered wheelchairs and scooters — Requirements and test methods `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - v © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ⎯ Part 15: Requirements for information disclosure, documentation and labelling ⎯ Part 16: Resistance to ignition of upholstered parts — Requirements and test methods ⎯ Part 19: Wheeled mobility devices for use as seats in motor vehicles ⎯ Part 21: Requirements and test methods for electromagnetic compatibility of electrically powered wheelchairs and motorized scooters, and battery chargers ⎯ Part 22: Set-up procedures ⎯ Part 23: Requirements and test methods for attendant-operated stair-climbing devices ⎯ Part 24: Requirements and test methods for user-operated stair-climbing devices ⎯ Part 26: Vocabulary vi Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Not for Resale `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - ISO 7176-5:2008(E) ISO 7176-5:2008(E) Introduction The purpose of this part of ISO 7176 is to provide technical definitions together with appropriate measurement procedures for measuring important dimensions and masses of manual wheelchairs and electrically powered wheelchairs including scooters, which can be used to estimate the appropriateness for a given environment `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - A new approach is used for the pre-selection of the reference size from a wheelchair model with a range of various dimensions by introducing reference dimensions of the intended occupant This new approach ensures repeatable and comparable test results The information in this part of ISO 7176 is intended for three main reader groups: ⎯ prescribers and occupants of wheelchairs; ⎯ architects and public authorities; ⎯ manufacturers, wheelchair providers, clinicians and test laboratories Features that are important to wheelchair occupants, architects and public authorities, such as overall dimensions and the estimation of the space needed and general manoeuvrability, are contained in Clause Values for the different features are disclosed in the wheelchair's specification sheet The values can be used to determine, before purchase, the wheelchair's suitability in relation to specific requirements and needs The technical features of a wheelchair which are of importance to manufacturers, wheelchair providers, clinicians and test laboratories, such as items to be considered when manufacturing, setting up, adjusting, repairing or testing wheelchairs, are included in Annex A Technical Report ISO/TR 13570-1[1] is also available, giving a simplified explanation of the different parts of ISO 7176 Technical Report, ISO/TR 13570-2[2], is under consideration vii © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7176-5:2008(E) Wheelchairs — Part 5: Determination of dimensions, mass and manoeuvring space Scope This part of ISO 7176 specifies methods for the determination of wheelchair dimensions and mass This includes specific methods for the determination of outside dimensions when the wheelchair is occupied by a reference occupant and the required manoeuvring space needed for wheelchair manoeuvres commonly carried out in daily life This part of ISO 7176 specifies requirements for the disclosure of the dimensions and masses and contains five informative annexes Annex A specifies methods for the determination of technical dimensions that can be important to the performance of the wheelchair Annex B provides detailed information about pivot width and reversing width Annex C provides detailed information about the turning diameter Annex D provides details on determining the wheelchair longitudinal axis and wheelchair centre-point `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Annex E provides technical guidelines and recommendations for many of the measurements specified to facilitate improved understanding, design and construction of wheelchairs This part of ISO 7176 is applicable to manual wheelchairs and electrically powered wheelchairs (including scooters) Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document For dated references, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies ISO 7176-7, Wheelchairs — Part 7: Measurement of seating and wheel dimensions ISO 7176-11, Wheelchairs — Part 11: Test dummies ISO 7176-13, Wheelchairs — Part 13: Determination of coefficient of friction of test surfaces ISO 7176-15, Wheelchairs — Part 15: Requirements for information disclosure, documentation and labelling ISO 7176-22:2000, Wheelchairs — Part 22: Set-up procedures ISO 7176-26, Wheelchairs — Part 26: Vocabulary © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ISO 7176-5:2008(E) Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 7176-26 and the following apply 3.1 castor wheel misalignment lateral distance between the ground contact point of the castor wheel and that point where the castor stem axis intersects with the ground See Figure NOTE Measurement is in accordance with A.22 NOTE A non-zero value usually indicates a misalignment The value is positive if the ground contact point of the castor wheel is medial to the point of intersection of the castor stem axis with the ground, zero if in the desired neutral position and negative if the ground contact point of the castor wheel is lateral to the point of intersection of the castor stem axis with the ground NOTE Sketches a), b) and c) in front view; d) in top view `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - a) shifted wheel b) conical wheel c) tilted axle d) oblique axle Key castor wheel misalignment Figure — Castor wheel misalignment (exaggerated) Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Not for Resale ISO 7176-5:2008(E) B.3.4 Determination of reversing width B.3.4.1 Practical trial When executing the practical trial for reversing width, RW, the wheelchair travels along a pattern as explained in a) to f) and as shown in the corresponding Figure B.4 a) to f) a) The wheelchair is positioned between and parallel to the walls The best starting position for the first manoeuvre is with the wheelchair’s right nearest midpoint M1 for the initial forward drive at a distance from the left wall that is equal to the distance j b) Hence, the wheelchair performs its first manoeuvre (which is the initial forward drive) so that its point J passes by at the left wall J is that point of the footprint which is to the left and to the rear of C and most remote from M1 c) The wheelchair turns about M1 until it touches the right wall with front point E d) It follows the second manoeuvre, which is the one and only rearward drive The wheelchair turns about the left nearest midpoint M2 until the wheelchair touches the left wall with rear point K e) Then the wheelchair performs its third manoeuvre, which is the final forward drive The wheelchair turns about its right nearest midpoint M3 When the location of M3 is the distance, f, apart from the right wall, point F can pass by at the right wall without wasting space and without hitting the walls F is that point of the footprint which is to the left and in front of C and most remote from M3 f) The wheelchair completes the 180° reversing manoeuvre `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 66 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Not for Resale ISO 7176-5:2008(E) a) b) c) d) e) f) Key a) to f) sequence of manoeuvres E, F, J, K points that come in contact with the walls M1 to M3 midpoints of the three turning manoeuvres RW reversing width Figure B.4 — Reversing width (example with electrically powered wheelchair) `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 67 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ISO 7176-5:2008(E) B.3.4.2 Mathematical approach The reversing width expressed in mathematical notation is given by: RW − j ⎞ RW − f ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ RW = j + f − R cos ⎜ 180° − ε − arccos − R cos ⎜ 180° − κ − arccos ⎟ ⎟ e k ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ where j is the distance M-J; f is the distance M-F; R is the radius of the path of C when turning about M (either RDIR or RLIM DIF); ε is the angle C-M-E; e is the distance M-E; κ is the angle C-M-K; k is the distance M-K `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - RW is the reversing width; (E, F, J and K are the four points of the occupied wheelchair that come in contact with the walls, C is the wheelchair centre-point, M is the midpoint of the manoeuvres.) 68 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Not for Resale ISO 7176-5:2008(E) Annex C (informative) Turning diameter C.1 General This annex gives mathematical assumptions about the turning diameters of wheelchairs with various steering concepts and how the minimum values can be achieved C.2 Direct steering The turning diameter, TDDIR, of a wheelchair with ⎯ direct steering, ⎯ symmetrical construction without any wheel misalignment, ⎯ pivot wheels or pivot drive wheels which are vertical and pivot about vertical axes and ⎯ all dimensions projected to the test plane (show the footprint of the occupied wheelchair) is calculated as follows: g ⎞ ⎛ + x2 TDDIR = × ⎜ y + h + tan σ ⎟⎠ ⎝ `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - where TDDIR is the turning diameter for wheelchairs with direct steering, equal to double the distance between M and W (see Figure C.1); y is the distance between W and wheelchair longitudinal axis; h is the distance between G and wheelchair longitudinal axis; g is the distance between G and the axis of the fixed wheels; σ is the maximum steering angle of the inner pivot wheel (in degrees) with the front in the lateral direction; x is the distance between W and the axis of the fixed wheels In addition, the following symbols are used: C is the wheelchair centre-point; M is the midpoint of the turn; W is the point of the occupied wheelchair that is most remote from M; G is the ground contact point of the inner pivot wheel when the steering angle is at its maximum with the front in the lateral direction 69 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ISO 7176-5:2008(E) Figure C.1 — Turning diameter of a wheelchair with direct steering C.3 Limited differential steering ⎯ limited differential steering, ⎯ symmetrical construction without any wheel misalignment, ⎯ castor wheels which are vertical and pivot about vertical castor axes and ⎯ all dimensions projected to the test plane (show the footprint of the occupied wheelchair) 70 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Not for Resale `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - The minimum turning diameter, TDLIM DIF, of a wheelchair with ISO 7176-5:2008(E) is calculated as follows: ⎛ t ( v + vi ) TDLIM DIF = × ⎜ o + ⎝ 2(v o − vi ) ⎞ y⎟ + x2 ⎠ where t is the wheel track of the manoeuvring wheels; vo is the speed of the outer manoeuvring wheel; vi is the speed of the inner manoeuvring wheel; y is the distance between W and wheelchair longitudinal axis; x is the distance between W and axis of manoeuvring wheels `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - TDLIM DIF is the minimum turning diameter for a wheelchair with limited differential steering, equal to double the distance between M and W (see Figure C.2); In addition, the following symbols are used: C is the wheelchair centre-point; M is the midpoint of the turning circle; W is the point of the footprint of the occupied wheelchair that is most remote from M 71 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ISO 7176-5:2008(E) `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Figure C.2 — Turning diameter of a wheelchair with limited differential steering 72 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Not for Resale ISO 7176-5:2008(E) C.4 Full differential steering For a wheelchair with full differential steering, the situation is much simpler (see Figure C.3) In this case it is possible that the forward speed of one manoeuvring wheel equals the rearward speed of the other manoeuvring wheel (+ vo = − vi) Hence, the formula given in Clause C.3 simplifies to: TDFULL DIF = × y + x because the midpoint M of the smallest turning circle coincides with the wheelchair centre-point C NOTE Point W, the footprint point that is most remote from M, can be a different one from that of the turning diameter for a wheelchair with limited differential steering `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Figure C.3 — Turning diameter of a wheelchair with full differential steering 73 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ISO 7176-5:2008(E) Annex D (informative) Wheelchair longitudinal axis and wheelchair centre-point This annex explains how to locate the wheelchair longitudinal axis (see 3.44) and the wheelchair centre-point (see 3.43) on wheelchairs that have any misalignment (toe and/or skew) of their fixed wheels In common practice the wheelchair centre-point is identified first and the wheelchair longitudinal axis is then identified as a horizontal line that runs through it in the fore/aft direction The definitions given in 3.43 and 3.44 reflect this conception and specify the wheelchair longitudinal axis in relation to wheelchair centre-point Since state of the art wheelchairs have fixed wheels without any misalignment of toe or skew, these definitions apply But when considering a wheelchair with wheel misalignments such as toe and skew, the wheelchair longitudinal axis is identified first with respect to the fixed wheels and the wheelchair centre-point is then located on the wheelchair longitudinal axis depending on the wheel’s position and orientation NOTE The location of the castor wheels has no influence on the position of wheelchair longitudinal axis and wheelchair centre-point The following scientific explanations consider the case of a wheelchair with unwanted appearance of wheel misalignments They not conflict with the definitions in 3.43 and 3.44 which express the situation of good manufacturing practise without any wheel misalignment Wheelchair longitudinal axis (scientific explanation) The wheelchair longitudinal axis is the horizontal line which halves the angle between lines that pass through the most forward and most rearward points of the wheel median lines of the fixed wheels (see Figure D.1) Wheelchair centre-point (scientific explanation) The wheelchair centre-point is the point half way between the points of intersection of the axes of the fixed wheels with the wheelchair longitudinal axis (see Figure D.1) NOTE `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Key In this example, the wheelchair is assumed to have no camber wheel medians wheelchair centre-point wheelchair longitudinal axis Figure D.1 — Wheelchair longitudinal axis and wheelchair centre-point (toe and skew exaggerated) 74 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Not for Resale ISO 7176-5:2008(E) Annex E (informative) Guidelines and recommendations for wheelchair design and performance E.1 Camber Some manual wheelchairs have a negative camber Camber is used to increase stability and provide better ergonomic features when driving It can also help to protect the hands of the occupant of a handrim-propelled wheelchair in narrow spaces and at sports activities When negative camber is too great, the wheelchair could become too wide It is recommended to avoid any asymmetry between left and right camber for better ergonomic performance of manual wheelchair propulsion E.2 Castor cant `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - The vertical position of the castor cant is very important for the performance of steering and driving as well as for the prevention of castor shimmy and for the tracking behaviour It is strongly recommended to avoid any deviation from the vertical when making, repairing, setting up or adjusting a wheelchair When the front part of the wheelchair is risen to different heights on the left and right sides of the wheelchair when making any vertical adjustments of wheels or castor assembly, this will also result in a castor cant and hence in a sideways veering out of the wheelchair A castor wheel with a positive castor cant veers in the lateral direction A castor wheel with a negative castor cant veers in the medial direction It is also strongly recommended to avoid any asymmetry between the castor cants of left and right castor wheels Asymmetry between left and right castor cants indicates the lack of compensation of the adverse effects of the misalignments from both the castor wheels Even compensated, any castor cants will result in higher tyre friction, increased drive power consumption and excessive castor shimmy E.3 Castor rake The vertical position of the castor rake is very important for the performance of steering and driving as well as for the prevention of castor shimmy and for the tracking behaviour It is strongly recommended to avoid any deviation from the vertical when making, repairing, setting up or even adjusting a wheelchair A negative castor rake is worse than a positive angle It is also strongly recommended to avoid any difference between the castor rakes of left and right castor wheels Some manual wheelchairs have manoeuvring wheels that can be positioned on the frame at several places and therefore require means for compensation to keep the castor stem vertical Some electrically powered wheelchairs use a slightly positive castor rake for better tracking behaviour of the wheelchair Any castor rake indicates increased power consumption for steering and tracking, with a negative castor rake adding the adverse effect of increased tendency for castor shimmy Difference between left and right castor rakes indicates the lack of compensation of the adverse effects of these misalignments from both castor wheels E.4 Castor trail The castor trail is necessary for the performance of castor wheels It is recommended to avoid a greater difference between left and right castor trail 75 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ISO 7176-5:2008(E) E.5 Castor wheel misalignment This clause refers to 3.1 The prevention of any castor wheel misalignment is necessary for the performance of steering and driving as well as for the prevention of castor shimmy and for the tracking behaviour A negative castor wheel misalignment is deemed to be worse than a positive one It is strongly recommended to avoid any castor wheel misalignment when making, repairing, setting up or adjusting the wheelchair It is also strongly recommended to avoid any asymmetry between left and right castor wheel misalignment Castor wheels with castor wheel misalignment tend to veer out from the desired direction Additional drive power is consumed to compensate for this deviation A castor wheel with a negative castor wheel misalignment veers to the lateral direction, a castor wheel with a positive castor wheel misalignment veers to the medial direction Asymmetry between left and right castor wheel misalignment indicates the lack of compensation against the adverse effects of veering out Even compensated, any castor wheel misalignment will result in higher tyre friction, increased drive power consumption and excessive castor shimmy E.6 Ground clearance This clause refers to 3.6 The ground clearance is an indication of the capability of the wheelchair to negotiate obstacles E.7 Lateral wheel deviation This clause refers to 3.11 The prevention of any lateral wheel deviation is important for the performance of the wheelchair It is strongly recommended to avoid any lateral wheel deviation when making, repairing, setting up or even adjusting a wheelchair E.8 Pivot width `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - This clause refers to 3.16 The pivot width is intended as a clinical dimension to estimate the space needed in daily life situations E.9 Radial wheel deviation This clause refers to 3.18 The prevention of any radial wheel deviation is important for the performance of the wheelchair It is strongly recommended to avoid any radial wheel deviation when making, repairing, setting up or even adjusting a wheelchair E.10 Required corridor width for side opening This clause refers to 3.23 The required corridor width for side opening is intended to estimate the space needed in daily life situations It is dependant on the opening width and the wheelchair’s appearance 76 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Not for Resale ISO 7176-5:2008(E) E.11 Required doorway entry depth This clause refers to 3.24 The required doorway entry depth is intended to estimate the space needed in daily life situations E.12 Required width of angled corridor This clause refers to 3.25 The required width of angled corridor is intended to estimate the space needed in daily life situations E.13 Reversing width This clause refers to 3.26 The reversing width is intended to estimate the space needed in daily life situations E.14 Rising This clause refers to 3.27 The rising provides information about the effectiveness of anti-tip devices and the capability of the wheelchair to overcome small obstacles (such as thresholds) `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - E.15 Skew This clause refers to 3.28 The prevention of skew is very important for the performance of steering It is strongly recommended to avoid any skew when making, repairing, setting up or even adjusting a wheelchair The adverse effects of a wheelchair with skew are higher steering forces required, increased power consumption when driving in curves, excessive tyre wear, ergonomic discomfort on handrim-propelled wheelchairs and difficulty in keeping a smooth drive when driving along curved paths E.16 Toe The prevention of any toe is very important for the performance of steering and driving It is strongly recommended to avoid any toe when making, repairing, setting up or even adjusting a wheelchair A negative toe is worse than a positive toe The adverse effects of a wheelchair with toe are higher tyre friction and increased drive power consumption In addition, a positive toe on one wheel compensated by a negative toe on the other wheel usually results in the adverse misalignment of skew E.17 Turning diameter The midpoint of turning will always lie on the axis of the fixed wheels It will be more or less close to the wheelchair centre-point Some wheelchairs can turn about a very near midpoint of turning while others can only turn about a more remote point Wheelchairs with full differential steering can turn with the midpoint of turning lying at the wheelchair centre-point Wheelchairs with direct steering have their midpoint of turning at the point of intersection between axis of fixed wheels and axis of steering wheels when the steering wheels are in their most extreme steering position 77 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ISO 7176-5:2008(E) E.18 Wheelbase This clause refers to 3.30 Wheelbase difference is an indication for increased likelihood of the adverse effects of skew (see A.18) and/or castor rake (see A.19) `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 78 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Not for Resale ISO 7176-5:2008(E) Bibliography [1] ISO/TR 13570-1, Wheelchairs — Part 1: Guidelines for the application of the ISO 7176 series on wheelchairs [2] ISO/TR 13570-2, Wheelchairs — Part 2: Typical values and recommended limits or dimensions, mass and manoeuvring space as determined in ISO 7176-5 [3] DIN 33402-1, Body dimensions of people; terms and definitions, measuring procedures `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 79 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - ISO 7176-5:2008(E) ICS 11.180.10 Price based on 79 pages © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale