Untitled VIỆN HÀN LÂM KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VIỆT NAM HỌC VIỆN KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI o0o VŨ ĐỨC THO HỢP TÁC AN NINH – QUỐC PHÒNG GIỮA ASEAN VÀ MỸ GIAI ĐOẠN 1991 2015 LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ LỊCH SỬ HÀ NỘI 2020 VIỆN HÀN LÂ[.]
VIỆN HÀN LÂM KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VIỆT NAM HỌC VIỆN KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI o0o VŨ ĐỨC THO HỢP TÁC AN NINH – QUỐC PHÒNG GIỮA ASEAN VÀ MỸ GIAI ĐOẠN 1991 - 2015 LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ LỊCH SỬ HÀ NỘI - 2020 VIỆN HÀN LÂM KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VIỆT NAM HỌC VIỆN KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI o0o VŨ ĐỨC THO HỢP TÁC AN NINH - QUỐC PHÒNG GIỮA ASEAN VÀ MỸ GIAI ĐOẠN 1991 - 2015 Chuyên ngành: Lịch sử giới Mã số: 92 29 011 LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ LỊCH SỬ NGƯỜI HƯỚNG DẪN KHOA HỌC: PGS TSKH Trần Khánh HÀ NỘI - 2020 LỜI CAM ĐOAN Tôi xin cam đoan Luận án cơng trình nghiên cứu riêng Các kết số liệu nêu Luận án trung thực, khách quan chưa cơng bố cơng trình khác Nếu có sai tơi xin chịu trách nhiệm hồn toàn./ Tác giả Vũ Đức Tho i MỤC LỤC Trang LỜI CAM ĐOAN i MỤC LỤC ii DANH MỤC CHỮ VIẾT TẮT iv DANH MỤC CÁC BẢNG vi MỞ ĐẦU Chương TỔNG QUAN TÌNH HÌNH NGHIÊN CỨU LIÊN QUAN ĐẾN ĐỀ TÀI 1.1 Những nghiên cứu tác giả nước quốc tế 1.2 Nhận xét tình hình nghiên cứu vấn đề đặt luận án cần làm rõ .27 Tiểu kết chương 28 Chương NHỮNG NHÂN TỐ CƠ BẢN TÁC ĐỘNG ĐẾN HỢP TÁC AN NINH QUỐC PHÒNG GIỮA ASEAN VÀ MỸ TỪ SAU NĂM 1991 30 2.1 Bối cảnh quốc tế 30 2.2 Khái quát quan hệ hợp tác ASEAN - Mỹ trước năm 1991 48 2.3 Nhu cầu hợp tác an ninh - quốc phòng ASEAN Mỹ từ sau năm 1991 52 Tiểu kết chương 60 Chương THỰC TRẠNG HỢP TÁC AN NINH - QUỐC PHÒNG GIỮA ASEAN VÀ MỸ TỪ NĂM 1991 ĐẾN NĂM 2015 62 3.1 Cơ chế hợp tác an ninh - quốc phòng ASEAN Mỹ 62 3.2 Hợp tác an ninh - quốc phòng ASEAN Mỹ số vấn đề chủ yếu .84 3.3 Hợp tác an ninh - quốc phòng số nước thành viên ASEAN Mỹ 108 Tiểu kết chương 121 ii Chương NHẬN XÉT HỢP TÁC AN NINH - QUỐC PHÒNG GIỮA ASEAN VÀ MỸ TỪ NĂM 1991 ĐẾN NĂM 2015 123 4.1 Đặc điểm hợp tác an ninh - quốc phòng ASEAN Mỹ 123 4.2 Tác động quan hệ an ninh - quốc phòng ASEAN - Mỹ .136 4.3 Một số khuyến nghị cho Việt Nam .144 Tiểu kết chương 148 KẾT LUẬN 150 DANH MỤC CÔNG TRÌNH KHOA HỌC ĐÃ CƠNG BỐ 154 DANH MỤC TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO 155 PHỤ LỤC .174 iii DANH MỤC CHỮ VIẾT TẮT Chữ tắt AACC ACAMM ACDFIM ADMM ADMM+ ADSOM ANCM APEC APSC Tên tiếng Anh Tên tiếng việt ASEAN Air Chiefs Hội nghị Tư lệnh Không quân Conference ASEAN Chiefs of Army Multilateral Meeting ASEAN Chiefs of Defence nước ASEAN Hội nghị Tư lệnh lục quân nước ASEAN Hội nghị không thức Tư lệnh Forces Informal Meeting Quốc phịng nước ASEAN ASEAN Defence Ministers Hội nghị Bộ trưởng Quốc phòng Meeting nước ASEAN ASEAN Defence Ministers Hội nghị Bộ trưởng Quốc phòng Meeting Plus nước ASEAN mở rộng ASEAN Defence Senior Hội nghị quan chức Quốc phòng Officials Meeting cấp cao nước ASEAN ASEAN Navy Chiefs Meeting Hội nghị Tư lệnh Hải quân ASEAN ASEAN Pacific Economic Diễn đàn hợp tác kinh tế châu Á Cooperation Forum Thái Bình Dương ASEAN Political - Security Cộng đồng Chính trị - An ninh Community ASEAN ASEAN +1 ASEAN Regional Forum ASEAN Security Community Association of Southeast Asia Nations ASEAN Plus One Diễn đàn khu vực ASEAN Cộng đồng an ninh ASEAN Hiệp hội quốc gia Đông Nam Á Hội nghị cấp cao ASEAN +1 ASEAN +3 ASEM CA-TBD ASEAN Plus Three Asia-Europe Meeting Asia – Pacific Ocean Hội nghị cấp cao ASEAN+3 Hội nghị Á – Âu Châu Á - Thái Bình Dương CA-AĐD Asia - Indian Ocean Châu Á - Ấn Độ Dương Code of Conduct in the South Bộ Quy tắc ứng xử Biển Đông China Sea ARF ASC ASEAN COC DOC ĐNA EAMF Declaration on Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea South East Asia Expanded Asean Maritime iv Tuyên bố cách ứng xử bên Biển Đông Đông Nam Á Diễn đàn Asean mở rộng Forum EAS EEC EU FPDA GMS NATO SEANWFZ SEATO SOM TAC East Asia Summit Cấp cao Đông Á European Economic Cộng đồng kinh tế châu Âu Community European Union Liên minh châu Âu Five Power Defence Hiệp ước phòng thủ năm nước Arangements Greater Mekong Subregion Tiểu vùng sông Mê Công mở rộng Treaty Tổ chức Hiệp ước Bắc Đại Tây Dương Nort Atlantic Organization South East Asia Weapon Free Zone Southeast Asia Organization Nuclear Khu vực Đơng Nam Á khơng vũ khí hạt nhân Treaty Tổ chức Hiệp ước Đông Nam Á Hội nghị quan chức ngoại giao cấp cao ASEAN and Hiệp ước Thân thiện Hợp tác Senior Officials Meeting Treaty of Amity Cooperation 1982 United Đông Nam Á Nations Công ước Liên hợp quốc Luật biển năm 1982 UNCLOS Convention on the Law of the TBCN Sea Capitalism XHCN Socialism ZOPFAN Zone of Peace, Freedom and Tuyên bố khu vực hịa bình, tự Neutrality trung lập Tư Chủ nghĩa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa v DANH MỤC CÁC BẢNG Bảng 3.1 Viện trợ kinh tế an ninh Mỹ cho số nước ASEAN giai đoạn 2002 - 2005 .96 Bảng 3.2 Viện trợ an ninh Mỹ cho nước ASEAN năm 2010 năm 2015 96 vi MỞ ĐẦU Tính cấp thiết đề tài Từ đầu thập niên 90 kỷ XX, tranh đua, đối đầu ý thức hệ trị - tư tưởng quân hai siêu cường Liên Xô Mỹ đến hồi kết Sự kiện mở xu hướng cho đối thoại hợp tác quy mơ tồn cầu Tại khu vực Đông Nam Á (ĐNA), ASEAN - tổ chức khu vực tranh thủ mơi trường hịa dịu, không ngừng tăng cường liên kết nội khối, mở rộng hợp tác với giới bên ngồi, có an ninh – quốc phịng nhằm củng cố mơi trường an ninh phát triển, nâng cao vị thế, vai trò trường quốc tế Sau tham gia xử lý thành công vấn đề Campuchia, ASEAN xây dựng nhiều chế, diễn đàn hợp tác trị, an ninh quan trọng nhằm góp phần giải vấn đề an ninh lên khu vực Tuy nhiên, bên cạnh thành công, ASEAN phải đối mặt với nhiều thách thức an ninh – quốc phòng Các vấn đề tranh chấp biển đảo, xung đột sắc tộc, tôn giáo, chủ nghĩa ly khai, khủng bố đặc biệt tham vọng địa trị nước lớn khiến cho tình hình an ninh hợp tác ĐNA, ASEAN trở nên phức tạp, khó lường Nhiều vấn đề thân ASEAN nước thành viên khơng thể tự giải quyết, địi hỏi phải có tăng cường phối hợp với đối tác bên ngồi, hợp tác với Mỹ ưu tiên quan trọng Mỹ với tư cách siêu cường kinh tế, trị, quân hàng đầu giới, hợp tác với Mỹ giúp ASEAN tranh thủ ủng hộ từ Mỹ đồng minh Mỹ cho trình liên kết nội khối xây dựng Cộng đồng ASEAN Mặt khác, quan hệ với Mỹ hội để ASEAN có bảo đảm an ninh từ Mỹ, tiếp cận nguồn khí tài quân đại Mỹ xử lý hiệu vấn đề an ninh phức tạp khu vực từ thực hóa sách cân lợi ích nước lớn ASEAN Ở chiều ngược lại, Mỹ có tầm ảnh hưởng to lớn ĐNA khu vực Châu Á – Thái Bình Dương (CA-TBD) dựa lực lượng quân hữu mối quan hệ đồng minh, đối tác khu vực Sau Chiến tranh Lạnh, Mỹ trì vai trị siêu cường số khu vực giới Tuy nhiên, sang đầu kỷ XXI, sau kiện nước Mỹ bị cơng khủng bố ngày 11/09/2001, uy tín vị Mỹ khu vực ĐNA bị suy giảm tương đối trỗi dậy nhanh chóng Trung Quốc Việc Trung Quốc đẩy nhanh đại hóa lực lượng quân đội, tăng cường ảnh hưởng ĐNA, gia tăng yêu sách chủ quyền Biển Đông, không ngần ngại lôi kéo, tập hợp lực lượng với đồng minh Mỹ khu vực không tạo sức ép an ninh với ASEAN nước thành viên mà thách thức lợi ích chiến lược Mỹ khu vực Trong bối cảnh tình hình an ninh khu vực có thay đổi, mơ hình an ninh “trục nan hoa” chưa đủ mạnh để bảo vệ lợi ích Mỹ, nhiều vấn đề an ninh phức tạp thân Mỹ dù mạnh tự giải mà địi hỏi cần có phối hợp nhiều bên, uy tín vị quốc tế ASEAN ngày tăng Vì vậy, tăng cường hợp tác an ninh với ASEAN lựa chọn khơn ngoan để bảo vệ lợi ích Mỹ, củng cố vững quan hệ đồng minh, đối tác bạn bè khu vực Hợp tác với ASEAN nước thành viên hội để Mỹ triển khai sách an ninh - quốc phịng hiệu khu vực, qua tăng cường khả can dự, diện quân tập hợp lực lượng từ ngăn chặn, kiềm chế tiến tới đẩy lùi ảnh hưởng Trung Quốc khu vực giới Việt Nam thành viên tổ chức ASEAN, có vị trí địa chiến lược quan trọng khu vực ĐNA đất liền biển - nơi tập trung đan xen lợi ích nước lớn Việt Nam đứng trước hội thách thức thời đại, tác động từ gia tăng cạnh tranh chiến lược Mỹ - Trung lên vấn đề tranh chấp biển đảo, chạy đua vũ trang Do đó, việc nhận diện cục diện khu vực, đánh giá tác động quan hệ an ninh - quốc phịng ASEAN Mỹ để từ đưa đối sách phù hợp yêu cầu cấp bách Việt Nam Như vậy, đứng trước vấn đề khoa học cần có lời giải như: Tiến triển quan hệ hợp tác an ninh - quốc phòng ASEAN Mỹ sau Chiến tranh Lạnh diễn nào? Nhân tố thúc đẩy ASEAN Mỹ tăng cường hợp tác an ninh quốc phịng với nhau? Trọng tâm nội dung hình thức hợp tác gì? Tại quan hệ hai thực thể thập niên 90 kỷ XX lại có phần chững lại, bước sang kỷ XXI lại trở nên gắn kết hơn? Tác động quan hệ hợp tác khu vực Việt Nam? Đây lý nghiên cứu sinh chọn đề tài "Hợp tác an ninh - quốc phòng ASEAN Mỹ giai đoạn 1991 – 2015" làm luận án tiến sĩ thuộc chuyên ngành Lịch sử giới Việc nghiên cứu với mong muốn nhận diện trình hợp tác an ninh - quốc phòng ASEAN Mỹ, từ hiểu mục tiêu, tầm quan 2.3 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) 2.3.1 Strengthen cooperation in the field of intellectual property (IP), includingsupport for the implementation of the ASEAN Intellectual Property RightsStrategic Action Plan (2016-2025); 2.3.2 Continue capacity building and technical assistance to: (i)enhance knowledge and public awareness in strengthening IPRregimes, including protection and enforcement; (ii) increase transparency in IP laws and systems; and (iii) facilitate effective and efficient IP management andcommercialisation to benefit stakeholders, including SMEs, throughIP policies and practices; 2.3.3 Support ASEAN Member States' efforts in achieving effective IP protectionand enforcement consistent with agreed international standards andinternational agreements to which ASEAN Member States are parties; 2.4 Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) 2.4.1 Support the implementation of the ASEAN Post-2015 Strategic ActionPlan for SME Development (2016-2025), as well as the development of(SMEs, including micro enterprises in ASEAN towards being globallycompetitive, resilient and innovative; 2.4.2 Continue to provide technical assistance and capacity building to developASEAN entrepreneurs, with particular focus on women and youthentrepreneurs, to be able to compete regionally and globally and supportASEAN's efforts to nurture SMEs through exchange programmes andactivities between ASEAN and US youth; 2.4.3 Continue to promote sharing of information, best practices and technicalassistance relating to e-commerce, e-learning platforms, Information andCommunications Technology (ICT) knowledge and skills, and ways toimprove access to finance and alternative financing, particularly forbusiness start-ups; 2.5 Information and Communications Technology (ICT) 2.5.1 Support ASEAN in the implementation of the ASEAN ICT Masterplan (2016-2020); 279 2.5.2 Expand ICT cooperation through continued US-TELSOM/TELMIN dialogue and consultations, knowledge sharing, capacity building and jointprogrammes in areas such as high-skilled ICT professional development,e-government, ecommerce, broadband infrastructure, informationtechnology policy and services, advances in technology, promotion ofinnovation, and bridging the digital divide; 2.6 Transport 2.6.1 Strengthen cooperation to enhance transport infrastructure, networks andoperations, including support for the implementation of the ASEANTransport Strategic Plan 2016-2025; 2.6.2 Encourage knowledge sharing and exchange of experience on cross-border transportation, civil aviation, and environmentally-friendly transportsystems; 2.6.3 Support the implementation of the ASEAN Single Aviation Market, as wellas enhance aviation relations and engagement between ASEAN and theUS through the initiation of the ASEAN Air Transport Working Group +US consultations, developing an ASEAN-US Aviation CooperationFramework covering comprehensive economic and technical components; 2.7 Energy 2.7.1 Support the implementation of the ASEAN Plan of Action on Energy Cooperation (APAEC) 2016-2020, particularly in areas outlined in theUS-ASEAN Energy Cooperation Work Plan 2016-2020, namely energyefficiency and conservation, renewable energy, power sector, natural gasand petroleum, as well as other energy-related issues; 2.7.2 Continue consultations between the ASEAN Senior Officials' Meeting onEnergy (SOME) and the US to further strengthen ASEAN-US energycooperation; 2.7.3 Encourage exchange of best practices on energy regulatory frameworksand technical standards and support regional capacity building in civiliannuclear energy power generation for regulators, operators, relevanttechnical support organisations, and relevant educational institutions; 280 2.7.4 Promote the sharing of information, knowledge, and experience ontechnology, as well as a legal and regulatory framework on alternative,clean and renewable energy, including civilian nuclear energy; 2.8 Food, Agriculture and Forestry 2.8.1 Continue cooperation with the Senior Officials Meeting of the ASEANMinisters on Agriculture and Forestry (SOM-AMAF) and its subsidiarybodies in areas of mutual interest; 2.8.2 Explore support for ASEAN's efforts in implementing the ASEANIntegrated Food Security (AIFS) Framework and the Strategic Plan ofAction on Food Security in the ASEAN Region (SPA-FS) 2015-2020; 2.8.3 Strengthen cooperation in developing productivity, enhancing technologiesand best practices that involve optimal land use and sustainable fisheriesresources; 2.8.4 Support, where appropriate, ASEAN's efforts in farmer empowerment; 2.8.5 Enhance regional cooperation on adaptation to address the impact ofclimate change on food security; 2.8.6 Support ASEAN cooperation to improve the governance of transboundaryfishing and traceability of fishery products to address Illegal, Unreportedand Unregulated (IUU) fishing including through, among others, theimprovement of regulation and control of fishing vessels through registries,the use of vessel monitoring systems and effective catch documentationschemes, as well as explore possibilities to further the cooperationthrough regional and international processes; 2.8.7 Support the facilitation of concerted and coordinated joint actions andenforcement efforts in the ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement Network (ASEANWEN), including through partnerships between ASEAN and USgovernment agencies and institutions, to address the illegal exploitationand trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna within theASEAN region, consistent with the Convention on International Trade inEndangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES); 2.8.8 Support ASEAN's efforts in implementing sustainable forest managementand agricultural practices, including technical cooperation, partnerships, and exchanges of experiences and best practices; 281 capacitybuilding, 2.8.9 Support ASEAN's Vision and Strategic Plan for ASEAN Cooperation inFood, Agriculture, and Forestry (2016-2025); Socio-Cultural Cooperation 3.1 Disaster Management 3.1.1 Support ASEAN's vision for disaster-resilient nations and safercommunities in the region by supporting the implementation of the ASEANAgreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response(AADMER) Work Programme Phase (2013-2015) and the work of the ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on disastermanagement (AHA Centre) beyond 2015; 3.1.2 Support ASEAN's work in the coordination and mobilisation ofhumanitarian assistance, and strengthen the existing ASEAN mechanismsthrough exchange of expertise and knowledge; 3.1.3 Support ASEAN's efforts in developing an ASEAN-wide disaster riskassessment system through hazard and vulnerability mapping, as well assupport the strengthening of the ASEAN Disaster Management TrainingInstitutes Network (ADTRAIN) and priority training courses under theAADMER; 3.2 Environment, Climate Change and Biodiversity 3.2.1 Strengthen cooperation in addressing climate change issues, and supportcoordination on these issues; 3.2.2 Explore cooperation to pursue the effective implementation of the ASEANUS Joint Statement on Climate Change, including submission ofIntended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), assistance inclimate finance, technology development and transfer, and capacitybuilding for ASEAN Member States for the implementation of adaptationand mitigation actions; 3.2.3 Promote, where feasible, cooperation and exchange of experience andbest practices, including institutional and human capacity building, inenvironmental protection and environmental conservation, awareness waste promotion, management andpollution environmentalmonitoring and control, impact assessment, and environmental law enforcement; 3.2.4 Explore cooperation to strengthen ASEAN's efforts in EnvironmentalEducation (EE) and Education for Sustainable Development 282 (ESD),including through support for the implementation of ASEAN EnvironmentalEducation Action Plan (AEEAP) 2014-2018; 3.2.5 Support the development of climate-adapted and resilient cities in ASEAN; 3.2.6 Explore collaboration in sustainable water resources management; 3.2.7 Support air quality improvement in the ASEAN region; 3.2.8 Promote cooperation on the sustainable use of coastal and marineenvironment, including addressing threats to marine ecosystems and coastal environment, in particular the risks of pollution and otheranthropogenic impacts; 3.2.9 Explore support for ASEAN's efforts in the implementation of the ASEANAgreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution to effectively address landand forest fires in the region; 3.2.10 Promote biodiversity conservation and management through regionalcapacity building, including through possible support for the work of theASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB); 3.2.11 Support the green economy and green growth in ASEAN through, amongothers, the ASEAN Institute for Green Economy (AIGE), which will serveas a centre of excellence to encourage and promote policies and practicesto improve sustainable development, conservation, and efficient use ofnatural resources as well as to address climate change; 3.2.12 Strengthen cooperation in addressing issues regarding the managementof toxic chemicals and hazardous wastes, oil spills, as well as otherthreats to the environment, by utilising existing regional and internationalinstitutions and agreements; 3.2.13 Promote cooperation to provide the peoples of ASEAN access to cleanwater, clean air, basic health care, and other social services, so that theymay lead healthy and productive lives and thereby contribute to ASEANand the global community; 3.3 Science and Technology 3.3.1 Continue ASEAN-US Consultations on Science and Technology tofurther explore cooperation in areas of mutual interest; 3.3.2 Encourage science and technology exchanges and knowledge transfers,where appropriate, through capacity building for ASEAN's science andtechnology authorities; 283 3.3.3 Encourage collaboration and cooperation among research centres, as wellas exchanges of experts and the mobility of scientists and researchers, inconducting joint research programmes, including through the ASEAN-USScience & Technology Fellows Programme; 3.3.4 Continue to promote women in science through the ASEAN-US SciencePrize for Women; 3.4 Public Health 3.4.1 Support the implementation of the ASEAN Post-2015 Health DevelopmentAgenda, including sharing of best practices and experiences which mayinclude seminars, workshops, and training courses in the areas of publichealth and ASEAN's preparedness and response to communicable andemerging infectious diseases, pandemics, and other potential publichealth threats; 3.5 Education and Youth 3.5.1 Strengthen engagement between US and ASEAN higher educationinstitutions, staff and students and promote ASEAN and US awarenessand studies, including through the Fulbright US-ASEAN Programme andother scholarship and exchange programmes; 3.5.2 Provide support ASEANawareness and for programmes identity, to related complement to the efforts promotion related to of the ASEANCurriculum Sourcebook and the ASEAN Studies module, which weredeveloped under the US-TATF programme; 3.5.3 Continue capacity building programmes, including scholarships forpostgraduate studies and English language training, for educators andcivil servants in ASEAN; 3.5.4 Continue ASEAN-US youth exchange programmes, such as the YoungSoutheast Asian Leaders Initiative (YSEALI), to strengthen networkingand leadership development among youth and promote ASEAN; 3.5.5 Promote ASEAN studies programmes in universities and academicinstitutions in the US; 3.5.6 Support the continued development VolunteersProgramme (AYVP); 284 of the ASEAN Youth 3.5.7 Support ASEAN's efforts to cultivate youth entrepreneurship, creativityand innovation through programmes and activities; 3.6 Culture and People-to-People Exchange 3.6.1 Continue to support the implementation of the ASEAN CommunicationMaster Plan to build ASEAN community awareness and identity; 3.6.2 Promote awareness of conservation of intangible and tangible culturalheritage, as well as understanding of each other's arts, culture, customs,faith and religions, cultural networks, and cultural knowledge; 3.7 Social Welfare 3.7.1 Support the work of the ASEAN Commission on the Promotion andProtection of the Rights of Women and Children (ACWC) and its priorityareas, including the ACWC Network of Social Service Agencies (NOSSA); 3.7.2 Explore support for the ASEAN Children's Forum initiative as a means topromote child participation in ASEAN community-building; 3.7.3 Promote exchange of information and best practices, as well as technicalcooperation and capacity building in social development, women’sempowerment, and the care and protection of children, the elderly,persons with disabilities, and other vulnerable groups; 3.7.4 Explore cooperation to promote and protect the rights of women, childrenand vulnerable groups, such as migrant workers and persons withdisabilities; Connectivity 4.1.1 Promote cooperation on ASEAN Connectivity in its three key dimensions,namely physical, institutional and people-to-people connectivity, includingthrough capacity building, outreach, and resource mobilisation for theimplementation of the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity (MPAC) andthe post-2015 agenda for ASEAN Connectivity; 4.1.2 Promote Public-Private Partnerships (PPP), where appropriate, ininfrastructure development and other financing modalities for theimplementation of the MPAC; Development Cooperation 5.1.1 Continue to support the realisation of goals under the three ASEANCommunity pillars, through inter alia, the ASEAN-US Partnership forGood 285 Governance, Equitable and Sustainable Development and Security(ASEAN-US PROGRESS) and the ASEAN Connectivity through Tradeand Investment (ACTI) programmes; 5.1.2 Increase regional cooperation under the US-Lower Mekong Initiative(LMI), particularly in the areas of environmental protection and sustainable water management, health, education, agriculture and food security,energy security, and connectivity; 5.1.3 Support the convening of Ministerial and Senior Officials Meetings, asappropriate, between the US and Lower Mekong Basin countries on anannual basis; Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) 6.1.1 Support ASEAN's efforts in narrowing the development gap between andwithin ASEAN, and further promote regional integration through theimplementation of the IAI Framework and its Work Plan II and itssuccessor documents, as well as alleviate poverty and promotesustainable development in order to realise the ASEAN Community andregional integration; Strengthening the ASEAN Secretariat 7.1.1 Work together to strengthen the ASEAN Secretariat, particularly in theareas of public outreach and project management, as well as training andcapacity building courses for the ASEAN Secretariat staff; Implementation Mechanisms 8.1.1 Regularly review the progress of this Plan of Action through the existingmechanisms of ASEAN-US Dialogue Relations, including the JointCooperation Committee (JCC) Meeting and the ASEAN-US Dialogue;and 8.1.2 Submit progress reports of the implementation of the Plan of Action to theannual ASEAN Post Ministerial Conference (PMC+1) with the US (Nguồn:https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/images/2015/November/27thsummit/statement/ASEAN-US POA 2016-2020_Adopted.pdf) ***** 286 ASEAN LEADERS DECLARATION ON THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF ASEAN AUGUST 2017 (Tuyên bố nhà lãnh đạo ASEAN nhân kỷ niệm 50 năm thành lập ASEAN) The 50th Anniversary of ASEAN is a historic occasion that highlights our success in building an ASEAN Community that is rules-based, people-oriented, and peoplecentered As we celebrate this milestone, we recall the aspirations of the 1967 ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) to promote regional cooperation and contribute towards peace, progress and prosperity in the region We reaffirm that the aims, principles and purposes of the 1967 ASEAN Declaration, which have been enshrined in the ASEAN Charter, have guided ASEAN through five decades of peace and stability, economic integration, sociocultural cooperation, political cooperation and people-to-people exchanges As we move forward together, we will intensify our efforts to realize the goals of the ASEAN Community Vision 2025 under our theme of “One Vision, One Identity, One Community.” We reaffirm our commitment to the effective, efficient and timely implementation of the ASEAN Political-Security Community Blueprint 2025, the ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint 2025, the ASEAN SocioCultural Community Blueprint 2025, the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity 2025 and the Initiative for ASEAN Integration Work Plan III We underline the complementarities of these community building efforts with the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which will help us meet our obligations and responsibilities in the global world order, including the realization of the UN Sustainable Development Goals 287 We reaffirm our commitment to the maintenance and promotion of peace, security, and stability, including the peaceful resolution of disputes in accordance with international law We will comprehensively address cross-sectoral concerns, including nontraditional security issues and transnational challenges, such as illicit drug trafficking, trafficking-in-persons, terrorism, and violent extremism; as well as other transboundary challenges such as disaster management, emerging infectious diseases and maritime-related issues We will further strengthen our efforts to address key regional and global challenges in collaboration with the international community We will continue our initiatives to provide greater opportunities for our peoples and to narrow the development gaps in ASEAN We will foster the ASEAN Economic Community towards its vision of an economy that is highly integrated, cohesive, competitive, innovative, dynamic, more resilient and inclusive, with enhanced connectivity and integration with the global economy ASEAN values the benefits of opening and strengthening economic ties that have promoted economic growth across Southeast Asia Further, we will support entrepreneurship and the role of science, technology, and innovation as our industries and enterprises, particularly MSMEs, integrate into the global value chains We will implement our commitments under the multilateral trading system and in various free trade arrangements We recognize that our peoples are the greatest resource and asset of our region and we are committed to uplift their quality of life We will promote people-topeople exchanges We will consolidate our socio-cultural initiatives and opportunities to collectively deliver and fully realize human development and sustainable development We will continue to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms, equitable access to opportunities and poverty eradication We will support the empowerment of marginalized and vulnerable groups We underscore the importance of the environment and its contribution to social development, economic growth, disaster resilience, and ecosystem services at the national, regional, and global levels We will continue to conserve, protect, and sustainably use ASEAN’s rich terrestrial and marine biodiversity, as well as address climate change and other trans-boundary environmental issues 288 10 We shall uphold ASEAN Centrality in engaging our Dialogue Partners and other external parties, especially in the evolving regional architecture We will intensify our cooperation with our Dialogue Partners and other external parties in addressing shared concerns 11 We will continue to strengthen ASEAN, its institutions and mechanisms, including the ASEAN Secretariat We will further promote the relevance and awareness of ASEAN at the national, regional and international levels As a model of regionalism, we are determined to further develop ASEAN’s capacity to fulfill its commitments and responsibilities as a major global player 12 We look to the next 50 years and beyond, confident in our ability to build on our past achievements and address future challenges effectively as one ASEAN Community (Nguồn:https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/ASEAN-LeadersDeclaration-on-the-50th-Anniversary-of-ASEAN-8-August-2017-FINAL.pdf) *** JOINT STATEMENT OF THE ASEAN-U.S COMMEMORATIVE SUMMIT ON THE 40TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE ASEAN-U.S DIALOGUE RELATIONS (Tuyên bố chung Hội nghị Thượng đỉnh ASEAN-Mỹ nhân kỷ niệm 40 năm quan hệ đối thoại ASEAN-Mỹ) WE, the Heads of State/Government of the Member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the United States of America, gathered in Manila on 13 November 2017 on the occasion of the 5th ASEAN-U.S Summit to commemorate the 40th Anniversary of ASEAN-U.S Dialogue Relations Since the engagement between ASEAN and the United States was first made in September 1977, our cooperation has rapidly grown and expanded to cover a wide range of areas, including political and security, economic and trade, social and cultural, and development, with the two sides becoming enhanced partners in 2005 and strategic partners in 2015 In 2008, the United States became the very first non-ASEAN country to name a resident Ambassador to ASEAN and in 2009, acceded to the Treaty of Amity and 289 Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC) The close cooperation and commitment between ASEAN and the United States was further elevated through the establishment of the ASEAN-U.S Strategic Partnership in Kuala Lumpur in 2015 and its implementing Plan of Action (2016-2020) We reaffirmed our strategic partnership at the ASEAN-U.S Special Leaders’ Summit in 2016, as well as earlier this year during the Vice President of the United States’ visit to the ASEAN Secretariat in Jakarta and Special ASEAN-U.S Foreign Ministers’ Meeting in Washington, D.C To commemorate forty years of progressively closer relations, and to celebrate our shared goals and opportunities, we take this opportunity to reaffirm the key principles guiding our partnership ASEAN and the United States support mutual respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, equality, and political independence of all nations by firmly upholding the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations, the ASEAN Charter, and international law, and the right of every nation to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion, or coercion We maintain a shared commitment to peaceful resolution of disputes, including full respect for legal and diplomatic processes, without resorting to the threat or use of force in accordance with universally recognised principles of international law and the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) We are dedicated to maintaining peace, security, and stability in the region, and to ensuring maritime security and safety, including the rights of freedom of navigation and overflight and other lawful uses of the seas, and unimpeded lawful maritime commerce as described in the 1982 UNCLOS as well as non-militarization and selfrestraint in the conduct of activities We have a shared commitment to promote cooperation to address common challenges in the maritime domain We are committed to ensuring opportunities for all of our peoples, through strengthening democracy, enhancing good governance and the rule of law, promoting and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms, combating corruption and encouraging the promotion of tolerance and moderation The ASEAN-U.S Partnership for Good Governance, Equitable and Sustainable Development, and Security 290 (PROGRESS) program works with ASEAN governments to build the capacities of ASEAN governments to respond to the needs of their citizens The ASEAN-U.S Strategic Partnership and its implementing Plan of Action (2016-2020) demonstrate the partnership, particularly within the five priority areas of cooperation: economic integration, maritime cooperation, transnational challenges including climate change, emerging leaders, and women’s opportunities We recognise and support ASEAN Centrality and ASEAN-led mechanisms in theevolving regional architecture ASEAN and the United States adhere to the rulesbased international order that upholds fundamental principles, shared values and norms, and protects the sovereign rights of all States We are committed to the full implementation of the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) in all its aspects, as well as to relevant United Nations Security Council Resolutions and relevant multilateral treaties to which ASEAN Member States and the United States are parties The ASEAN-U.S partnership plays an increasing role in addressing transnational challenges We seek to enhance our cooperation in non-traditional security issues through the framework of the ASEAN Senior Officials’ Meeting on Transnational Crime (SOMTC) Plus U.S Consultations, ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), and ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting (ADMM) Plus, and the East Asia Summit (EAS), including through training courses and exercises We are committed to curtailing the threat of terrorism and violent extremism through information sharing and law enforcement cooperation, including through our Southeast Asia Aviation and Border Security program, as well as strengthening data exchange with INTERPOL We are dedicated to the full and effective implementation of the ASEAN Convention Against Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children We are also cooperating on cyber security, search and rescue and humanitarian assistance, combating trafficking in illicit drugs, wildlife and timber trafficking, and addressing illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, marine debris and degradation of the marine environment, piracy and armed robbery against ships 291 10 We are dedicated to shared prosperity based on sustainable, inclusive economic growth and mutual benefit We recognise the importance of pursuing policies that lead to dynamic, open, and competitive economies that foster economic growth, job creation, and respect for workers’ rights, and spur innovation, entrepreneurship, and connectivity Through our strategic framework for economic engagement, U.S.ASEAN Connect, and development programmes such as U.S.-ASEAN Connectivity through Trade and Investment (ACTI), we are pursuing our joint goals of prosperity for our peoples ASEAN Member States and the United States, and the private sector aim to continuously work together to strengthen partnerships and support the goals of the ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint 2025, which benefits the peoples of ASEAN and the United States We also look forward to continuing the discussions on issues of common interest, including Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), innovation and digital economy 11 We support stronger economic engagement between ASEAN and the United States ASEAN Member States together rank as the 4th largest export destination for U.S companies and 4th largest supplier of imports to the United States, with total two-way trade of $211.8 billion in 2016 In 2015, exports to ASEAN supported over 500,000 U.S jobs Going forward, we will continue to strengthen ASEAN-U.S economic ties, including through the U.S.-ASEAN Trade and Investment Framework Arrangement as well as the U.S.-ASEAN Expanded Economic Engagement (E3) 12 We support a strong, stable, politically cohesive, economically integrated, socially responsible, people-oriented, people-centred, and rules-based ASEAN Community In addition to enhancing cooperation to implement the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity 2025 and Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) Work Plan III, subregional mechanisms like the Lower Mekong Initiative support these goals, strengthening ASEAN unity and helping ASEAN nations to bridge the development gap We also have a shared commitment to strengthening people-to-people connections through programs that engage ASEAN and American citizens, particularly youth, and that promote opportunities for all our peoples, particularly the most vulnerable The Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative (YSEALI) 292 represents our commitment to building youth capabilities and strengthening network and leadership development among youth Other 40th anniversary celebratory events include: think tank conferences, YSEALI and Fulbright workshops and exchanges, a film showcase, grant opportunities, technology camps, and an eexhibit We also reaffirm the role and contribution of the private sector and welcome greater private sector collaboration, including through the ASEAN Business Advisory Council and the U.S.-ASEAN Business Council in supporting economic growth and development in ASEAN 13 ASEAN and the United States are dedicated to enhancing collaboration at international and regional fora, especially at existing ASEAN-led mechanisms We retain a shared commitment to continue political dialogue at the Head of State/Government level through our Leaders’ attendance at the annual ASEAN-U.S Summit and the EAS and at the ministerial level, at the annual ARF and associated meetings (Nguồn:https://asean.org/storage/2017/11/Joint-Statement-on-ASEAN-US-40thAnniversary-ADOPTED.pdf) ***** 293